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PubMed2001

Epichloë festucae and related mutualistic symbionts of grasses.

Epichloë and Neotyphodium species (Ascomycota) are mutualistic symbionts (endophytes) of temperate grasses, to which they impart numerous and profound fitness benefits. Epichloë festucae, a common symbiont of Festuca, Lolium,and Koeleria spp., is a model for endophyte research that is amenable to Mendelian and molecular genetic analysis. Characteristics of E. festucae include: (i) production of the anti-insect alkaloids peramine and lolines, (ii) production of the anti-vertebrate alkaloids lolitrem B and ergovaline, (iii) efficient vertical transmission via host seeds, (iv) a mildly pathogenic state associated with the E. festucae sexual cycle, and (v) a clear role in enhancing survival of host plants. Genetic analysis of alkaloid production has recently begun. Also, physiological and ultrastructural studies suggest that signals communicated between E. festucae and host plants ensure an exquisitely balanced interaction to the mutual benefit of both partners. Several mutualistic Neotyphodium species are hybrids between E. festucae and other endophyte species.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Prevention of HIV infection in developing countries.

The HIV/AIDS epidemic continues to spread rapidly in developing countries. Heterosexual transmission accounts for almost three-quarters of infections. Current strategies have been effective in the prevention of HIV spread within certain groups but they have had limited impact on the general spread of the epidemic. There is a need to complement these strategies with approaches that will influence the social and environmental determinants of risk to enable those vulnerable to infection to protect themselves.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

Marital interactions of depressed men and women.

This article examined marital interactions in 50 couples with a depressed husband, 41 couples with a depressed wife, and 50 nondepressed control couples. As expected, couples with a depressed partner evidenced more disturbed marital interaction than control couples. Furthermore, couples with a depressed wife demonstrated less positive communication than couples with a depressed husband, notwithstanding the fact the depressed husbands exhibited greater depression severity than depressed wives. Findings are integrated with recent research on gender differences in affective expression.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The role of scaffold proteins in MEK/ERK signalling.

Signal transduction networks allow cells to recognize and respond to changes in the extracellular environment. All eukaryotic cells have MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathways that participate in diverse cellular functions, including differentiation, survival, transformation and movement. Five distinct groups of MAPKs have been characterized in mammals, the most extensively studied of which is the Ras/Raf/MEK [MAPK/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase]/ERK cascade. Numerous stimuli, including growth factors and phorbol esters, activate MEK/ERK signalling. How disparate extracellular signals are translated by MEK/ERK into different cellular functions remains obscure. Originally identified in yeast, scaffold proteins are now recognized to contribute to the specificity of MEK/ERK pathways in mammalian cells. These scaffolds include KSR (kinase suppressor of Ras), beta-arrestin, MEK partner-1, Sef and IQGAP1. Scaffolds organize multiprotein signalling complexes. This targets MEK/ERK to specific substrates and facilitates communication with other pathways, thereby mediating diverse functions. The adaptor proteins regulate the kinetics, amplitude and localization of MEK/ERK signalling, providing an efficient mechanism that enables an individual extracellular stimulus to promote a specific biological response.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Dialogue in deaf and hearing preschoolers.

The language interactions of pairs of preschool-age deaf and preschool-age hearing children were recorded in play sessions and analyzed according to a system for assessing dialogue that has been developed by the second author. In the system, each person over the course of a dialogue is seen as playing two roles: one as speaker-initiator (who puts forth ideas) the other as speaker-responder (who responds to the ideas that have been put forth by the partner in the dialogue). The results indicated that both roles were used by the deaf and the hearing dyads, but their pattern of performance was different. As speaker-initiators, the deaf children displayed a narrower range of complexity in their utterances. As speaker-responders, they were less likely to respond to utterances of their partners, particularly those utterances in the form of comments, and they more readily showed difficulties in responding appropriately as their partner's initiations increased in complexity. The discussion focuses on the implications of viewing language performance within a communication framework.

Child Language↗
PubMed1988

Turn taking in atypical conversations: the case of the speaker/augmented-communicator dyad.

