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PubMed1979

[Development of ossification centers in childhood. A supplement to diagnosis and therapy (author's transl)].

The development of ossification centers in the region of the knee, the head of the femur, in the hand and the ossification of the iliac apophyses is of great significance in childhood. Timely or delayed appearance of the distal femoral and proximal tibial epiphyseal centers is an aid to confirming the diagnosis of a neonatal hypothyrosis. The normal range of variation of the appearance of the center in the head of the femur is therefore important to avoid unnecessary treatment when other parameters of hip dysplasia are lacking. Excessive growth in length, prospective calculation in differences in leg length and therapeutic measures for scoliosis are indications for the determination of the bone age.

Age Determination by Skeleton↗
PubMed1987

Vascular events associated with the appearance of the secondary center of ossification in the murine distal femoral epiphysis.

Although the formation of a secondary center of ossification is often compared with that of the primary center, there are striking differences between these processes. In the formation of the primary center, vascular invasion is always associated with the maturation of chondrocytes, whereas vascularization of the epiphysis can proceed in two different ways. In some species, the epiphysis is vascularized by cartilage canals before the appearance of the secondary center. However, in the mouse, the distal femoral epiphysis is vascularized by peripheral vascular invasion without pre-existing cartilage canals. Histological study of serial sections and studies of vascularization by injection with India ink demonstrated the relationship between hypertrophic chondrocyte formation, vascular invasion, and the formation of the secondary center of ossification in the murine distal femoral epiphysis.

Aging↗
PubMed1989

[A cross-sectional study of the relationship between the ossification of the distal phalanx of the first digit and cranio-facial growth and development].

For correction as well as prevention of malocclusion, information about the bone maturity is very important in treatment planning. In this study, ossification of the distal phalanx of the first digit was used as an indicator of bone maturity. We found significant correlation between this ossification of the phalanx and the cranio-facial development. Stage E2 was reached, on the average, at the age of 6 years 4 months in girls and 8 years 11 months in boys, stage E4 at 12 years 9 months in girls and 14 years 11 months in boys. Girls were ahead of boys, the difference being about two years at both E2 and E4 stages. The degree of the cranio-facial development at stage E2 compared with adults was 83.5% in girls and 83.8% in boys; at stage 4 it was 94.8% in girls and 94.5% in boys. At stages E2 and E4, the cranial base was the most developed, the maxilla was next, and then the mandible. This tendency was found in both boys and girls. A4-Go was the least developed at both E2 and E4 stages. The cranio-facial development in the posterior vertical dimension continued to occur for a long period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Ossification of the collagen implant].

Native collagen type I was studied morphologically and fluorescent-histologically after implantation in bony defects. As criteria for revitalisation we used depth and density of immigration, type of immigrated cells, revascularisation, formation of new cartilage and bone. Furthermore the deposition of fluorochromes was studied. The maximum of cellular immigration was reached after 8 weeks and remained at this level for the period of observation. The implants were impregnated only with fibroblasts and fibrocytes, developing into chondroblasts, chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteocytes. Only in one case basophilic round-cells could be seen. The centres of the implants were after 6 weeks rarely, after 8 weeks fully revascularized. Formation of new cartilage and bone could be seen after 6 weeks, increasing in number and extension during the observation-period. Osteoneogenesis was performed both by desmal and enchondral ossification, enchondral ossification much more in evidence. The deposition of fluorochromes could be seen in each implant. After 8 weeks fluorochromes could only be seen at the bone-implant interface, after 12 and 16 weeks even the centres were well impregnated. In a single case reossification in a control-rib could be seen as well morphologically as fluorescent-histologically.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Ossification of the cartilage skeleton of the extremities of human embryos].

Certain sequence in appearance of ossification points has been stated in the cartilage models of the superior and inferior extremities of the human embryos at the end of the embryonal and the beginning of the fetal periods of development. The change in the size (length) of the ossification points in anlages of the long tubular bones during the successive stages of embryogenesis is of linear character and can be described by means of the equation y = ax + b, where y--age of the embryo (days), x--length of the osseous points. Coefficients a and b are calculated for estimation the age of the embryos according to the length of the osseous points in the anlages of the brachial, femoral and radial bones.

Cartilage↗
PubMed1987

Type X collagen synthesis during endochondral ossification in fracture repair.

Collagen synthesis in normal connective tissue development and repair is integral to tissue stability. The appearance of a short chain collagen, designated Type X, was studied in experimental fractures created in the chicken humerus. Biosynthetic studies using [14C]proline incorporation coupled with histologic examination of the cartilaginous callus demonstrated that Type X collagen synthesis occurs during endochondral ossification in the fracture callus. Type X synthesis occurred in the areas of cartilaginous callus composed of hypertrophic and degenerative chondrocytes that were associated with increased vascularity and matrix mineralization. Synthesis of short chain collagen was not detected in either skeletal muscle or bone. Two-dimensional peptide mapping of cyanogen bromide and proteolytic fragments derived from fracture callus short chain collagen confirmed the identity of this collagen as Type X. The synthesis of Type X collagen by fracture callus is further evidence supporting its close association with the process of endochondral ossification.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The participation of cartilage canals in the ossification of the human fetal calcaneum.

