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PubMed1999

Clinical undergraduate teaching.

At the present time, most endodontists who teach in the undergraduate dental school clinics do not receive formal training. Dental schools have traditionally assumed that the expert knowledge and technical skills that these endodontists could contribute would be sufficient to allow them to teach successfully. Today, we know that this is not always the case. To improve the instructional function of the dental clinics, instructors should recognize and assume their responsibilities as tone-setters, facilitators, and role models. They should define their goals and objectives clearly, and strive to create an open and trusting learning environment for their students. Instructors must also recognize the significance of their impact on the development of their students. Formal pedagogical training would assist instructors in fulfilling these responsibilities.

Clinical Clerkship↗
PubMed1997

Parental accounts regarding the physical punishment of children: discourses of dis/empowerment.

OBJECTIVE: In the light of the psychological literature (e.g., Bettleheim, 1987) which indicates various contradictions surrounding the talk about and practice of the physical punishment of children (PPC), the main aim of the present study is to identify and examine the rationale(s) used by parents which bolster(s) PPC. METHODOLOGY: Data collection--semistructured interviews carried out with 10 parents (nine female, one male). Data analysis--discourse analysis (e.g., Potter & Wetherall, 1987), a form of qualitative data analysis which is sensitive to the range and complexity of accounts (or discourses) presented by participants. Hence, we explore the various (often conflicting) discourses deployed by parents while talking about PPC, an approach which has not been used before in the study of parental discipline. RESULTS: Various oppositional discourses were used by the parents, each of which implies diverse justifications and consequences. Four in particular were identified--PPC as (1) pedagogic (educational). (2) cathartic (need relief); (3) individualistic (power assertion); (4) cyclical (reproduction)--and five instances of contradiction explicated with reference to the particular discursive context. CONCLUSION: Much confusion and complexity regarding PPC is evident from parental talk which is marked by discursive variation and contradiction. These discursive collisions notwithstanding, the participant's discourse generally implies the oppressive positioning of children and, consequently, offers support for physical punishment. The study also highlights the utility of discourse analysis as a method for interrogating PPC--and indeed other phenomena related to child abuse and neglect.

Child↗
PubMed2006

[MRI aspects of anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy of the term and premature newborn].

These past few years have seen an increasing role of MRI in the investigation of neonatal cerebral anoxic-ischemic pathology. This is due not only to greater precision in diagnosing lesion extension, but also to earlier detection of lesions with the diffusion of weighted imagery. The aim of this iconographic review is to illustrate the main MRI aspects of anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in a pedagogical way. After a brief physiopathology reminder, the different cerebral lesions are studied in a first chapter on the premature newborn pathology and a second chapter on full-term newborn pathology.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

From classroom theory to clinical practice: evaluating the impact of a post-registration course.

This paper is concerned with the translation of bioscience theory into clinical practice. The empirical data form part of an action research study undertaken to investigate the clinical outcomes of the bioscience component of a post-registration, day release diploma in nursing taught in a higher education institution. Evidence for the impact of the course on patient care was collected by academic diary, questionnaire and interview. The triangulated data indicated that by adapting the pedagogic interpretation of the biosciences, it is possible to bridge the theory-practice gap. As a result, some nurses related the substance of the lessons to their patients, in order to bring about improvements in care. This paper examines the reasons behind the successes and failures of this continuing professional education initiative.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed1999

Issues in teaching and learning time-limited psychodynamic psychotherapy.

Psychodynamic psychotherapy training is briefly reviewed, with particular attention to short-term forms of treatment and to empirical investigations of therapy training. There have been relatively few investigations of actual psychotherapy training, and the prospect is for even fewer in the future. The traditional pedagogic strategy for conceptualizing and developing psychodynamic training programs has been to adapt psychoanalytic clinical theory for instructional purposes. It is proposed that concepts, principles, and instructional strategies from the area of the cognitive sciences concerned with the development of generic expertise offers a potentially more fruitful theoretical/empirical framework for understanding therapeutic expertise and can be applied to developing improved psychotherapy teaching methods. The mental processes of therapists are discussed from this perspective. A teaching format based on multimedia computer technology and designed to fill a gap between didactic course work and actual therapy supervision is briefly described. In addition, recommendations are offered for improving psychotherapy training using existing methods.

Cognition↗
PubMed2003

Neuroanatomy of the human affective system.

We provide a brief overview of the structures associated with the limbic system using fixed human material. Although the review is by no means intended to be exhaustive, its purpose is to provide a tutorial on the primary structures that are involved in the experience, expression, and regulation of emotion and their anatomical location so that the reader can use this as a "pedagogical guide" for orientation and understanding of the many papers that appear in this Special Issue.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Ancient Wings: animating the evolution of butterfly wing patterns.

