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Suspensions of charcoal in water, placed in the vestibule on one side of the mouth, spread within about 5 min to the dorsum of the tongue and the hard palate on the same side but did not cross the mid-line. When placed centrally under the tongue, the movement of charcoal was equally rapid but it spread over the whole surface of the mouth.
Unlike the anterior four-fifths of the secondary palatal shelves the posterior one-fifth grows vertically downward along the side of the tongue and unites with the floor of the mouth. This feature appears to be unique to alligators, and may be important in the development of the basihyal valve. The valve seals off the mouth from the nasal cavities, pharynx and larynx, and thus allows simultaneous breathing and capturing of prey while in the aquatic environment. This developmental feature may enhance the survival value of the species.
A continuous strip of epithelium from the mandibular teeth to the ventral surface of the tongue of B6D2F-1 mice was examined autoradiographically after tritiated thymidine flash-labelling. Five areas were defined: area 1, the gingival sulcus epithelium adjacent to tooth enamel; area 2, the free gingival margin epithelium; area 3, the attached gingiva; area 4, the floor of mouth with undulating basement membrane; area 5, the floor of mouth with flat basement membrane. Data for the circadian variation in the proportion of DNA synthetic cells were recorded into a microcomputer, which enabled a large number of cells to be scored. The topographical position of each basal cell along the rete ridges and the incidence of labelling were noted. In each of the five areas a statistically significant circadian variation in labelling index (LI) was demonstrated, with a peak at 04.00-06.00 h and a trough at 20.00 h, although area 1 was slightly out of phase with the rest. The 24-h average LI values were almost double those obtained from a single flash-labelling at 10.00 h. The peak to trough ratio in LI was greatest in area 5 and fell towards area 1. Within the attached gingiva, cells deepest in the epithelial ridges had a larger peak to trough ratio than more superficial basal cells. For a group of mice labelled at 10.00 h the mean LI of the basal epithelial cells in areas 1-5 was 7.5 +/- (3.0)% (SD). Various aspects of the distribution of DNA synthesis in relation to topography were examined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The aim of this study was to measure on photographs the protrusion of the upper and lower lips and demonstrate their relationships to each other, to measure the width of the mouth, and to compare these findings within complete and incomplete cleft groups and with normal controls at the ages of 5 and 10 years. It was found that the lower lip was more protrusive and the mouth width was narrower in 5-year-old children with complete clefts prior to maxillary collapse than in the control children. It is concluded that there is a lack of tissue in the cleft lip leading to less distensibility and increased lip pressure and that this may be one of the factors causing maxillary retrusion.
Seventy-four New Zealand white rabbit pups were divided into four groups: group I, 2 days of age (n = 9); group II, 3 to 5 days of age (n = 24); group III, 6 to 8 days of age (n = 27); and group IV, 10 to 13 days of age (n = 14). Mouth swabs (MS), rectal swabs (RS), small bowel specimens (SB), and large bowel specimens (LB) were obtained from each rabbit, incubated for 24 hours in thioglycolate broth, and plated on blood agar in aerobic and anaerobic environments. After 24 hours, growth on blood agar plates were observed. All MS specimens and all but one RS specimen showed positive growth. Growth of both LB and SB specimens increased significantly with age (P < .04). In addition, SB growth was significantly less than RS or MS growth in groups I, II, and III (P < .05). LB growth was significantly less than RS or MS growth in group I (P < .01) and tended to be less in groups II and III (62.5% v 100% and 93% v 100%, respectively). These data show that nearly half of normal rabbits under 6 days of age have sterile small and large intestines despite almost 100% growth from rectal and mouth swabs. These findings partially explain the absence of spontaneous bacterial translocation in young rabbit pups (under 4 days of age) and have important implications for the prophylaxis and treatment of neonatal sepsis.
A high proportion of normal subjects have speech expression controlled predominantly by the left hemisphere. Since the left hemisphere also has stronger control of the right side of the lower face, it might be expected that normal subjects would show a right-sided asymmetry in mouth opening during speech. This hypothesis was tested by measuring lip opening in 196 subjects. Of these, 150 (76%) showed greater right-side opening. This tendency was found for males, females, left- and right-handers in four experiments using two different techniques. Mouth asymmetry during speech may provide an indication of which hemisphere is dominant for expressive speech.