The relationship of cartilage canals to the developing ossification centres in the human calcaneum was investigated. The cartilage canals were always present in the calcaneum by 78 mm CR length. The calcaneum has two primary ossification centres. The main centre was identified in the deep part of the calcaneum as a spherical zone of cartilage cells in the proliferative phase between 82 and 120 mm CR length and in the hypertrophic phase between 130-156 mm. Numerous cartilage canals entered the calcaneum from its dorsal and ventral surfaces and, between 106 and 156 mm CR length, they formed vascular arcades around this centre. Between 165 and 175 mm, calcification and marrow space formation were noted involving branches from the adjoining cartilage canals within these areas, which provided vascular osteogenic tissue to the early spaces. The inconstant parachondral centre, when present, may appear first during the fourth month as a periosteal reaction on the inferolateral side in the anterior wall of a deep groove in front of the posterior tuberosity of the calcaneum. By 120 mm CR length, a thin layer of subperiosteal bone was present along with a zone of early hypertrophic cartilage cells deep to it. Calcification and marrow space formation occurred by 165 mm and these marrow spaces were supplied by periosteal buds. Osteoid tissue was formed in them between 186 and 206 mm CR length. The main centre was oval in shape due to its posterolateral extension irrespective of the presence or absence of the parachondral centre.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Calcaneus↗
PubMed1985

The petrified auricle: comments on ossification, calcification and exostoses of the external ear.

The petrified auricle is a clinical entity in which the auricle, in part or total, has become stone-hard and moves as a rigid unit. This uncommon condition is most often due to ectopic calcification of the auricular cartilage. It may occur as a result of local trauma, in association with various systemic diseases such as Addison's disease, hypopituitarism, thyroid or parathyroid disorders, or following radiation therapy. Auricular ossificans (ectopic ossification) is a rare phenomenon in which the rigidity of the petrified ear is due to replacement of the elastic cartilage by bone. In the literature there are presently nine cases documented histologically. Two more cases are reported here. In most cases, the auricular changes are preceded by acute, severe hypothermia (frostbite). Exostoses of the external auditory canal is another disease of the external ear in which the proliferation of bone follows chronic mild hypothermia of the external auditory canal caused by exposure to cold water while surfing. It is postulated that if surfers who have developed exostoses of the external auditory canal from the cold water continue to enjoy such littoral activities, ossification of the auricle may also occur.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Heterotopic ossification presenting as arthritis.

We report 4 patients with arthritis as a presenting manifestation of heterotopic ossification. This cause of arthritis has only recently been noted. The synovial fluids from all 4 patients showed low leukocyte counts (90, 670, 167 and 500/mm3) while the protein concentrations were discordantly high in 3 cases (3.1, 5.3, 4.3 and 2.6 g/dl, respectively). The mechanism for the relatively elevated synovial protein concentration is unknown. These findings may be useful for the early diagnosis of heterotopic ossification.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Mineral saturation, ossification and synostosis of the hand bones in adolescents and youth].

The results on X-ray densitometric studies of the hand bones in adolescent and young people at the age of 10--17 years (369 persons in all) are presented in the work. Processes of mineralization, ossification and synostosis, as the investigation has demonstrated, are closely connected with each other. From the beginning of ossification in the pisiform and sesamoid bones of the first metacarpophalageal joint (11--12 years of age) up to the completion of synostosis in short tubular bones of the hand (15--16 years of age), a decrease of mineral salts is noted in osseous tissue. Hence, accumulation of mineral salts in skeleton of children and adolescent persons does not occur smoothly, but rather distinctly reflects those functional changes which take place in the adolescent organism when the genital glands begin their increased activity.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1979

Ossification and mineralization in the tendons of the chicken (Gallus domesticus).

Fifty broiler chickens of both sexes were used in this study. The chickens were bought at 8 weeks old and kept until 40 weeks old. During this period the development of ossification and mineralization was followed. The chickens were killed at weekly intervals. After having been examined fresh, the tendons were fixed in appropriate fixatives and processed for histological and histochemical examination. The earliest signs of mineralization were noted at 15 weeks and mineralization was apparent on X-ray photographs at 20 weeks. The development of ossification of the tendons has been described. The fibroblasts transformed into osteoblasts which secreted around the cells and later between the fibres. This was followed by the appearance of osteoblasts and resorption cavities and then the latter became lined by osteoblasts, and osteones were formed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effects of aprotinin on the endochondral ossification process in growing rabbits].

Present study demonstrated that aprotinin, a natural inhibitor of proteases, interfered with the ossification process of epiphyseal and metaphyseal cartilages of growing rabbits. This biological effect may be induced by inhibition of tissue proteases, that acts on cartilage matrix to produce a substance which is an important component of the calcifying mechanism during enchondral ossification.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Intracerebral meningioma with disseminated arachnoidal ossification.