Character optimization methods can be used to reconstruct ancestral states at the internal nodes of phylogenetic trees. However, seldom are these ancestral states visualized collectively. Ancient Wings is a computer program that provides a novel method of visualizing the evolution of several morphological traits simultaneously. It allows users to visualize how the ventral hindwing pattern of 54 butterflies in the genus Bicyclus may have changed over time. By clicking on each of the nodes within the evolutionary tree, the user can see an animation of how wing size, eyespot size, and eyespot position relative the wing margin, have putatively evolved as a collective whole. Ancient Wings may be used as a pedagogical device as well as a research tool for hypothesis-generation in the fields of evolutionary, ecological, and developmental biology.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The teaching of organ pathology in European undergraduate education programs in medicine.

The European Society of Pathology has established a working group on the undergraduate teaching of pathology. At the IX European Congress of Pathology in Hamburg 1982 some general problems and opportunities regarding the teaching of pathology for undergraduate students in Europe were dealt with. We undertook to formulate the educational objectives of pathology for undergraduates and outlined the subject content necessary to achieve these objectives, how much time is necessary to teach pathology, and when during the medical course the teaching should take place. The results were published as an article in Path Res Pract 178, 518-519, 1984. At the Xth European Congress in Athens 1985 we dealt with the teaching of general pathology in European undergraduate education program in medicine, and both subject content, time, place, pedagogics and the construction of a syllabus guide in general pathology were discussed and defined in detail. The results of this discussion were published in Path Res Pract 181, 365-369, 1986. In two symposia in Porto we concentrated on the teaching of organ pathology as a subject of its own, apart from general pathology. This will be continued at the next congress in Ljubljana September 1-6, 1991.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗
PubMed2000

Cognitive and neurophysiological evaluation of Japanese dyslexia.

Seven Japanese dyslexic boys were evaluated as to their pedagogic performance on the pupil rating scale (PRS), and psychological and neurophysiological characteristics. One of them suffered from severe English dyslexia despite that his Japanese dyslexia was feeble. PRS did not successfully reveal their reading difficulties. Psychological examination (WISC-R and K-ABC) revealed their cognitive dysfunction, but the results were heterogeneous. The Token test was most useful for detecting their poor reading comprehension. Electroencephalogram (EEG) coherence analysis showed high inter- and intra-hemispheric values. These findings may imply hyperconnectivity of the cerebral white matter in dyslexia. We assumed that the Token test demonstrates the discrepancy between reading and hearing comprehension best of all among these psychological tests and that connectivity between non-functional cortical lesions remains in dyslexic children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Doctor-parent-child relationships: a 'pas de trois'.

Adult participants play a pivotal role in doctor-parent-child interactions at the general practitioner's (GP's) surgery. The child's opportunities to participate are rather limited and parental speaking for the child is, in a way, institutionally co-constructed. This study aimed at further characterizing the relationships within this triad by developing a typology of doctor-parent-child interactions, which classified adult behavior in terms of supporting versus non-supporting child participation. The child's participation was described in terms of display of involvement and turning for support. Analyses of 105 videos show that in most consultations, both GP and parent displayed non-supportive behavior. Despite the GPs' initial efforts to involve the child in the interaction, 90% of the consultations ended up in a non-participatory way. During this last segment of diagnosis and treatment information, the child's voice was hardly heard, as reflected in the minimal involvement displayed and the absence of turning to the parent for support. It is concluded that the bi-directional perspective chosen in this analysis allowed for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms leading to the stereotypical picture in both literature and actual practice of triadic medical interactions being dominated by both adult participants. The low degree of child participation should not solely be seen as a consequence of adult behavior, but rather as a co-construction of all three participants. The results are discussed from a pedagogical perspective, and implications for medical practice are formulated.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Speaking of illness: issues of first generation Canadian women--implications for patient education and counseling.

Based upon my research with first generation Canadian women who have come from Asia, I discuss the issues in women's lives that influence how they manage a chronic illness. I argue that women's relations with health care providers, the organization of the health care system, and structural constraints, especially for those women in the lower echelons of the labour force, profoundly influence the illness experience. Taking this, as the starting point, I proceed to examine the implications for education and counseling. I propose a model for counseling that begins with a critical examination, by health professionals, of their own 'culture of health', and that acknowledges the knowledge and wisdom of women. I suggest that a pedagogical relationship between health care professionals and women can be a site for the development of transformative knowledge and the empowerment of women.

Asia↗
PubMed1999

A new approach for patient education: beyond constructivism.

Over the last ten years, research developed in science education, especially at the University of Geneva, has demonstrated that education must be centered on interactions between the learner's conceptions and a systemic educational environment. Transposed to a medical knowledge, this new model, originally conceived by the authors and called the 'allosteric learning model', offers new ways of considering patient education. After criticizing the 'grand theories' of learning, mainly the latest ones called constructivist models, the authors suggest a new set of micromodels designed to explain thoroughly the functioning of the patient's thought process (questions, frame of references, semantic network,...) and his understanding of medical information on his own disease. For health care providers, these models also offer a series of new pedagogical approaches both efficient and original to regulate the act of education based on confrontation, mobilisation, integration, etc.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2001

[Immediate evaluation of continuous medical education].