In view of previous research concerning the lateral bias of hand movements accompanying speech, it was postulated that patients with bipolar depression should differ from normal controls with respect to the asymmetry of mouth opening when repeating speech sounds. This hypothesis was confirmed. Our patient group, consisting of 29 remitted euthymic out-patients, did not show the greater right-sided mouth opening characteristic of the gender-matched normal controls.
Eighteen leukemic patients were examined for the presence of Candida albicans in the oral cavity. Fifteen patients were found to be Candida "carriers." Nine of the patients were put on a chlorhexidine mouth rinse regimen. Although chlorhexidine was clearly fungicidal in vitro, no decrease in Candida titer was obtained with the mouth rinse. The ineffectiveness of the drug in vivo might be due to the specific location of Candida organisms in the oral mucosa.
The prophylactic value of twice-daily mouth rinses with a solution of 0.1% chlorhexidine gluconate in minimizing oral complications during remission-induction chemotherapy was tested in sixteen patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia. The study design was double blind with a placebo control. Standardized measurement indices were employed to assess the dental plaque levels and the degree of gingivitis and mucositis during remission-induction. The treatment group demonstrated superior oral health on the basis of each of these measurement parameters. A moderate increase in tooth staining was observed in the treatment group. The results also suggested the potential value of chlorhexidine mouth rinses in the prophylaxis of oral candidiasis in the myelosuppressed patient.
Clinical characteristics and treatment responses were studied in 130 patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Most patients were postmenopausal women, and the tongue was the most frequently afflicted site. Although 39% of the patients complained of dry mouth, no causative factors were evident. Therefore BMS is assumed to be a functional disorder. This was at least partially confirmed because the most effective management was in response to mood-altering drugs. From our data BMS appears to be a chronic condition with variations in symptoms among patients and without a predictable endpoint.
Forty-nine patients with burning mouth syndrome were simultaneously evaluated through a psychiatric interview and a psychopathologic questionnaire (SCL-90). The same protocol was applied to a control group (n = 47) free of oral complaints and with a similar age and sex distribution. The subgroup with burning mouth syndrome and associated psychiatric disorders differed from the subgroup of patients without psychiatric disorders in that the former exhibited significantly more symptoms of anxiety, depression, obsession, somatization, and hostility. This latter parameter appears to be present particularly among depressed persons. No significant psychopathologic differences were observed between the subgroup with BMS who exhibited no psychiatric disorders and the controls who were free of oral disorders.
The distribution and abundance of taste buds were quantitatively examined by observing silver impregnated serial sections. The taste buds were widely dispersed on the skin, the lips, the mucosa in the oro-pharyngeal cavity, the esophagus, and the branchial apparatus. The great majority of them was found on the lips and inside the mouth. The external buds were concentrated especially on the outer lips and the adjacent skin, while their number diminished in a caudal direction. Very few were found on the scaled skin. The total number of external buds in a specimen of 6 cm in length was 1,486. The number of taste buds inside the mouth was 6,600. On the inner lips and the palatal organ densities were found to reach over 140 per mm2. High concentrations of taste buds were also found on the gill arches and rakers. These taste buds varied to some extent in size and shape, depending on the thickness of the epithelial layer. It is suggested that the minnow may use the lips, gills and palatal organ as its main taste organs.
Ultrasound technology has not been used extensively in the study of normal and abnormal oral physiology and speech. Features such as soft tissue detail, real-time motion display, and subject safety make ultrasound ideal for imaging the tongue and the floor of the mouth. This study demonstrates visualization of the muscles of the tongue and floor of the mouth for a normal subject using ultrasound imaging. By employing submandibular transducer placement of realtime sector scanners, tongue anatomy and motion were continuously visualized in sagittal or coronal planes. In addition to the entire tongue surface, much of the intrinsic anatomy was identified including: the genioglossus, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, and digastric muscles; fascial boundaries such as the median fibrous septum, floor intermuscular septum, and paramedian septums; and the hyoid bone. A tongue excised from a human cadaver was scanned using ultrasound and dissected to confirm the anatomy seen in the live tongue. Tongue surface shape and configuration of the intrinsic tissue structures were observed and compared for the phonemes /k/, /u/, and /i/. Anatomical landmarks in the resting and speaking tongue are discussed as well as applications in the fields of speech science and speech pathology.