A case of intracerebral meningioma associated with disseminated plaques of arachnoidal ossification is presented. The osseous plaques were situated on the same side and predominant in the neighborhood of the tumor. Histologically the ossification was thought to have originated from the wall of the pial vessels.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Chronology of the appearance of embryonic ossification nuclei in the turkey].

252 turkey eggs were put in an incubator at 39 degrees C and relative humidity 75%. From the 8th day of incubation up to the 28th, the authors opened 12 eggs a day, 6 at 8 a.m. and 6 at 8 p.m. The embryos were fixed by 10% buffered formaline for three days, dehydrated by alcohol 96% for seven days, eviscerated, coloured by alizarin S red and by alcian blue 8GX, then made diaphanans by means of KOH solutions. Then the authors have described the appearance times of the ossification nuclei in turkey, showing that in turkey the embryonal ossification occurs in a characteristic chronological order, different from that described in other birds, even if they belong to related species.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Collagenous architecture of the growth plate and perichondrial ossification groove.

The orientation of collagen fibers in the growth plate and contiguous structures of a growing long bone was demonstrated by polarized light microscopy. Five major groups of collagen fibers were demonstrated: transphyseal (longitudinal), perichondrial-periosteal (longitudinal), epiphyseal (radial), perichondrial ring (circumferential), and metaphyseal bone (circumferential). Transphyseal collagen fibers extend from spicules of calcified cartilage in the metaphysis across the growth plate and into the epiphyseal cartilage and secondary ossification center. The transphyseal fibers interdigitate with radially oriented epiphyseal fibers which lie between the secondary ossification center and the zone of resting cells. A radial columnar alignment of cells, similar to the longitudinal cell columns of the growth plate, was correlated with the radial epiphyseal collagen fibers. Collagen fibers that are longitudinally oriented predominate in the perichondrium-periosteum. In the primary spongiosa, bone collagen is oriented obliquely and circumferentially on the longitudinal septa of calcified cartilage. A marked abundance of circumferentially oriented collagen fibers is seen within the perichondrial groove and in the perichondrium-periosteum directly over the groove. The perichondrial rings is the largest and most prominent of these circumferential groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Ossification of the laryngeal, tracheal and syringeal cartilages in the domestic fowl.

The process of ossification in the cartilages of the larynx, trachea and syrinx of the domestic fowl has been studied in growing and in adult Golden Comet birds. In the laryngeal cartilages, mineralisation occurred consistently in the body and wings of the cricoid cartilage, in the procricoid cartilage and in the bodies of the arytenoid cartilages. In 7 out of 12 adult birds there were small additional centres in the tips of the rostral processes of the arytenoid cartilages and in one adult bird there were small centres in the caudal processes also. When present, these additional centres were always found bilaterally. Mineralisation in the laryngeal cartilages developed from 105 days post-hatching onwards and was first seen in the bodies of the arytenoid cartilages. Some evidence of a segmental pattern was noted, both in the earliest centres and in the final stage in the caudal region of the body of the tcricoid cartilage. Mineralisation in the trachea developed from 98 days post-hatching onwards. It was first found in the caudal region and spread craniad. The rings at the caudal end of the trachea and the cranial end of the tympanum (but not the last two rings of he tympanum) were always fully involved. Rings in the cranial part of the trachea remained more lightly mineralised. In the syrinx, mineralisation regularly occurred only in the pessulus and in the base of the first bronchial syringeal cartilages. In some birds, it was also encountered more caudally in the cartilages of the primary bronchi. Histological examination showed that, in the early stages, the alizarin staining was due to the presence of mineralised cartilage. At 182 days post-hatching and in the adults, actual bony tissue was observed. The possible significance of the occurrence of ossification in these cartilages of birds in briefly considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Formation of marrow cavity and ossification in mouse limb buds grown in vitro.

Explanted mouse limb buds aged 12, 13 or 14 days cultured for 9 days in vitro failed to develop a marrow cavity or show endochondral ossification. Explants aged 15 days developed a marrow cavity and showed signs of endochondral ossification. The periosteum in these limbs was perforated and laminated and cells appeared to be passing between the laminae to populate the marrow cavity. This suggests that there is a periosteal contribution to the bone marrow even in the absence of a blood supply.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Morphometric development of ossification in the chick leg from the 7th to the 17th day of incubation].

We attempted by ponderal means to define more precisely some parameters of the normal hen-egg incubation. We determined by double staining the appearance time of primary ossification centers in the limb skeleton, and demonstrated that there are appreciable chronological differences between the Hubbard and White Leghorn stains. It seems necessary to take them in consideration for teratological studies. Owing to length measurements, we established linear regressive equations, which are characteristic for each skeletal element of the limb, especially after the onset of ossification. Bones differentiate in length after that period, according to their proximo-distal position. By such a method, it is possible to determine the skeletal age of chick embryos from 7 to 17 days of incubation. This is important for the study of factors which could modify the skeletal development, and for evaluation of its modifications in importance and time of onset.

Animals↗