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PubMed1978

An evaluation of male contraceptive acceptance in rural Ghana.

To evaluate the effect of male contraceptive acceptance on fertility, the Danfa Family Planning Project in rural Ghana studied a sample of its male family planning acceptors. The findings show that half of the survey respondents accepted foam for use by their partners and half accepted the condom. The continuation rate (69 percent at 12 months) and use-effectiveness rate (80 percent at 12 months) reported by men were higher than those reported by women program acceptors. It is felt that men can play a significant role in affecting fertility through their influence on a couple's choosing to use contraception and as a result of their motivation to obtain contraception and see that it is used. It is urged that increasing emphasis be placed on providing family planning services for men in African programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[Research in the Master's Degree program in Social Medicine].

The authors report on research as part of the master's degree in social medicine at the Metropolitan Autonomous University, Xochimilco campus, Mexico. They discuss research within the curriculum design, instructional research, teaching staff and research, and research as a source of knowledge. They explain that in order to establish guidelines for research it is necessary to consider the health-disease process and medical practice within the economic and social framework and therefore subject to analysis by the social sciences. Finally, they summarize ongoing research in the fields of social epidemiology, medical practice and planning, and human resources.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1994

Weight cycling. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To address concerns about the effects of weight cycling and to provide guidance on the risk-to-benefit ratio of attempts at weight loss, given current scientific knowledge. DATA SOURCES: Original reports obtained through MEDLINE and psychological abstracts searches for 1966 through 1994 on weight cycling, "yo-yo dieting," and weight fluctuation, supplemented by a manual search of bibliographies. STUDY SELECTION: English-language articles that evaluated the effects of weight change or weight cycling on humans or animals. DATA EXTRACTION: Studies were reviewed by experts in the fields of nutrition, obesity, and epidemiology to evaluate study design and the validity of the authors' conclusions based on published data. DATA SYNTHESIS: The majority of studies do not support an adverse effect of weight cycling on metabolism. Many observational studies have shown an association between variation in body weight and increased morbidity and mortality. However, most of these studies did not examine intentional vs unintentional weight loss, nor were they designed to determine the effects of weight cycling in obese, as opposed to normal-weight, individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The currently available evidence is not sufficiently compelling to override the potential benefits of moderate weight loss in significantly obese patients. Therefore, obese individuals should not allow concerns about hazards of weight cycling to deter them from efforts to control their body weight. Although conclusive data regarding long-term health effects of weight cycling are lacking, nonobese individuals should attempt to maintain a stable weight. Obese individuals who undertake weight loss efforts should be ready to commit to lifelong changes in their behavioral patterns, diet, and physical activity.

Body Composition↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diffusion of the culture of contraception: program effects on young women in rural Bangladesh.

This article describes a process of diffusion of family planning information, ideas, and technology among an unanticipated audience of young, unmarried women in rural Bangladesh. The data are derived from a focus-group study conducted in 1987-88 in the Maternal Child Health and Family Planning Project in Matlab, Bangladesh. A discussion with a staff member revealed her vivid memory of the arrival of the community-based family planning worker in her village 10 years earlier, before she was married. Based on this research lead, four focus-group sessions were held with newly married young women, and a set of questions about young women were incorporated into the sessions with other community women. The discussions showed that many young, unmarried women learn about family planning from an early age from the community-based family planning worker, from female relatives, peers, and the media. The findings of this exploratory study suggest that greater attention be paid to the contraceptive needs of young women and that continued research be conducted with this population of women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Interns as health educators.

Interns are being used in two experimental health education projects in a rural area of India. In one the interns talk to mothers waiting with their children at an immunization clinic; in the other they train volunteer schoolchildren to act as school health guides in a child-to-child programme.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning among senior high school students in north Gonder.

Sexual experience, knowledge, attitude and practice on contraception was studied among 991 senior high school students in north Gonder in May 1993 using anonymous questionnaire. Three-hundred-four students (30.7%) answered that they had experienced sexual intercourse. Out of 83 sexually active female students 25(30.1%) reported to have been pregnant. Only four students admitted to have had abortion. Seven-hundred-fifty (75.7%) students claimed that they know at least one method of modern contraception. Of the variables considered in the study reported knowledge of pills and positive attitude to contraception were significantly associated with modern contraceptive use. The most common reason for not using modern contraceptive methods among sexually active respondents was little or no knowledge of contraceptives followed by no access to contraceptives and harmful effects of contraceptives. It is recommended that family life education should be conducted in high schools. Counselling and clinical services on family planning in high schools and places where adolescents gather for recreation and other purposes may also be considered.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of the school nurse in providing sex education.

School and family planning nurses are well placed to promote high quality sex education to children and young people. Parents and teachers are often seen as authority figures whereas the nurse is an independent health professional. Government guidelines encourage liaison with teachers and this article--the second in a series on sexual health--gives examples of such a collaboration, as well as interviews with nurses who use innovative methods to put their message across.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Children's participation in biomedical research. A planned survey of 541 parents].

