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PubMed2006

Stress barometer at diagnoses in children with school non-attendance.

BACKGROUND: School non-attendance is a major social problem in Japan. Many children stop attending school for a variety of reasons. The authors previously reported stress barometer values for healthy Japanese children. In this study, the authors examined the stress barometer values of children with school non-attendance. METHODS: The authors measured stress barometer values, that is, urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) and 17-ketosteroid sulfates (17-KS-S) in 65 children (40 girls and 25 boys; 7-15 years of age) with school non-attendance, except for pervasive developmental disorder and mental retardation, who attended the outpatient department of Dokkyo University School of Medicine Hospital, Tochigi, Japan, during the past 4 years. RESULTS: A total of 24 (36.9%) of the 65 children had urinary 17-OHCS values above 2SD, and 14 (21.5%) had urinary 17-OHCS below 2SD. In total, 10 (15.4%) children had urinary 17-KS-S values above 2SD, and four (6.2%) had urinary 17-KS-S below 2SD. Five (7.7%) children had urinary 17-KS-S/17-OHCS values above 2SD, and 10 (15.4%) had urinary 17-KS-S/17-OHCS below 2SD. CONCLUSION: The stress barometer values appear to be clinically useful for evaluating objectively whether children with school non-attendance have emotional stress.

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1979

Maternal hormone profile in oxytocin induced labour.

Serial blood samples were collected from ten patients at between 40 and 42 weeks gestation, who were having labour induced by amniotomy and intravenous oxytocin. The plasma levels of human placental lactogen and pregnancy-specific beta 1 glycoprotein showed no more than their normal late pregnancy variability during labour; oestradiol-17 beta showed a small rise in early labour followed by a fall in the second stage of labour; unconjugated oestriol and 11-hydroxycorticosteroids showed a progressive rise throughout labour and progesterone a progressive fall. The ratio of progesterone to oestradiol-17 beta fell throughout labour. The significance of these changes in our understanding of the control of placental hormone secretion and of the hormone profile of spontaneous labour is discussed.

11-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1977

The role of bacterial contamination in the isolation of apparent anti-inflammatory factors from rabbit anti-lymphocytic serum.

1 Rabbit anti-guinea-pig lymphocytic serum was fractionated by gel filtration to obtain partially purified materials possessing anti-inflammatory activity. The pharmacological properties of these materials were then studied. 2 Two fractions were found which reproducibly contained significant activity. One of these activities caused inflammation at the site of injection and was associated with high molecular weight protein (2008000). The other activity was found in low molecular weight fraction but was shown to be due to small amounts of endotoxin from Gram negative bacteria. These organisms contaminated the fractions in spite of the recommended precautions for gel filtration having been taken. 3 The endotoxin-containing fraction completely abolished leucocyte infiltration into the rat foot which had been injected with kaolin. It had no apparent effect on circulating haemolytic complement. It caused maximal elevation of serum 11-hydroxycorticosteroid concentrations and was found to cause the release of pharmacologically active amines. Many of the previously reported naturally occurring anti-inflammatory substances have similar pharmacological properties to those of the endotoxin-containing fraction. 4 It was concluded that doubt will exist about the presence of anti-inflammatory factors in mammalian body fluids unless stringent precautions are taken to exclude measurable bacterial contamination. 5 These experiments also cast doubt on the validity of accepted procedures for excluding microbial growth from columns used in the fractionation of serum.

11-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1975

Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function following subarachnoid hemorrhage.

The endocrine function was evaluated in 50 patients a minimum of 3.5 months after a subarachnoid hemorrhage. The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function was assessed by studying the circadian rhythm of plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids and with the metyrapone test. In addition, screening methods were used to evaluate thyroid and gonadal functions. The results indicate that hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal disturbances may occur in patients surviving a subarachnoid hemorrhage. In patients who have survived a subarachnoid hemorrhage more than 3.5 months, however, frank hypopituitarism is rare.

11-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1980

Resistance to inhibiting effect of dexamethasone in patients with endogenous depression.

Suppression of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids (11-OHCS) release with dexamethasone (0.5 mg) has been investigated in 52 patients with endogenous depression and also in normals and in patients with other mental diseases. The suppression was considerably less in depressives (-19 +/- 5%) than in control groups (approx. -60%). The dexamethasone test indices were normalized during remission. The elucidate mechanisms of the dexamethasone inhibiting effect, the influence of tryptophan, DOPA and benzodiazepines on the 11-OHCS level and the degree of its suppression with dexamethasone have been studied. The data indicate a dual effect of serotonin on the regulation of the adrenal function: it stimulates CRF secretion and increases the inhibiting effect of corticosteroids on CRF release. It is suggested that during depression the negative feedback is disturbed in the system - brain monoamines-glucocorticoids. The possible role of this impairment in depression pathogenesis is considered.

