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PubMed2005

A comparison of the correlational structures and elevation patterns of the MMPI-2 restructured clinical (RC) and clinical scales.

The relationship between the MMPI-2 restructured clinical scales and the original clinical scales was evaluated using an outpatient clinical sample (N = 150). Similar patterns of correlations to those reported by Tellegen et al. in 2003, such as high correlations between the restructured scales and their original scale counterparts and lower intercorrelations among the restructured scales than among the original scales, were found in the outpatient sample. The former provided evidence of convergence between the two sets of scales, whereas the latter increases the potential for discriminant validity in the restructured scale profiles. Mean T-scores of the restructured scales were significantly lower than their original scale counterparts for every clinical scale except Scale 1 (hypochondriasis). Individual profiles exhibited fewer scale elevations using the restructured clinical scales (M = 2.15, Mdn = 2.0) than the original clinical scales (M = 3.29, Mdn = 3.0). The majority of client profiles (56%) had fewer scale elevations when plotted using the restructured scales versus the original clinical scales.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Elevation differences between MMPI-2 clinical and restructured clinical (RC) scales: frequency, origins, and interpretative implications.

The frequency, origin, and interpretative implications of elevation differences on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) clinical and restructured clinical (RC) scales were examined. Two large clinical samples consisting of 1,770 outpatients and 2,438 inpatients were used for this study. Three potential factors (Demoralization, subtle items, and K correction) were explored as to the extent to which they contributed to elevation differences between a clinical scale and its restructured counterpart. Results showed that differences in elevation between clinical and RC scales occurred between 10% and 35% of cases. Demoralization, subtle items, and K correction contributed substantially to elevation differences. Findings indicate that core descriptors of a clinical scale should be emphasized only when its corresponding RC scale is also elevated, whereas for Scales 4, 6, and 8, elevated scores on the RC scales are interpretable even when the corresponding clinical scales are not elevated.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Heritability of MMPI Harris-Lingoes and Subtle-Obvious subscales in twins reared apart.

A large sample of identical and fraternal twins who had been reared apart was used to examine the genetic and environmental architecture of the MMPI Subtle-Obvious and Harris-Lingoes subscales. Univariate genetic analyses indicated significant heritability for all 28 of the Harris-Lingoes subscales (estimates ranged from.23 to.61), all five Obvious subscales (estimates ranged from.37 to.56) and four of the five Subtle subscales (estimates ranged from.27 to.35). Two randomly constructed scales were analyzed as controls; neither of these scales showed significant heritability. Exploratory correlational findings suggested that three of the Wiener-Harmon Subtle subscales may tap aspects of psychological health, naivete, or repression. Ma-S may come closest to Wiener and Harmon s intent. Although they apparently diverge from their original purpose, it may be too early to abandon the low face valid items of the Subtle subscales.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Accuracy of MMPI-A scales ACK, MAC-R, and PRO in detecting comorbid substance abuse among psychiatric inpatients.

This study investigated the accuracy of various indices involving the MMPI-A scales, ACK, MAC-R, and PRO in diagnosing substance abuse in a sample of 79 psychiatric inpatients. In the full sample, 89.9% of the cases were accurately classified by at least one of the three scales. The overall accuracy of classification was similar among males, females, Caucasians, and African Americans, although there was a tendency for more false positive misclassifications among males. Profile code type moderated the accuracy of classification with greatest accuracy for code types including Scales 1, 2, 3, 5, or 0 and least accuracy for code types including Scales 4, 6, or 9. ACK, MAC-R, and PRO were better at screening out cases of substance abuse than in accurately identifying those adolescents who were using substances.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Development of a scale to assess Hwa-Byung, a Korean culture-bound syndrome, using the Korean MMPI-2.