BACKGROUND: We have interviewed the parents of children born at two maternity hospitals to evaluate the knowledge of parents concerning the French Huriet law and their consent to the participation of their child in a randomized therapeutic trial. METHODS: The inquiry was conducted between 15 February and 30 April 1991. Each couple of parents of whom the mother had given birth in one of the hospitals was sent an explanatory letter and a questionnaire on the second day after delivery. Parents who were unable to read adequately and those whose baby was ill were excluded from the study. The main questions were: age of parents, country of origin, education, profession, social insurance, frequency of medical consulting, their knowledge of the Huriet law, the source of that knowledge, their attitude to giving parental consent for their child to participate in a trial, the reasons for their consent or refusal. RESULTS: Five hundred and eighty two questionnaires were distributed but only 541 were used. 73% of the parents said they knew that drugs were tested on volunteers. 59% claimed to know of the Huriet law, through the media (75%), their practitionist (12%), their environment (8%). 21% of the parents would consent to one of their children participating in such trial; 74% would refuse. Both parents were in agreement in 79% of cases, 12% of them for consent. The main reasons for refusal were the risk for side-effects of the drug (75%), lack of proof for efficacy (49%), disagreement in principle (19%). The mothers who consented were older than those who refused. The members of the "consent" group were more highly educated. CONCLUSIONS: Law Huriet is still inadequately understood in France. Pediatricians should consider how best to provide parents and the media with better information before trying to obtain parental consent.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Awareness of AIDS in selected population groups from the province of Lublin].

The poll carried out among selected community groups in the Lublin Voivodship has shown that the problem of AIDS is looked upon multifariously depending on age. The paper is an attempt to compare opinions of the 18-25 age group (118 people) with those of the 40-60 age group (100 people). The poll, which consisted of 8 questions, has indicated that the knowledge of epidemiology and preventive measures in reference to AIDS is incomplete, the younger group revealing greater awareness of the problem. It has also been determined that the need for information on the HIV virus is high. It has been agreed that television and radio programmes constitute the best methods to convey information on AIDS; the press comes second followed by various publications and open lectures. The poll has also shown that the young tend to accept HIV carriers more than the 40-60 age group.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1995

[Non-university programs for specialist training: an experiment at the National Autonomous Corporation for Certification of Medical Specialties (CONACEM)].

After 10 years certifying medical specialists Conacem is committed to evaluate the process focusing, among other aspects, on critical issues of postgraduate training programs. In this prospect, it has been important to look at the fact that there are several non university programs with a variety of contents, institutional sponsorship, curricula and faculty support. This constitutes a very inhomogenous source of knowledge and skills, even though many arise in the same area of academic influence of the most traditional Medical Schools. Available data disclose 316 specialty programs, alluded by 398 physicians, that were offered in about 40 institutions, referring to 28 different disciplines. This represents the 20.7% of all the specialists certified in this period with accomplished formal academic programs. At least 92.7% pertain to institutions academically related to the Medical Faculties and, among them, a 77% to the University of Chile. This information allows a critical review of proposals and to raise initiatives to put in order some scenarios of postgraduate education, that urgently need to be better managed from the standpoint of both the universities and the accreditation system.

Certification↗
PubMed1995

Sexual behavior and health problems in university students, University of Antioquia, 1991.

Authorities at the University of Antioquia, Colombia, felt it would be advisable to institute a student orientation program aimed at preventing health problems resulting from risky sexual behavior related to new cultural trends. The purpose of the work reported in this article was to collect information on the existing situation and provide appropriate advice to the Health Division of the University Welfare Office. For this purpose a survey was conducted with the voluntary participation of 836 students enrolled in their final year of study. A survey form containing 45 questions designed to elicit demographic and sexual behavior data was self-administered anonymously by the participating students. Among the participants who were sexually active, 10.9% (17.2% of the men, 3.3% of the women) said they had contracted some variety of sexually transmitted disease (STD). The most common diagnoses were gonorrhea (42%), genital warts (23%), and genital herpes (19%). The risk of contracting STD was 4.2 times greater in those reporting sex with strangers; 3.4 times greater in those reporting four or more sexual partners; and 2.5 times greater in those reporting homosexual relations, as compared to students not practicing such behaviors. Some 28.4% of 790 survey respondents or their partners had been pregnant; 49% of these pregnancies had terminated in abortions, 77% of these being induced abortions. Only 51.3% of the survey participants reported customary use of contraceptives, those most frequently cited being condoms (by 32% of the users), pills (20%), the rhythm method (18%), and extravaginal ejaculation (17%). Generally speaking, it appears that participating students had received little sex education. To obtain information, they had turned primarily to friends and books. Those who said they had received adequate sex education at home participated somewhat less frequently in risky behaviors but appeared a little less apt to have used contraceptives and a little more apt to think that women should not seek satisfaction in their sexual relationships. It has been recommended that the university establish programs to augment student knowledge in this area, prevent STDs and unwanted pregnancies, and encourage responsible exercise of sexuality.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Gun acquisition and use by juvenile offenders.

OBJECTIVES: To learn how, when, where, and why juvenile offenders acquire guns. DESIGN: Following acquisition of informed consent, we conducted semistructured interviews between June and November 1995 with a convenience sample of 63 juvenile offenders aged 13 through 18 years, each of whom was incarcerated at a detention center in metropolitan Atlanta, Ga. SETTING: Five detention centers in metropolitan Atlanta. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of handgun acquisition and use, age at and method of first handgun acquisition, feelings experienced when carrying guns, development of gun-carrying behavior, drug use, and gang membership. RESULTS: The mean age of respondents was 15.7 years. Forty-one male and 12 female respondents had owned a gun. Eighty-four percent of gun carriers acquired their first gun before the age of 15 years; more than half received their first gun passively, without any specific plan to do so. Adolescents who purposefully obtained their first handgun were more likely to become frequent or constant carriers. Forty percent felt safer and 40% said they felt more energized, excited, or powerful while carrying a gun. However, 34% reported increased anxiety about getting caught. Almost all stated that guns are readily available from a wide range of sources. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the developmental patterns of gun carrying by delinquent adolescents could be useful in formulating effective strategies to reduce firearm violence.

Adolescent↗