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At least 1,117 records · Page 62Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Resynchronization of ovulation and timed insemination in lactating dairy cows I: use of the Ovsynch and Heatsynch protocols after non-pregnancy diagnosis by ultrasonography.

The objective was to compare pregnancy rates and pregnancy losses in lactating dairy cows that were diagnosed not pregnant and re-inseminated following either the Ovsynch or Heatsynch protocols. Also evaluated were the effects of stages of the estrous cycle, ovarian cysts and anestrus on pregnancy rates for both treatments. Non-pregnant cows (n = 332) as determined by ultrasonography on day 27 post-AI (study day 0) were divided into two groups. Cows in the Ovsynch group (n = 166) received GnRH on day 0, PGF2alpha on day 7, GnRH on day 9, and timed AI (TAI) 16 h later (day 10). Cows in the Heatsynch group (n = 166) received GnRH on day 0, PGF2alpha on day 7, estradiol cypionate (ECP) on day 8, and TAI 48 h later (day 10). Cows detected in estrus on days 8 and 9 were inseminated and included in the study. On day 0, cows were classified according to different stages of the estrous cycle, or presence of ovarian cysts or anestrus. Pregnancy rates were evaluated 27, 45 and 90 days after resynchronized AI. Overall, there was no difference in pregnancy rates on days 27, 45 and 90 between cows in the Ovsynch (25.2, 17.5, and 13.9%) and Heatsynch (25.8, 19.9, and 16.1%) groups. There was no difference in pregnancy losses from days 27 to 45 and days 45 to 90 for cows in the Ovsynch (25.0 and 17.9%) and Heatsynch (14.7 and 10.3%) groups. However, pregnancy rates were increased when cows in metestrus were subjected to the Heatsynch protocol and cows with ovarian cysts were subjected to the Ovsynch protocol.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Conception rate after fixed time insemination following ovsynch protocol with and without progesterone supplementation in cyclic and non-cyclic Mediterranean Italian buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).

The aim of this study was to test the effect of progesterone supplementation to Ovsynch protocol in cyclic and non-cyclic Mediterranean Italian buffaloes on conception rate after fixed time artificial insemination. From 169 pluriparous buffaloes, 2 groups were identified and subjected to: (1) Ovsynch protocol (OV; n=83) and (2) Ovsynch protocol with the supplementation of progesterone from days 0 to 7 (OV+PROG.; n=86). All cows were inseminated 16-20 h after the second GnRH administration. Within each group, non-cyclic buffaloes were identified (OV=21 and OV+PROG.=20). Overall conception rate was significantly higher in cyclic compared to non-cyclic buffaloes: 43.7% versus 17.0%, respectively, P=0.001. A significant effect of progesterone supplementation on conception rate was observed in non-cyclic buffaloes (30% versus 4.7%, P=0.04) but not in cyclic buffaloes (51.5% versus 35.7%, P=0.077). Collectively, the presence of a large follicle (>or=10 mm) detected at the beginning of the Ovsynch protocol by ultrasound significantly affected conception rate (44% versus 8%, P=0.01). The findings of the present study suggest that (i) progesterone supplementation to the Ovsynch protocol in buffaloes increases conception rate in non-cyclic animals, (ii) the presence of a large follicle at the beginning of the Ovsynch protocol is a determining factor for a successful synchronization of ovulation and high conception rates and (iii) ultrasound monitoring can improve the overall efficiency by selectively identifying more suitable cycling animals carrying a responsive follicle at the time of first GnRH administration.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Perspectives for artificial insemination and genomics to improve global swine populations.