Structural disturbances in conversation and their consequence for the distribution of control between partners were illustrated in a study investigating turn taking in dyads involving speech-handicapped individuals using alternative communication system (augmented or aided communicators) and normally speaking adults (unaided communicators or speakers). The turn-taking system in these atypical conversations differed from normal conversations in several ways. Interactants had to adapt to specific physical constraints on the interaction and compensated for these constraints by using "available" behaviors to signal turn exchanges. Augmented communicators were unsuccessful in interaction management as evidenced in the unaided communicators' unilateral control over them in turn regulation. Augmented communicators were frequently unsuccessful in their attempts to secure speaking turns, whereas unaided communicators were extraordinarily successful as compared with typical conversation. Implications for the understanding of normal and atypical interaction patterns and their relevance to conversational control are discussed.

Communication↗
PubMed1992

Working with projective identification in couples.

Couples therapists spend considerable time focused on the recurring patterns of anger and misunderstanding that occur in their sessions. These patterns usually represent projective identification sequences in which one partner disavows disturbing thoughts and feelings, and, instead, unconsciously induces similar thoughts and feelings in the other partner by behaving in such a way as to stimulate them. Conflict and misunderstanding surround the partners' shared efforts to avoid identifying with the undesirable thoughts and feelings. The underlying problem is each individual's inability to contain the disturbing material and provide holding for the other partner. This article offers a technique for interrupting the process and helping each partner to identify with and contain the disturbing material.

Communication↗
PubMed1998

Ethological remarks on mannerisms. Conceptualisation and proposal for a definition. off.

Mannerisms are symptoms of various psychiatric disorders. The term has not been defined thoroughly and is often confused with stereotypies or the more generally used term 'bizarreness'. From an ethological perspective, mannerisms may be regarded as pathologically altered forms of ritualised behaviour that serve a communicative purpose. Mannerisms are maladaptive behaviours since they lead to withdrawal of and rejection by the socially interacting partner, or even induce aggressive behaviour due to the pathologically exaggerated and overdrawn appearance. The behaviour-physiology interactions of manneristic behaviour are not fully understood. Altered brain metabolism and disturbed perceptivity of social signals may be involved.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Hostility, conflict and cardiovascular responses in married couples: a focus on the dyad.

This study examined the relations of one's own total trait hostility and one's spouse's hostility as influences on cardiovascular (CV) responses to couple interactions (including conflict discussions) in 45 married couples aged 24-50. Systolic blood pressure and cardiac index (CI) reactivity to conflict discussion and recovery after conflict was greater in low hostile males if they were interacting with high hostile wives (p < .02). Vascular resistance index (VRI) reactivity to interactions was greater in high hostile husbands with high hostile wives (p < .05). Women showed no adverse CV effects of having a hostile spouse when their own hostility was low. Instead, seeming to anticipate the subsequent couple interactions, wives from duos in which both partners were high in hostility had higher baseline VRI levels and lower baseline CI compared to wives from duos in which both were low in hostility (ps < .05), and they simply maintained these group differences with no greater CV reactivity during the interactions. Findings suggest that CV responses before, during, and after marital discussions, particularly those characterized by conflict, may be influenced not only by one's own hostility but by the hostility of one's partner as well.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Breast cancer screening programme: a media campaign for isolated or marginalised women].

The six counties in the Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur region are all well-equipped to offer widespread breast cancer screening programmes. The regional technical committee for breast cancer screening has entrusted the regional health education committee (CRES) with the task of organsing an incentive campaign targeted at reaching disenfranchised or isolated women. With the collaboration of all its partners, the CRES proposed three examples of interventions: training sessions for a variety of health care professionals, publishing communication tools, and creating partnerships with the press. Financed by the state, this campaign essentially relies upon partnership mobilisation, social solidarity, interpersonal communication and the most popular and easily accessible information channels among this population group.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Lymphotoxin-alpha and cardiovascular disease: clinical association and pathogenic mechanisms.