This study documents the development of an MMPI-2 scale designed to assess features of the Korean culture-bound syndrome, Hwa-Byung (HB). An American research team and psychiatric practitioners in Korea created an 18-item HB scale via rational item selection and psycho-metric refinement. Principal components analysis of scale items revealed four components, reflecting content domains of general health, gastrointestinal symptoms, hopelessness, and anger. This four-component solution applied well to both Korean men and women, but not to an American sample. Although some findings were encouraging, future studies employing clinical samples are needed to provide further validation of this scale.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

A common factor in the MMPI scales of married couples.

Using canonical analysis, a common factor in the MMPI scales of husbands and wives was found. The Sc, Pd, and Hs scales for both the husbands and the wives contributed heavily to the relationship. Other scales contributing to the correlation between the personality components of the pairs were F, Hy Pt, and Si for the husbands and Pa for the wives. The results were interpreted as indicating areas of homogeneity and heterogeneity in the personalities of married couples.

Anxiety↗

PubMed1976

Effects of scoring norms on adolescent psychiatric patients' MMPI profiles.

Effects of employing standard adult and age-appropriate norms on the profile elevation, patterning and classification of adolescent patients' MMPI profiles were examined. More elevated and more often psychotic profiles were obtained with adult norms. Some sex differences were observed, but patient race was not an important source of profile variation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Illusory correlation and the MMPI.

The relationships between 10 behavioral descriptions and 10 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scale names were judged by 28 naive and 26 experienced student subjects. Both groups of judges produced large amounts of illusory correlation, with the experienced judges producing more. Estimates of strength of semantic association between the behavioral descriptions and scale names provided by 45 naive and 18 experienced male and female subjects tended to support the notion that semantic association is an important factor in producing illusory correlations, but there were some interesting exceptions to this tendency. The testing model was discussed as an analogue to the clinical situation.

Association↗

PubMed1977

Relevant MMPI norms for young adult Air Force trainees.

The Air Force Medical Evaluation Test (AFMET) research program utilized the MMPI in a psychological screening battery for basic trainees. T-scores based on the Adult Norms seemed excessively elevated. The norms for Minnesota Adolescents were tried for the 17-year-old airmen. MMPIs were given to entire squadrons not in the project, and the means and standard deviations were found to differ significantly from both earlier norms. These young adults differed in age, race, and education from the sample population of the Minnesota Adult Norms. T-conversion tables based on these new means and standard deviations were compiled.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Response consistency on the MMPI; the TR Index.

The number of inconsistent responses to the repeated items (the TR Index) on the group booklet form of the MMPI provides important information on a person's test-taking behaviour which received scant attention. Normative data from a variety of populations and an optimal cutting score for the TR Index is provided.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Cross validation of the 2-8/8-2 MMPI code type for young adult psychiatric outpatients.

Young adults attending a college student mental health center and obtaining 2 and 8 as their highest scale elevations (and not scale 7 as the third elevation) on the MMPI were compared to other patients at the center on 175 descriptors obtained from intake interviews. Those items which discriminated (chi2, p less than .05) 2-8/8-2 patients from others in the sample are presented in relationship to the descriptors obtained for this code type by other investigators. The statements generated by the Marks and Seeman interpretive system for adults were then reanalyzed by the Chi Square method to demonstrate the differential effect of statistical method upon code type interpretation. Although previously established correlates of 2-8/8-2 profiles were partially validated, a number of different descriptors emerge for males and females in this population. Questions are raised and discussed concerning methodologies for generating interpretive statements for various clinical populations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

MMPI validity scales and behavioral disturbance in psychiatric inpatients.

Sixty psychiatric inpatients were assigned to one of three groups on the basis of F and K MMPI validity scales. Staff ratings of patient behavior and recorded incidents of "acting-out" behavior were obtained for patients with: (a) "plea for help" validity profiles, (b) hyper-defensive profiles, and (c) average profiles. Patients with "plea for help" profiles were perceived as "acting-out" more frequently and engendering more feelings of frustration than patients in the other groups. These patients account for 77% of the incidents of inappropriate, destructive behavior and 83% of the seclusions in the patients sampled. Although the "plea for help" profile is considered invalid in some scoring systems, results suggest that this validity profile may be useful in treatment planning.