Civilizations throughout the world continue to depend on pig meat as an important food source. Approximately 40% of the red meat consumed annually worldwide (94 million metric tons) is pig meat. Pig numbers (940 million) and consumption have increased consistent with the increasing world population (FAO 2002). In the past 50 years, research guided genetic selection and nutrition programs have had a major impact on improving carcass composition and efficiency of production in swine. The use of artificial insemination (AI) in Europe has also had a major impact on pig improvement in the past 35 years and more recently in the USA. Several scientific advances in gamete physiology and/or manipulation have been successfully utilized while others are just beginning to be applied at the production level. Semen extenders that permit the use of fresh semen for more than 5 days post-collection are largely responsible for the success of AI in pigs worldwide. Transfer of the best genetics has been enabled by use of AI with fresh semen, and to some extent, by use of AI with frozen semen over the past 25 years. Sexed semen, now a reality, has the potential for increasing the rate of genetic progress in AI programs when used in conjunction with newly developed low sperm number insemination technology. Embryo cryopreservation provides opportunities for international transport of maternal germplasm worldwide; non-surgical transfer of viable embryos in practice is nearing reality. While production of transgenic animals has been successful, the low level of efficiency in producing these animals and lack of information on multigene interactions limit the use of the technology in applied production systems. Technologies based on research in functional genomics, proteomics and cloning have significant potential, but considerable research effort will be required before they can be utilized for AI in pig production. In the past 15 years, there has been a coordinated worldwide scientific effort to develop the genetic linkage map of the pig with the goal of identifying pigs with genetic alleles that result in improved growth rate, carcass quality, and reproductive performance. Molecular genetic tests have been developed to select pigs with improved traits such as removal of the porcine stress (RYR1) syndrome, and selection for specific estrogen receptor (ESR) alleles. Less progress has been made in developing routine tests related to diseases. Major research in genomics is being pursued to improve the efficiency of selection for healthier pigs with disease resistance properties. The sequencing of the genome of the pig to identify new genes and unique regulatory elements holds great promise to provide new information that can be used in pig production. AI, in vitro embryo production and embryo transfer will be the preferred means of implementing these new technologies to enhance efficiency of pig production in the future.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of fertility and embryo mortality following artificial insemination of common duck females (Anas Platyrhynchos) with semen from common or Muscovy (Cairina Moschata) drakes.

The purpose of this study was to compare fertility and early embryo mortality rates (< or = 5 days of incubation) following artificial insemination (AI) of common duck females (Anas Platyrhynchos) with semen from either common or Muscovy (Cairina Moschata) drakes at various periods of the reproductive season (Period I, 27-35 weeks; Period II, 39-43 weeks and Period III, 49-56 weeks). Based on observations performed by stereomicroscopy on eggs laid from Days 2 to 10 after AI, we confirmed that fertility was significantly lower in the interbred compared to the purebred cross at each of the periods tested (purebred 58.1, 61.2 and 54.2 versus crossbred 31.0, 40.4 and 39.5 at Periods I, II and II, respectively; 0.01 < P < 0.001). In a complementary experiment, we demonstrated that the number of perivitelline spermatozoa (NPS) was markedly lower in mule (crossbred) eggs compared to common (purebred) eggs, a strong indication that initial sperm selection occurring in the lower oviduct is probably more intense after crossbred compared to purebred insemination. Comparison of early embryo mortality (EEM) between mule and common duck eggs indicated that increased levels of EEM in mule embryos corresponded to Stages II-IV of the Eyal-Giladi and Kochav classification (EGK). While a similar age-dependent increase in early embryo mortality was observed in eggs from both genetic origins during the latter periods of the reproductive season, it was also established that embryo mortality due to parental age was related rather to Stages X-XIV of the EGK classification in eggs from both genetic origins. It is concluded that the relative subfertility of mule compared to common duck eggs is probably the consequence of a more intense rate of selection of heterologous than homologous spermatozoa occurring in the vaginal portion of the oviduct while the causal origins of EEM in mule duck eggs can at least in part be identified on the basis of precise staging (by stereomicroscopy) of dead embryos.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Relationship between in vitro fertilisation of ewe oocytes and the fertility of ewes following cervical artificial insemination with frozen-thawed ram semen.