The maintenance of a virus depends on a number of factors, including the duration of infectivity and the size of the available host population. In this work, foot-and-mouth disease virus was shown to persist in individual African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) for up to at least five years; thus, the duration of infectivity is more than adequate to cover the normal periods between calving peaks. In a small isolated free-living population which varied from 30 to 100 buffalo, two immunological types of foot-and-mouth disease virus were maintained for at least 24 years and through several generations.
The guinea pig provides an alternative experimental model for analysis of the immune response against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The cellular immune response against FMDV in this experimental animal is unknown and was analyzed by in vivo and in vitro studies. In guinea pigs immunized with an FMDV A5 vaccine, a marked change in T-lymphocyte count appeared. For analyzing which functional T-cell compartment was affected, immunofluorescence studies, using monoclonal antibodies directed against differentiation antigens on guinea pig lymphoid cells, were performed. The proliferating T-cells were predominantly CD4-positive and, therefore, helper cells. T-cells from these animals were re-stimulated in vitro with homologous inactivated virus. The antigen-specific proliferative response of the T-cells in vitro was measured using the thymidine incorporation assay. A proliferative response to FMDV was observed that depended on the dose of the antigen. High concentration of virus had an inhibitory effect on T-cell proliferation. These data indicate that the guinea pig is a useful model for analysis of T-cell mediated mechanisms in the pathogenesis and immunity of foot-and-mouth disease.
An indirect sandwich ELISA is used by the World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease virus and swine vesicular disease virus. The potential for supplying ELISA 'kits' for diagnosis to other laboratories has been assessed by evaluating the reactivity of (a) immunoplates pre-coated with rabbit antisera to FMDV and SVDV and (b) freeze-dried diluted reference antisera. Immunoplates pre-coated using a sodium carbonate/hydrogen carbonate buffer retained 100% sensitivity at temperatures of 4 degrees C and -20 degrees C over the experimental storage period of 140 days but elevated storage temperatures, 18-24 degrees C and 37 degrees C, produced declining reactivity. There was a marked improvement in retention of reactivity upon storage at 37 degrees C when employing an alternative coating buffer, ammonium hydrogen carbonate. The reactivity of the rabbit antisera diluted in sodium carbonate/hydrogen carbonate solution and freeze-dried was high, as was the freeze-dried guinea pig antisera which had been diluted in each of the test solutions investigated. ELISA 'kits' for diagnosis, therefore, could be supplied using pre-coated immunoplates, with freeze-dried antiserum reagents or a combination of the two.
A liquid-phase blocking ELISA is used by the World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease for the quantification of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus. The potential for using inactivated FMDV antigens in the assay has been assessed by titrating bovine convalescent sera to all seven serotypes and comparing the titres obtained with live or inactivated antigens. The titres were similar indicating that either live or inactivated antigens can be used in the liquid-phase blocking ELISA. Removing the need to use live antigens in tests for FMD antibody would reduce disease security risk and widen the acceptability of kits for FMD antibody detection and assay.
Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the most economically important virus diseases of livestock. Two important requirements for the control of this disease are rapid laboratory diagnosis and epidemiological investigation. The use of the polymerase chain reaction method (PCR) to amplify specific nucleic acid regions offers the unique possibility of combining swift viral detection with the production of genetic material suitable for sequencing and other methods of molecular epidemiological analysis. The sequencing of the region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome encoding the capsid proteins of the virus (approximately 2260 bps), provides valuable information that adds to the molecular characterisation of an isolate. This paper describes the use of the PCR for the amplification of this region of the FMDV genome from bovine clinical samples and cell culture isolates. Suitable pairs of oligonucleotide primers were selected from the published sequence of FMDV type O1, Kaufbeuren. One primer set amplified 2091 bps of the capsid coding region of all seven serotypes of FMDV. The other primer set amplified 216 bp from this region of FMDV type O1, BFS 1860, in nucleic acid extracts from several clinical samples. Nucleic acid extracts from the picornaviruses, bovine enterovirus and swine vesicular disease virus, which affect the same animals, were not amplified. Direct sequencing was carried out on the amplified fragments and showed that the PCR products were > 98% homologous to published FMDV sequences.