Acting Out↗

PubMed1979

The MMPI as a predictor of early termination from polydrug abuse treatment.

The MMPI protocols obtained upon admission to an inpatient program for treatment of polydrug abuse were studied to determine if they could identify abusers who terminated prematurely from treatment. Individual scale T scores, profile code types and discriminant scores were evaluated for 104 patients who completed treatment ("stayers") and 72 patients who left prematurely ("quitters"). Although quitters and stayers did not differentiate on primary drug of abuse, age, sex, race, or IQ, quitters were less likely to obtain normal limits or neurotic code profiles, Univariate analyses revealed that quitters obtained higher mean elevations on 6 of the 15 scales studied (F, 4/Pd, 6/Pa, 8/Sc, 9/Ma, A). Discriminant scores based on a stepwise discriminant analysis correctly identified 71% of the study sample, representing a 13.7% improvement over base rate prediction. The probable importance of initial level of psychological discomfort and ability to delay gratification, and the need to examine varied treatment modalities for polydrug abusers identified as at risk for premature termination from treatment were explored.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

MMPI results of male candidates for transsexual surgery.

The MMPI was administered to a group of 27 male transsexual candidates for sex change surgery, and their test results were compared with those of 24 male kidney transplant surgical candidates and 26 males suspected of having a psychophysiological disorder. The data revealed a notable absence of psychopathology among the transsexuals as well as the kidney patients, while the psychophysiological patients showed the expected elevations in the Hypochondriasis, Depression, and Hysteria scales. The results were in keeping with previous research of male-to-female sex change candidates that reject the notion that transsexuals invariably suffer major emotional disturbance.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Multivariate analysis of the MMPI profiles of patients with multiple pain complaints.

The MMPI profiles of 123 male and 221 female patients with multiple pain complaints referred for psychological evaluation over a three-year period were examined using a multivariate clustering technique. Replicable subgroups were found in the patient cohorts in both the male and female samples. Multiple discriminant analysis and analysis of variance showed that the subgroups differed significantly from one another and within subgroup variation was small relative to between subgroup variation. It is suggested that pain patients are characterized by a variety of personality styles; subgroup membership may be an indication of behavior and personality dynamics which may have implications for treatment selection. Inferences as to possible treatment responses based on subgroup membership are made.

Female↗

PubMed1981

Incremental validity of the MMPI in neurological decision-making.

In a study employing actual clinical neurological cases, neurology residents and faculty demonstrated the "incremental validity" of the MMPI in neurological decision-making. The usefulness of this approach to the evaluation of psychological tests in practical clinical situations is confirmed.

Brain Diseases↗

PubMed1982

Factorial analysis of the MMPI profiles of low back pain patients.

To examine the interrelationships of MMPI scale scores among low back pain patients, 50 profiles were scored on the traditional 13 scales, Hanvik's Lb scale and seven subscales derived from Scales 1 and 3. The profiles were randomly divided into two equal samples and factor analyzed. Comparison of the two samples yielded three common factors. The first factor measured severity of the symptoms, the second assessed the level of anger and aggression and the third assessed the psychogenic components of the syndrome. The implications of the factors are discussed.

Back Pain↗

PubMed1982

Typological analysis of MMPI personality patterns of drug dependent females.

This study examined the heterogeneity of a female drug dependent sample, with respect to personality and symptomatology. The sample of (n = 178 was tested with the MMPI. These data were analyzed by Johnson's (1967) hierarchical clustering procedure-maximum method in an effort to group the profiles into separate relatively homogeneous clusters that are different from each other. Seven significantly different groups were yielded, suggesting a heterogeneous sample. Implications for future research and treatment were discussed.

Adolescent↗