Inflammation plays an important role in atherosclerotic plaque formation, rupture and thrombogenicity. Many cytokines are the most important biomediates of inflammation and its associated vascular lesions. Lymphotoxin-alpha (LTalpha) is part of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of cytokines that mediates an inflammatory or immunologic response that can affect cell death or differentiation, and provide an important link of communication between lymphocytes and stromal cells. Several genetic and clinical studies implicate LTalpha, and its binding and regulatory partner galectin-2, as a risk factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases including miocardial infarction, aortic aneurysm, and cerebral infarction. The LTalpha gene variability is also associated with an increased level of C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker. In knockout mice, loss of LTalpha leads to a reduction of atherosclerotic lesion size. Together, these findings support the cytokine LTalpha as a mediator of inflammation and its association with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. However, the molecular mechanisms of LTalpha -induced cellular responses are largely unknown. Preliminary studies indicate that the combination of LTalpha subunits, specific interaction with its potential receptors and other cytokines, and signal transduction pathways may significantly contribute to the overall effects of LTalpha on the inflammation, gene expression, and functions of cardiovascular cells. More clinical and basic science studies are warranted to further understand the role of LTalpha in cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1990

The use of mail reminders in STD contact tracing in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Contact tracing has become the most important tool in the control of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) world-wide, and different strategies have been introduced into it in recent years to improve its effectiveness. Of all these strategy components, index patient counselling and co-operation to do their own contact tracing by themselves has been identified as the most important one. In Ibadan, it is the only component of the contact tracing strategies that has proven worthwhile. This study has assessed the contribution of supplementary mail reminders to defaulting index patients and their defaulting contacts to our control efforts in the first two years of its usage. It demonstrates that, like the other components of the contact tracing strategies, it is not successful in improving the contact or defaulting index patient attendance, thus only contributing to success in 7 of 141 patients. The intensification of efforts towards encouraging the index patient in contact tracing must therefore be ever more strongly emphasised as the top priority in STD control in Nigeria and similar developing countries for the success of this strategy.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1982

[Rehabilitation possibilities in presbycusis].

Although several types of hearing loss in aged people can be distinguished, the word presbyacusis has grown to common use. It is not primarily the decrease of sensitivity for sounds, but rather the decrease of the ability for discrimination and the increase of being troubled by noisy circumstances, that impair understanding of speech. Conversation with aged people have to be practised slowly and in a well pronounced way in favourite circumstances for listening. The hearing impairment in aged people can grow to a problem, especially by the social circumstances, so rehabilitation may not be restricted to the aged themselves. A good insight in the remaining abilities of the hearing is the base for the prescription and the acceptance of a hearing aid. In this the fitting of the earmold and the adjustment of the output level-limiter are the most important factors. The participation in the verbal communication can become more easy and relaxed by a clever usage of the aid's abilities, but the partners in the conversation have to understand the difficulties and to be cooperative.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Learning in social networks and contraceptive choice.

A puzzling observation in the diffusion of modern fertility control is the persistent diversity in contraceptive practices across communities or social strata. I propose a model of "learning in social networks" to explain this diversity with the random dynamics of word-of-mouth communication. Women are uncertain about the merits of modern contraception and estimate the different qualities of available method based on imprecise information from network partners. Their contraceptive choices are determined by this estimate and by private knowledge about one's personal characteristics. This process of social learning leads to path-dependent adoption of fertility control within, and diversity in contraceptive practices across villages or social strata.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed2004

Connexins and cell signaling in development and disease.

Gap junctions contain hydrophilic membrane channels that allow direct communication between neighboring cells through the diffusion of ions, metabolites, and small cell signaling molecules. They are made up of a hexameric array of polypeptides encoded by the connexin multi-gene family. Cell-cell communication mediated by connexins is crucial to various cellular functions, including the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and development. Mutations in connexin genes have been linked to a variety of human diseases, including cardiovascular anomalies, peripheral neuropathy, deafness, skin disorders, and cataracts. In addition to their coupling function, recent studies suggest that connexin proteins may also mediate signaling. This could involve interactions with other protein partners that may play a role not only in connexin assembly, trafficking, gating and turnover, but also in the coordinate regulation of cell-cell communication with cell adhesion and cell motility. The integration of these cell functions is likely to be important in the role of gap junctions in development and disease.

Animals↗