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PubMed1959

Insecticide resistance in Anopheles sacharovi.

A series of observations is presented on the susceptibility or resistance to insecticides of Anopheles sacharovi in Greece, Iran, Italy, Romania and Turkey. High physiological resistance to DDT was observed in the Tarsus area of southern Turkey. In Greece very marked physiological resistance to dieldrin was found in all the areas examined and was associated, at least in the Peloponnese, with similar resistance to DDT, affecting, however, only a part of the sacharovi population. In Italy and Romania, after 10 years' use of DDT, sacharovi is still susceptible to it; long use of BHC in Romania has not resulted in the development of resistance to dieldrin or to BHC. Further investigation of the situation in Iran is considered necessary.The fact that the use of DDT in Greece, after the development of resistance to this insecticide in 1951, has not resulted in the formation of a highly resistant mosquito population is considered to be due to the irritant effect of the DDT on susceptible mosquitos, causing them to leave sprayed surfaces before they have picked up a lethal dose.The information to date points to the existence in A. sacharovi of two independent mechanisms of physiological resistance-one to DDT and another to dieldrin and BHC-which may or may not be present together.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Assessing the health effects of long-term exposure to insecticide-treated mosquito nets in the control of malaria in endemic regions.

Malaria is a protozoan disease caused in humans by the genus Plasmodium of which four species are known: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. It is transmitted through the bite of infected female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Approximately 40% of the world''s population, mostly those living in the poorest nations, are at risk. Much of the deaths due to malaria occur in Africa, mostly among children. The search for prevention and control interventions that are effective and sustainable remains an abiding challenge for national governments and international health agencies. To this end, the World Health Organization and several nongovernmental organizations are investing in the use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITMNs) as a viable option. Trials of ITMNs in the 1980s and 1990s showed that they reduce deaths in young children by an average of 20% and multilateral agencies, spearheaded by Roll Back Malaria (RBM), seek to have 60% of the populations at risk sleeping under ITMNs by 2005. All pesticides are toxic by nature and present risks of adverse effects that depend on toxicity of the chemical and the degree of exposure. While there is agreement that ITMNs can be effective in reducing malaria morbidity and mortality under field trials, a number of factors relating to their sustainability and contribution to health improvement in less-developed countries have yet to be determined. In particular, the adverse effects associated with their long-term use and misuse has yet to be fully evaluated. Although this paper examines potential neurotoxic and neurobehavioral effects of long-term use of ITMNs and discusses priority public health actions for protecting the health of users, it forms the basis for further research.

Bedding and Linens↗
PubMed2005

A list of the mosquitoes housed in the mosquito museum at the Vector Control Research Centre, Pondicherry, India.

The establishment of a mosquito museum at the Vector Control Research Centre, Pondicherry, India, is reported. The collection at present contains more than 14,800 adult mosquitoes, including 8,426 that are individually pinned. The collection also includes some 1,048 male and female genitalia preparations, and 815 larval and 444 pupal exuviae on microscope slides. Mosquitoes of 19 genera, 37 subgenera, and 181 species are housed in the museum, representing about 50% of the known species from India. A list of the species is provided.

Aedes↗
PubMed1993

[Comparison of the transmission dynamics and the control effects between malaria and filariasis by using mathematical model].

By dynamic modeling based on Ross & MacDonald's mathematical model, the characteristics of rapid transmission of malaria and slow transmission of filariasis was compared. The dynamic mechanism showed that the infection efficiency in filariasis, namely, the probability of becoming infected in man by one infective bite of mosquito, was much lower than that in malaria; hence the vectorial capacity or transmission velocity in filariasis was also markedly lower than that in malaria. Since the intensity of infection i.e. the microfilaria density can largely affect the infection efficiency in filariasis, drug treatment, especially using DEC-medicated salt can reduce the intensity of infection and the infection efficiency, thus interrupting transmission finally. However, for malaria, only when the measures for mosquito vector control (including mosquito proofing) are taken as a priority to reduce the vectorial capacity or transmission velocity, malaria can then be controlled subsequently. These theoretical analyses are being demonstrated by the practice for malaria and filariasis control in our country, which could also be used as a theoretical base for enlightening the successful filariasis control strategies in our country.

Animals↗