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Understanding research articles. A pilot study of critical reading of research publications.

Developing nurses' ability to understand and evaluate research articles for potential application to practice is a challenge for staff development professionals. Articles are laden with difficult terminology and may seem too difficult. Yet valuable insights for improving patient care rest within the literature. In this article, the authors describe an instructional tool, designed in the federal nursing sector, called Critical Reading of Research Publications (CRRP). The CRRP is an independent study program that helps small groups of nurses increase research understanding while reading relevant articles of clinical interest.

Education, Nursing, Continuing↗
PubMed2004

Chance and necessity do not explain the origin of life.

Where and how did the complex genetic instruction set programmed into DNA come into existence? The genetic set may have arisen elsewhere and was transported to the Earth. If not, it arose on the Earth, and became the genetic code in a previous lifeless, physical-chemical world. Even if RNA or DNA were inserted into a lifeless world, they would not contain any genetic instructions unless each nucleotide selection in the sequence was programmed for function. Even then, a predetermined communication system would have had to be in place for any message to be understood at the destination. Transcription and translation would not necessarily have been needed in an RNA world. Ribozymes could have accomplished some of the simpler functions of current protein enzymes. Templating of single RNA strands followed by retemplating back to a sense strand could have occurred. But this process does not explain the derivation of "sense" in any strand. "Sense" means algorithmic function achieved through sequences of certain decision-node switch-settings. These particular primary structures determine secondary and tertiary structures. Each sequence determines minimum-free-energy folding propensities, binding site specificity, and function. Minimal metabolism would be needed for cells to be capable of growth and division. All known metabolism is cybernetic--that is, it is programmatically and algorithmically organized and controlled.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Heterotopic renal transplantation in the rat: an advanced microsurgical training exercise.

Microsurgical training programs have instructed trainees from many surgical specialties with the expansion of these techniques into all areas of clinical surgery and experimental research. Most programs employ the rat femoral vessel model in microsurgical training. A more complex and less frequently used model, the rat renal transplantation procedure, can be used for advanced training in microsurgical and microurological techniques and offers several advantages over other microsurgical models. In the heterotopic renal transplant model, the left kidney from a donor rat is transferred to the inguinofemoral region of a syngeneic recipient. The method of revascularization can be varied from end-to-end repairs of vessels of equal diameter to those of unequal diameter. In addition to the variety of possible vascular repairs, an advantage of this model over others is that the kidney graft can be harvested by a technician, thus reducing the time commitments of the trainee. This model is ideal for microsurgeons, immunologists, and urologists, since it affords the opportunity for developing technical skills while preparing an experimental model that can be used for further research. We describe the model, the operative techniques, and the variations one can employ in performing the vascular repairs.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1973

ATS in exposition.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1997

Hospital vs home-based exercise rehabilitation for patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease.

Supervised, hospital-based exercise rehabilitation programs are effective for improving functional status for patients with claudication due to peripheral arterial occlusive disease. However, it has been suggested that unsupervised, home-based exercise programs, which have been relatively little evaluated, would be equally efficacious as compared with hospital-based programs. The authors tested the hypothesis that a hospital-based exercise rehabilitation program would improve treadmill exercise performance more than a home-based program. Of 20 consecutively enrolled patients with claudication, 10 were randomly placed into a supervised, hospital-based program and 10 into an unsupervised, home-based program for a three-month period. Exercise performance was evaluated by treadmill testing using a graded protocol. In addition, functional status was evaluated by the Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) and the Medical Outcomes Study SF-20 questionnaire (MOS). Patients in the hospital-based program were treated with treadmill walking three times a week for one hour/visit. Patients in the home-based program were instructed to walk at least three times a week and were contacted weekly to provide encouragement and to record compliance with the program. Patients in the hospital-based group improved peak walking time by 137%, pain-free walking time by 150%, and peak oxygen consumption by 19% (all P < 0.05). Patients reported an improved walking distance and speed according to WIQ data (both P < 0.05). In addition, the MOS physical functioning score in the hospital-based group improved by 20 percentage points (P < 0.05). In contrast, patients in the home-based program did not improve exercise performance measured on the treadmill. Improvement in the ability to walk on the treadmill was greater in the hospital-based than the home-based program (P < 0.05). The ability to walk distances was the only questionnaire measure that improved in persons who received the home-based program (P < 0.05). Preliminary results suggest that a supervised, hospital-based program is more effective for improving treadmill exercise performance than an unsupervised, home-based program.

Ambulatory Care↗