No laboratory test exists that can reliably predict differences among rams in field fertility after artificial insemination (AI) with frozen-thawed semen. In vitro fertilisation (IVF) has been proposed as a method of predicting these differences. The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether IVF system could discriminate among rams of different fertility in vivo after AI using frozen-thawed semen. Also, to examine effects of lowering sperm concentration on discrimination power between rams used for IVF. The aim of Experiment 1 was to evaluate the effect of altering the sperm concentration from 2 x 10(6) to 0.03125 x 10(6) spermatozoa/mL on subsequent cleavage rate and blastocyst rate in vitro. In Experiment 2, six rams (three High and three Low in vivo fertility; average pregnancy rates of 37.6% and 21.8%, respectively) were compared for their fertilising ability in IVF. Spermatozoa from each of the six rams were added to ewe oocytes using a concentration of either 2 x 10(6) or 0.0625 x 10(6)/mL. There were six replicates with 25 oocytes per well and two wells per ram per replicate. Cleavage rate was monitored at 48 h post-insemination (p.i.) and blastocyst rate determined on Days 6-8 p.i. In Experiment 1, cleavage rate increased with increasing sperm concentration and blastocyst rate was not affected by sperm concentration on any day. When the six rams were tested using 2 x 10(6) spermatozoa/mL, no significant differences were found between High and Low fertility groups for cleavage rate or blastocyst rate on Days 6, 7, or 8 p.i. (P>0.05). When the experiment was repeated using 0.0625 x 10(6) spermatozoa/mL, no differences were found between High and Low group rams for blastocyst rate on any of Days 6, 7 or 8 p.i. (P>0.05). However, there was a significant difference between High and Low fertility rams for percentage of oocytes cleaved (16.4, S.E. 2.02%; P<0.01) and the correlation between fertility in vivo and cleavage rate in vitro was significant (P=0.013). Replicate of IVF was a source of significant variation for both cleavage rate and blastocyst rate and conditions need to be further controlled. However, we suggest that using a low concentration of spermatozoa (0.0625 x 10(6)/mL) for IVF may be a useful method for predicting field fertility of frozen-thawed ram semen.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Cost comparison of natural service sires and artificial insemination for dairy cattle reproductive management.

Despite the widespread popularity of artificial insemination, many dairymen still prefer the use of natural service sires due to a variety of reasons, including a common perception that it is easier to manage and less expensive than AI. Little has been done to estimate the explicit and implicit costs, including the probable loss of genetic progress associated with the use of natural service sires in dairy herds. A partial budget approach was used to stochastically model the expected costs and returns of reproductive management options in large, western, Holstein dairies. Option one was natural service sires managed using currently recommended approaches including breeding soundness evaluations, bull vaccination, and a rotational breeding system. Option two was an AI system using a modified Presync-Ovsynch timed AI program in conjunction with estrus detection and inseminations performed by a commercial route breeder. Stochastic variables in the model included the cost of the lactating ration and purchased bulls, as well as the value received for milk, market bulls, and net merit gains. All other variables were treated deterministically. Under the model's assumptions, the use of natural service sires averaged approximately US dollar 10 more in cost per cow per year as compared to an AI program. Sixty percent of the time, AI was less expensive than using bulls. However, there was wide variation in expected differences in cost between the two systems with net merit estimates having the largest impact, followed by prices received for milk sold and market bulls.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Influence of breed and age on morphometry and depth of inseminating catheter penetration in the ewe cervix: a postmortem study.

A detailed examination of the cervical canal in the ewe was carried out. This analysis could be used to design new catheters for artificial insemination (AI) to achieve deeper cervical penetration and therefore better fertility results. Three hundred and sixty-five cervices from four sheep breeds (Churra, Assaf, Merino, Castellana) obtained postmortem were used. Cervix morphometry and depth of cervical penetration using two types of catheters were determined. A conventional straight catheter for ovine artificial insemination (IMV), and a bent catheter, ending in a stainless steel needle, 9 cm in length and with an 8 mm tip bent 45 degrees , were used. The results showed that the morphometry of the cervix depends on breed and age of the ewe. The cervices of Churra breed were shorter and narrower, and had a higher number of folds than those of other breeds. Postmortem cervical penetration was deeper when the cervices were longer and wider, and with fewer folds (Merino and Castellana breeds). In ageing ewes, the cervix tended to become longer and wider, with loose folds. This decreased structural complexity and significantly improved cervical penetration. The bent catheter allowed significantly greater cervical penetration than the straight IMV one.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows and heifers resynchronized for a second insemination with an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device for 7 or 8d with estradiol benzoate injected at the time of device insertion and 24h after removal.