11-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1969

Stimulation of adrenal glucocorticoid secretion in man by raising the body temperature.

1. Plasma cortisol and corticosterone concentrations increased significantly in eleven resting, unacclimatized subjects after 2 hr exposure to an ambient temperature of 46 degrees C dry bulb, 36 degrees C wet bulb and in two subjects investigated by controlled elevation of body temperature in a hyperthermia test-bed.2. In the same experiments the urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) estimated as the 11-oxy and 11-deoxy fractions did not differ significantly in hot and in control conditions.3. Following an initial fall in plasma cortisol concentration during the first hour of heat exposure, cortisol levels increased in the second hour when body temperatures exceeded a ;critical' level of 38.3 degrees C. Two acclimatized subjects did not attain this body temperature even after 2 hr heating and showed no increase in plasma glucocorticoid levels.4. Sweat collected in arm bags, or by suction, in controlled hyperthermia experiments contained negligible amounts of cortisol (0.34-1.70 mug/100 ml. sweat).5. Changes in plasma cortisol specific activity after intravenous injection of 1,2[(3)H]cortisol indicated that the raised plasma concentration was brought about by increased adrenal secretion, though this was accompanied by more rapid removal of cortisol from the circulation in hot conditions. Excretion of tritium by the kidney was not significantly altered. It was not possible to determine whether changes in liver function contributed to the elevation of the plasma cortisol level but it was found that a larger proportion of cortisol was oxidized to cortisone, or to a metabolite closely resembling cortisone, in the heat.

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1970

Urinary excretion of adrenal steroids, catecholamines and electrolytes in man, before and after acclimatization to cold in Antarctica.

1. Urine samples were collected from four men before and during test cold exposures in Melbourne, Australia, and Mawson, Antarctica. Changes in the response of body temperature to the test exposures showed that the men had acclimatized to cold at Mawson.2. Excretion rates of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and 17-ketosteroids were significantly greater at Mawson than in Melbourne, in both the pre-exposure and exposure periods.3. Excretion rates of noradrenaline, adrenaline, sodium, potassium and creatinine did not differ significantly between Mawson and Melbourne, nor did urine flow rates.4. During the cold exposure significant increases occurred, to the same extent at Mawson as in Melbourne, in urine flow rate and in all measured urinary constituents except creatinine.

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1974

The circadian rhythms of human subjects without timepieces or indication of the alternation of day and night.

1. Seven solitary subjects, and two groups of four, spent from 5 to 13 days in an isolation unit without knowledge of time. Three solitary subjects and one group of four adopted fairly regular activity habits with a period of 25-27 h; one subject adopted a period of 30 h, and one of 27 h initially, decreasing to 24-25 h after a few days. One group of four awoke roughly every 24 h, after a sleep which was alternately about 8 h, or about 4 h and believed by the subjects to be an afternoon siesta. Two solitary subjects alternated sleeps of about 8 or 16 h, separated by 24 h of activity.2. Deep temperature in all subjects oscillated with a period of 24-26 h, which was thus commonly distinct from their activity habits.3. Urinary potassium followed a rhythm whose period, though usually close to, was sometimes distinct from, that of temperature. A secondary period corresponding to that of activity was also sometimes present.4. Urinary sodium and chloride usually gave evidence of two periodic components, one corresponding to activity and the other to the rhythm of either temperature or of urinary potassium.5. Urinary creatinine and phosphate usually followed the subject's routine of activity.6. Plasma samples were collected on a few occasions and analysed for phosphate and 11-hydroxycorticosteroids. Changes in plasma phosphate were usually, but not always, associated with similar changes in urinary phosphate, and changes in plasma corticosteroids were often, but not always, associated with similar changes in urinary potassium shortly afterwards.7. Observations are recorded on a subject alone in a cave for 127 days. His activity habits, though wildly variable, gave evidence of a period of 25.1 h and his urinary electrolyte excretion indicated a shorter period, of 24.6 h. During the following 3 days, when he remained in the cave but was visited frequently, his plasma corticosteroids and urinary potassium oscillated with a period of 16 h.8. The possible mechanisms controlling these rhythms are discussed.

11-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1983

Effects of cloned interferon alpha 2 in normal volunteers: febrile reactions and changes in circulating corticosteroids and trace metals.