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the results of the immediate evaluation of an European teaching session using a questionnaire provided by the French College of anaesthesiologists. STUDY DESIGN: Open evaluation. MATERIAL: Questionnaires completed after each topic by 50 participants of an European course including 15 lectures were collected. METHODS: The types of professional exercise and the medical practise reliable to the different topics were pointed out. The evaluation included 4 items noted from 1 to 10: new information for medical practise, definition of pedagogic objectives, quality of means used for teaching, interest for the treated subject. The global mean score for each item and for each speaker was calculated. Results were compared according to the professional mode of exercise, the own medical practise and the project to modify it in the future. RESULTS: Scores affected to items were significantly lower for participants exercising in PSPH compared to general and university hospitals and private clinics (p < 0.001). New information was better found in case of poor or absence of practise, but interest was improved when medical practise was frequent. 2/3 of the participants projected to modify their practise after the session. CONCLUSION: The analysis of medical evaluation should allow to determine an acceptable zone of quality which may be useful for accreditation. However, distorting results according to the professional mode of exercise and the own medical practise should encourage the development of adapted continuous medical education. Delayed evaluation may be necessary to objective the putative benefits of CME on medical practise.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗
PubMed2004

Nonlinear phenomena in contemporary vocal music.

Complex and multiphonic voice signals of vocal improvisors are analyzed within the framework of nonlinear dynamics. Evidence is given that nonlinear phenomena are extensively used by performers associated with contemporary music. Narrow-band spectrograms of complex vocalizations are used to visualize the appearance of nonlinear phenomena (spectral bifurcation diagrams). Possible production mechanisms are discussed in connection with previous research, personal performance and pedagogical experience. Examples for period doubling, biphonation and irregular aperiodic phonation in vocal sonorities of contemporary vocal improvisors are given, and glottal whistle production encompassed with biphonation and triphonation is shown. Furthermore, coincidences of harmonics-formant matching associated with abrupt transitions to subharmonics and biphonation in the vocal output are provided. This also shows the recurrent use of nonlinear phenomena by performers. It is argued that mechanisms such as source-tract coupling or vocal fold desynchronization due to asymmetry are used in a reproducible way for musical tasks.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1997

The singing teacher as vocal parent.

Vocal parenting is a pedagogical approach that views the teaching of singing to children as a nurturing process. It encompasses the development of fundamentally sound vocal technique, guidance in repertoire selection and performance practices, and concern for the physical, mental, and emotional well-being of the child as a singer, performer, and person. Role-play and storytelling are among the strategies employed to fully integrate vocal technique with the personality of the singer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Simultaneous videofluorographic and dual-channel electroglottographic registration of the vertical laryngeal position in various phonatory tasks.

Simultaneous tracking of the vertical laryngeal position in various phonatory tasks was performed for 2 subjects (one male, one female) using dual-channel electroglottography (EGG) and videofluorography (videofluoroscopy). The tasks included phonation on [a:] with voluntary repeated (1) heightening and (2) lowering of the laryngeal position; alternation between [a:] and phonation on (3) [b], (4) [m], and (5) the voiced bilabial fricative [beta:]; and (6) production of the corner vowels [a, i, u]. EGG and videofluorography agreed about the direction of changes in the vertical laryngeal position in most cases. Most disagreements were found in the amount of changes. Reasons for the discrepancies, including, for example, changes in the resting position of the larynx and anteroposterior movements of the cartilages, are discussed. It can be concluded that dual-channel EGG is a valuable clinical and pedagogical tool for the analysis of the vertical displacement of larynx in well-specified phonatory tasks. The method should act most reliably on separately phonated vowels. Its applicability for studying laryngeal biomechanics more wholistically, however, is limited.

Electric Stimulation↗
PubMed2003

Changing learning with new interactive and media-rich instruction environments: virtual labs case study report.

Technology has created a new dimension for visual teaching and learning with web-delivered interactive media. The Virtual Labs Project has embraced this technology with instructional design and evaluation methodologies behind the simPHYSIO suite of simulation-based, online interactive teaching modules in physiology for the Stanford students. In addition, simPHYSIO provides the convenience of anytime web-access and a modular structure that allows for personalization and customization of the learning material. This innovative tool provides a solid delivery and pedagogical backbone that can be applied to developing an interactive simulation-based training tool for the use and management of the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) image information system. The disparity in the knowledge between health and IT professionals can be bridged by providing convenient modular teaching tools to fill the gaps in knowledge. An innovative teaching method in the whole PACS is deemed necessary for its successful implementation and operation since it has become widely distributed with many interfaces, components, and customizations. This paper will discuss the techniques for developing an interactive-based teaching tool, a case study of its implementation, and a perspective for applying this approach to an online PACS training tool.

California↗
PubMed1998

[Different forms of writing in medical journals].

The author describes the editorial rules of the different forms of articles published in medical journals: editorial, original article, review article, clinical observation, letter, clinicopathological discussion, pedagogic article. The majority of these forms of articles must follow a simple plan of writing ("the IMReD plan"), including introduction (why I did this study?), methods (how I did this study?), results (what were my observations?) and discussion (what do I think about these results?).

Medicine↗