One aim of this study was to compare the reproductive performance of cows and heifers when resynchronizing returns to estrus for a second insemination by treating with an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (IVD) for 7 or 8d when estradiol benzoate (EB) was administered at the start of treatment and again 24h after device removal. An additional aim was to document the pattern of onset and characteristics of estrus with each resynchrony treatment. Lactating cows in three herds were synchronized for a first estrus and AI by treatment with an IVD for 8d, starting on Day 0, cloprostenol (0.5 mg im) at device removal and EB at device insertion (2.0 mg im) and 24h after removal (1.0 mg im). Cows were resynchronized for a second estrus starting on Day 23 by reinsertion of IVDs for 7 (IVD-7-EB; n=449) or 8d (IVD-8-EB; n=445) with EB (1.0 mg im) administered at device insertion and 24h after removal. Cows were resynchronized for a third estrus by administration of EB (1.0 mg im) on Day 46, but subsequent treatments (no further treatment, reinsertion of CIDR or administration of EB on Day 55) varied among herds as part of separate studies. Maiden heifers (7-Day, n=68; 8-Day, n=69) were similarly treated as cows in a separate herd, but doses of EB were always 1.0 mg im at device insertion and 0.75 mg im 24h after removal. Heifers were not resynchronized for a third estrus. Cattle were inseminated on detection of estrus at each synchronized estrus. Cumulative pregnancy rates 4 week (66.0%, 276/418 versus 59.1%, 247/418) and 7 week (72.7%, 304/418 versus 67.7%, 283/418) after the start of AI were greater (P<0.05) in the IVD-7-EB cows compared to the IVD-8-EB cows, respectively; this was associated with a 9% increase in conception rates at the second estrus (P=0.051) in the IVD-7-EB cows. Treatment did not significantly affect reproductive performance in heifers. Characteristics of estrus measured with radiotelemetry did not differ significantly between the two treatment groups, but more cows were detected in estrus 36 h after removal of IVDs in the IVD-8-EB cows compared to the IVD-7-EB cows (P<0.05). We concluded that reproductive performance in resynchronized dairy cows but not heifers was greater following resynchronization of estrous cycles after AI with an IVD for 7 compared to 8d when EB was injected at the start of treatment and 24h after device removal.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1997

Determination of the insemination time of the Glossina palpalis Robineau Desvoidy, 1830 in the forest belt of Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire.

The observations on the insemination of the Glossina palpalis have been made in the forest belt of Daloa in the Côte d'Ivoire through the test of the spermathecae of females caught in different biotopes. The testing of 8342 Glossina show that the ratio of females with empty spermathecae is low, with a rate of 0.88%. Most of the captured Glossina are tenerals or tsetse flies which have not yet been fed. We did not find a single virgin female among the young parous Glossina above the age of 9 days. However out of 3841 very old Glossina, 0.08% were found with empty spermathecae. Our results suggest that the Glossina's insemination took place earlier within the G. palpalis type, a few days before the adult (between 1 and 3 days).

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The use of human immunodeficiency virus postexposure prophylaxis after successful artificial insemination.