Six healthy volunteers were given single intramuscular injections of an ascending dose schedule of human interferon alpha 2 (Hu IFN alpha 2) from Escherichia coli. At a dose of 3 X 10(6) U, all of the volunteers had febrile reactions with influenza-like symptoms as previously described for purified natural leukocyte interferon. Significant rises in serum 11-hydroxycorticosteroids and falls in plasma zinc levels were observed at this highest dose. Although there was a reduction in the febrile reaction complex, the simultaneous administration of indomethacin with a "toxic" dose of interferon did not alter the changes in white cells, corticosteroids, or trace metals. Nonspecific effects must be considered in the therapeutic activity of interferon.

11-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1976

Endocrinopathy in thalassaemia major.

Pituitary, adrenal, and pancreatic functions were investigated in 9 patients with thalassaemia major. 9 a.m. plasma ACTH values were 148-480 pg/ml (normal range 15-70 pg/ml). Cortisol and growth hormone response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was normal in all. 24-hour urinary excretions of 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were normal. There was normal cortisol response to intramuscular injection of ACTH. In a physiological adrenal stimulation test there was a significantly smaller response to each physiological dose of tetracosactrin. 4 patients had diabetic glucose tolerance tests--none are clinically diabetic. The mean plasma glucose utilization constant (Kgl=2-02) is significantly smaller than normal. Plasma insulin response both in the oral and the intravenous glucose tolerance test was significantly smaller than normal. The data were consistent with severe and widespread impairment of endocrine function and a plausible explanation would be iron deposition in endocrine organs. It is suggested that pituitary hyperfunction of ACTH secretion is due to target organ unresponsiveness which can be shown in its early stages only by a physiological test of the adrenal cortex. Skin pigmentation in thalassaemia seems to be due to the melanophore-stimulating effect of this raised plasma ACTH.

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1982

Time of day of prednisolone administration in rheumatoid arthritis.

Twelve patients with rheumatoid arthritis took low dosage prednisolone, mean 5.6 mg daily, at either 0800 h, 1300 h or 2300 h in a double-blind within-patient controlled trial. Each patient was studied on each of the 3 regimens to assess control of symptoms and side effects and also to examine circadian rhythms in signs and symptoms. For several days during each drug regimen patients collected urine at each micturition and self-assessed their signs and symptoms. Circadian rhythms of finger joint swelling and of grip strength were determined, and were similar on all regimens, with morning peaks of symptoms and signs. Subjective and objective assessments showed no differences in effectiveness between the 3 times of administration of prednisolone. Urinary excretion patterns were similar to those observed in untreated people. The quantity and circadian pattern of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids excreted were similar to those in healthy patients, providing no evidence of adrenal cortical suppression at the dose levels studied, even when this dose was taken in the evening. A single morning dose of prednisolone appears in many patients to be as effective as a single evening dose or divided doses. It is therefore reasonable to initiate therapy with a morning-only regimen, because adrenopituitary suppression should be minimised.

11-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1972

Sebum excretion in acromegaly.

The sebum excretion rate (S.E.R.) was measured in 20 patients with acromegaly. Eleven were untreated at the time of the measurement and nine had previously undergone surgical hypophysectomy or had received pituitary irradiation by yttrium-90 or radiotherapy. In five patients the S.E.R. was measured before and after such treatment. The mean S.E.R. in the untreated acromegalics was much greater than in a normal population and decreased significantly after successful pituitary ablation. No significant decrease in mean S.E.R. occurred in the group of patients with a poor clinical response to ablation. The correlations between S.E.R. and log serum growth hormone, plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid levels, and heel-pad thickness were significant, but there was no significant correlation between S.E.R. and serum protein-bound iodine levels. This suggests that the changes in S.E.R. were due to pituitary ablation but could not necessarily be attributed solely to changes in growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, or adrenocorticotrophic hormone. The association between the clinical state of the acromegaly and the S.E.R. was better than the association between acromegaly and serum growth hormone. We conclude that the S.E.R. is a useful addition to the clinical and endocrinological data used in assessing acromegaly.

Acromegaly↗
PubMed1968

Assessment of long-acting synthetic corticotrophin in hypersensitive asthmatics and normal subjects.

The synthetic polypeptide depot-tetracosactrin (Synacthen-Depot) was given to nine steroid-treated asthmatic patients hypersensitive to animal corticotrophin. Eight had a satisfactory increase in plasma and urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS). The remaining patient had been shown previously to have adrenal suppression. None of the patients developed allergic reactions to depot-tetracosactrin, and seven have been receiving regular injections of the polypeptide twice weekly for the past eight months.In 13 normal subjects intramuscular injections of 1 mg. and 0.5 mg. of depot-tetracosactrin and 40 units of corticotrophin-gel were equally potent in raising the plasma 17-OHCS, but depot-tetracosactrin had a significantly longer action than corticotrophin-gel.