A case is reported of a woman who was exposed to human immunodeficiency virus through self-insemination. She was artificially inseminated with fresh semen obtained from a gay man in whom HIV seroconversion was taking place. Postexposure prophylaxis with antiretrovirals was initiated 10 days later, and despite successful conception, HIV infection was not established. A healthy male infant was subsequently delivered with no obvious toxicity related to medication.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and intrauterine insemination for treatment of unexplained infertility should be limited to a maximum of three trials.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the optimum number of cycles of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and intrauterine insemination in the treatment of unexplained infertility. DESIGN: Observational prospective study. SETTING: In vitro fertilization embryo transfer center. PATIENT(S): Five hundred ninety-four couples with unexplained infertility. INTERVENTION(S): Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH), intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Cycle fecundity. RESULT(S): One to 3 cycles of COH/IUI were performed in 594 patients (group A) undergoing 1,112 cycles (mean, 1.9 cycles/patient). Up to 3 further trials (cycles 4-6) of COH/IUI were then performed in 91 of these women (group B), a total of 161 cycles (mean, 1.8 cycles/patient). A historical comparison group C consisted of 131 patients with 3 failed cycles of COH/IUI who underwent 1 cycle of IVF and ICSI at our center. In group A, 182 pregnancies occurred, with a cycle fecundity of 16.4% and a cumulative pregnancy rate (PR) of 39.2% after the first 3 cycles. In group B, 9 pregnancies occurred in cycles 4-6, with a cycle fecundity of 5.6%, significantly lower than that of group A (P<.001). The cumulative PR rose to 48.5% by cycle 6, a further increase of only 9.3%. In the women undergoing IVF and ICSI in group C, 48 pregnancies occurred, with a cycle fecundity of 36.6% per cycle, significantly higher than that of group B (P<.001). CONCLUSION(S): In unexplained infertility, the cycle fecundity in the first three trials of COH and IUI was higher than in cycles 4-6, with a statistically significant difference. Patients should be offered IVF or ICSI if they fail to conceive after three trials of COH and IUI.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Efficacy and pregnancy outcome of two methods of semen preparation for intrauterine insemination: a prospective randomized study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine pregnancy outcome with two methods of semen preparation for intrauterine insemination (IUI). DESIGN: Prospective and randomized study. SETTINGS: Academic tertiary center. PATIENT(S): Three hundred eleven couples undergoing 676 consecutive cycles of assisted conception using IUI. INTERVENTION(S): Semen samples collected for IUI were randomized to wash only or density gradient centrifugation (DGC) processing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Various prepreparation and postpreparation semen parameters were used for IUI. The influence of the method of semen processing, and impact of various semen parameters and female factors on pregnancy were examined by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves, logistic regression, and life table analysis. RESULT(S): Of the 676 cycles, 88 resulted in conception leading to an overall clinical pregnancy rate of 13.0% per cycle and 28.3% per patient with a miscarriage rate of 34.0%. Eighty-eight percent of pregnancies occurred in the first three cycles of IUI and 95.5% within the first four cycles. The pregnancy rate for wash only was 11.6% (37 of 319) and the rate for DGC was 14.3% (51 of 356). However, in samples with <22 million motile sperm in the inseminate, pregnancy rates were 4% for wash and 18% for DGC. The woman's age for both methods and the percentage of sperm in the original semen with a velocity of > or =80 micro m/s for the wash method influenced pregnancy outcome. CONCLUSION(S): Although samples with an acceptable number of motile sperm can be processed efficiently by wash only, poor quality semen samples should be processed using DGC.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Pregnancy outcomes using donor sperm insemination after failed in vitro fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles in couples with complex infertility disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate alternatives for couples with severe male factor infertility who fail to conceive with IVF-intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). DESIGN: Outcomes of couples using artificial insemination with donor sperm (AID) after failed IVF-ICSI, assessing multiple risk factors affecting prognosis. SETTING: University infertility service. PATIENT(S): Nineteen patients with complex infertility disorders who failed IVF-ICSI and subsequently used AID (1 to 7 cycles). INTERVENTION(S): Artificial insemination with donor sperm was performed 36 hours after detection of an LH surge or hCG injection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Pregnancy outcomes were determined. RESULT(S): Seventeen pregnancies occurred in 16 women associated with AID for a pregnancy rate per cycle of 27.9% within a mean of 3.2 +/- 18 cycles. Live birth rate per cycle was 24.6%. CONCLUSION(S): A high pregnancy rate was achieved with AID in women who failed IVF-ICSI. Given the low cost and effectiveness of AID in this series, consideration of AID is a reasonable and effective option even in couples with poor prognosis who fail to conceive with IVF-ICSI.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Failure of seminal plasma to enter the uterus and oviducts of the rabbit following artificial insemination.

Twelve adult does in estrus were artificially inseminated with 1 ml of semen from bucks that had received injections of 3H-thymidine 22 to 32 days previously. The ejaculates contained radioactive seminal plasma and unlabeled sperm. The reproductive tracts of the does were removed at selected intervals after insemination, divided into segments of no more than 300 mg, and processed for scintillation counting. Significant levels of radioactivity were never detected in any uterine or oviductal segment. The technique was capable of detecting as little as 1.5 X 10(-4) ml of semen in a segment. These results demonstrate that seminal plasma is not transported from the vagina into the uterus or oviducts in the rabbit, emphasizing the importance of the motility of spermatozoa in their passage to the site of fertilization.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The influence of patient insemination on the implantation rate in an in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer program.

The implantation rates and subsequent pregnancy rates in in vitro fertilization (IVF) programs are lower than those currently seen in the normal fertile population. During IVF treatment regimens, intercourse is not allowed and artificial insemination is normally excluded. This trial, involving the deposition of semen in the high vaginal area, was undertaken for evaluation of the influence of sperm in the reproductive tract on subsequent implantation rates. The results show that the implantation rate, as assessed by a rise in the human chorionic gonadotropin levels in inseminated patients, was 53%, compared with 23% in the control group. The implantation rate of 54% in the group who had tubal occlusion or no fallopian tubes was not significantly different from the implantation rate of 50% in the group with patent tubes, which suggests that the site of sperm influence was on the endometrium and that the absence of the fallopian tube has no significant effect upon this influence.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Direct intraperitoneal or intrauterine insemination and superovulation in infertility treatment: a randomized study.

Direct intraperitoneal or intrauterine insemination in combination with superovulation was used randomly as the treatment of infertility that was unexplained or due to male subfertility or mild endometriosis in 124 couples during 326 cycles. The pregnancy rate per couple was 24% in the direct intraperitoneal insemination group and 31% in the IUI group. The difference was not significant. The pregnancy rates with both treatments were significantly higher than those seen during the 326 control cycles of the same couples (1.1% and 0.6%).

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Pregnancy rates after timed intercourse or intrauterine insemination after human menopausal gonadotropin stimulation of normal ovulatory cycles: a controlled study.

Forty-eight patients with male (n = 16) or idiopathic (n = 32) infertility were stimulated with human menopausal gonadotropin. Intrauterine insemination (IUI) or natural intercourse were performed after either human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-induced or spontaneous, urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) surge-monitored ovulation. A total of 148 cycles were analyzed. In 40 cycles treated with hCG-induced ovulation and IUI, 3 (7.5%) patients conceived, whereas 37 women accomplished natural intercourse after hCG-induced ovulation and 2 (5.5%) became pregnant. When inseminated after a spontaneous LH surge, 3 (8.8%) of 34 patients achieved a pregnancy; no conception occurred in 37 spontaneously ovulatory cycles combined with timed intercourse. Pregnancy rates did not substantially differ between the treatment modalities or between mono-ovulatory and polyovulatory cycles. The cycle characteristics between spontaneous ovulatory and hCG-induced cycles significantly did differ.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗
PubMed1991

Failure of intrauterine insemination in a refractory infertility population.

Intrauterine insemination by itself for multiple and/or severe infertility factors had no benefit over cervical cap with whole ejaculate or coitus in this study. The PRs for IUI and cervical cap with whole ejaculate or coitus were similar and low, suggesting that IUI by itself has limited, if any, utility in enhancing PRs in this type of infertility population. Couples attempting IUI should be advised about the low probability of achieving pregnancy. Ovulation stimulation and/or heterologous donor insemination, IVF, or gamete intrafallopian transfer may be beneficial therapeutic options.

Adult↗