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1971

Effect of resection of lung tumours on the steroid abnormalities in patients with lung cancer.

The urinary excretion of androsterone, aetiocholanolone, total 17-oxosteroids, and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) was measured in 40 patients with lung cancer three days before resection and again 10-15 days after resection of their lung tumours. There was a significant postoperative increase in the excretion of 17-OHCS but a significant decrease in the excretion of androsterone and aetiocholanolone, resulting in an increase of the preoperative abnormalities in steroid excretion in these patients. Since there was no change in steroid excretion towards normal after resection of the lung tumours, it seems that the steroid abnormalities found in lung cancer are not the effect of the presence of the lung tumours. As the excretions of 17-OHCS and 11-deoxy-17-oxosteroids change in opposite directions after resection, it is suggested that a dissociation of factors that control the excretion of these two groups of steroids takes place as a response to surgical stress in patients with lung cancer.

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1968

Routine multipurpose gas chromatographic assay for urinary corticosteroids.

THE USE OF A ROUTINE ASSAY FOR URINARY STEROIDS IS DESCRIBED THAT IS THOUGHT TO SATISFY THE FOLLOWING NEEDS: the measurement of low levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion; the assessment of adrenocortical activity during prednisolone therapy; the diagnosis of the adrenogenital syndrome and the monitoring of its treatment using any available urine specimen; the very early diagnosis of pregnancy using any available urine specimen. It may also prove of value in the assessment of progesterone secretion and metabolism during pregnancy.

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1982

Hormone response of normal and intermittent cold-preadapted humans to continuous cold.

This study examined the hormonal and thermal responses of two groups of subjects during 16 days in the Arctic (mean temperature -26.8 degrees C). One group (NPA) received no prior cold exposure, whereas the second group (PA) was subjected to nine daily immersions (20-40 min) in cold water (15 degrees C) 20 days before the Arctic exposure. Nude cold tolerance tests (cold air at 10 degrees C) were administered to both groups before and after the Arctic exposure. The NPA group showed an increase in metabolism and rectal temperature, whereas the PA group showed no elevation in metabolism and a decrease in rectal temperature. In the Arctic significant daily increases over the control period of urine volume (+86%), urinary norepinephrine (+48%), epinephrine (+84%), and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (+34%) occurred in the NPA group. Only epinephrine (+65%) increased in the PA group. The hormonal and thermal responses of the NPA group in the Arctic were characteristic of metabolic adaption, whereas those in the PA group were suggestive of a hypothermic type of adaptation or habituation with no evidence of sympathetic or adrenocortical stimulation. The hormonal and thermal responses observed in this study indicate that a degree of cold resistance can be induced rapidly in humans by short intermittent exposures to an intense cold stress, which persists for a significant period of time after the last exposure.

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1975

Dissociation of adrenocortical secretory responses to cyanide and philocarpine in dogs with hypothalamic lesions.

In dogs with hypothalamic lesions as well as in intact and hypophysectomized dogs, adrenal venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS). In intact dogs a marked increase in adrneal 17-OHCS secretion was observed following the i.v. infusion of cyanide as well as after the i.v. injection of pilocarpine; this was completely abolished by hypophysectomy. The adrenocortical response to pilocarpine was markedly impaired and that to cyanide partially suppressed after lesioning of the anterior median eminence. However, after lesioning of the posterior median eminence, the adrenocortical secretory response to pilocarpine was almost the same as in intact dogs, whereas the response to cyanide was markedly impaired. Thus, a dissociation of adrenocortical secretory responses to cyanide and pilocarpine was demonstrated in dogs with hypothalamic lesions.

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1976

Adrenal cortical secretory responses to histamine and cyanide in dogs with hypothalamic lesions.

Experiments were performed on dogs with hypothalamic lesions as well as on intact and hypophysectomized dogs. Adrenal venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS). In intact dogs, a marked increase in adrenal 17-OHCS secretion was observed after an i.v. injection of histamine and following an i.v. infusion of cyanide. Adrenal 17-OHCS secretion in response to histamine was markedly reduced but not completely abolished by hypophysectomy and was partially impaired by anterior median eminence lesions and by posterior median eminence lesions, but was not significantly impaired by supramammillary lesions. Adrenal 17-OHCS secretion in response to cyanide was completely abolished by hypophysectomy, markedly reduced by posterior median eminence lesions and partially impaired by anterior median eminence lesions and by supramammillary lesions. Thus, a partial dissociation of the adrenocortical secretory responses to histamine and cyanide was observed in dogs with hypothalamic lesions, suggesting that the mechanism and the pathway to the anterior pituitary involved in the adrenocortical secretory response to histamine and cyanide are somewhat different.

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