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Results for “Helping Behavior”

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At least 1,117 records · Page 62Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Helping norms in relation to religious affiliation.

The authors used vignettes to solicit each participant's estimate of the likelihood of help and his/her recommendation for or against helping a student who needed to borrow another student's class notes. The study had a 2 (Hindu vs. Muslim participant) x 2 (participant's gender) x 2 (liking vs. disliking relationship) x 2 (justified vs. unjustified need for help) x 2 (low vs. high cost of helping) factorial design with 15 participants per cell. Estimated likelihood of help was higher among the female than among the male participants, with the liking than with the disliking relationship, and with the low rather than with the high cost of helping. The Hindu participants gave lower estimates of the likelihood of help than did the Muslim participants with the disliking relationship and with the unjustified need for help. Intracommunal helping, irrespective of contextual variations, may have been a stronger social norm for the Muslim than for the Hindu participants, probably because of the former's minority status in India and, more important, the Islamic prescription of communal brotherhood. Even though both communities are deemed collectivist, the Indian Muslim participants' helping norms appeared to be more obligation oriented and less option oriented than those of the Indian Hindu participants.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Whom would you rather help: an acquaintance not responsible for her plight or a responsible sibling?

When 2 persons--an acquaintance who could not have avoided a problem and a close relative who is responsible for her own plight--ask for help, attribution theory and sociobiology conflict about who will receive help. Attribution theorists assume that the nonresponsible acquaintance will be supported, but sociobiologists argue that the responsible sibling will receive help. The authors tested the hypothesis that characteristics of the situation affect which theory better predicts help giving. The results confirmed that in situations that do not affect life and death, a nonresponsible acquaintance would receive more help than a responsible sibling. But in life-or-death situations, inasmuch as the reproductive fitness of the person in need is in danger, a responsible sibling would be supported more than a nonresponsible acquaintance.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Subtle prejudice against women in The Netherlands.

Subtle discrimination against women in the Netherlands was examined, using Dovidio and Gaertner's (1983) investigatory design and a sample of 56 male university sophomores. The following variables were manipulated: confederate's gender, confederate's role (supervisory vs. subordinate in relation to the participant), and confederate's cognitive ability (high vs. low). It was expected that a woman in a subordinate role would be offered help more often than a woman in a supervisory role would, and that a low-ability woman in a subordinate role would be offered help more often than a high-ability woman in the same role. The results supported these expectations even though there was no evidence of stereotyping in the written answers to the questionnaire.

Aptitude↗
PubMed1996

The effects of cognitive and affective perspective taking on empathic concern and altruistic helping.

The impact of cognitive and affective perspective taking on empathic arousal and altruistic responding was investigated in an American, working adult, ethnically diverse population. Altruistic helping, operationalized as the number of hours a participant volunteered to help counsel other adult students, depended on the type of perspective induced. Cognitive and affective perspectives were induced by instructing participants to pay attention to and discern (a) the thoughts of the stimulus person, (b) the feelings of the stimulus person, or (c) distracting, irrelevant details that provided a comparison condition. Participants in the affective perspective-taking condition reported greater empathic arousal than control participants. Participants in the affective perspective-taking condition also offered more help than did those in the cognitive perspective-taking condition or in the control condition.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characteristics of couples applying for bibliotherapy via different recruitment strategies: a multivariate comparison.

This study compared characteristics of couples with different sexual dysfunctions who were recruited for participation in a bibliotherapy program via two routes: in response to media advertisements and through their presence on a waiting list for therapist-administered treatment in an outpatient sexology clinic. Data were collected from 492 subjects (246 couples). Male sexology patients were younger than media-recruited males. However, type of sexual dysfunction accounted for a substantially larger proportion of variance in the demographic and psychometric data. An interaction effect of recruitment strategy and sexual dysfunction type was found with respect to female anorgasmia. We conclude from the absence of differences between the two study groups that the Wills and DePaulo (1991) model of help-seeking behavior for mental problems does not apply to couples with sexual dysfunctions joining a bibliotherapy program who either primarily requested professional treatment or who responded to media advertising.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parents' and adolescents' perceptions of helpful and nonhelpful support for adolescents' assumption of diabetes management responsibility.

The study identified parents' and adolescents' perceptions of helpful and nonhelpful support, specific to adolescents' assumption of responsibility for diabetes management. Sixteen pairs of parents and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (11-18 years of age) were interviewed. The interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed for manifest content according to social support dimensions identified by Barrera and Ainlay (1983). Inter-rater agreement between primary investigator and doctorally prepared diabetes nurse and educator was 100%. Both parents and adolescents describe directive guidance and tangible assistance as helpful and nonhelpful, depending on degree of directness and perceived need for help. Nurses can encourage parents to use subtle guidance and adolescents to communicate their needs.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parents' assistance to children having immunizations.

The purpose of this descriptive study was to determine parents' naturally occurring assistive actions when their child received immunizations. Additional purposes included describing the preparation the parent provided to the child prior to the immunization and parents' plans for assistance following the immunization. The convenience sample included 41 parents (or grandparents) of 40 children between the ages of 18 months and 6 years who were receiving routine immunizations at two urban and five rural clinics in the Midwest. Parents were interviewed regarding plans to assist their child before and after immunization; actual parent-child interactions during immunizations were audiotaped. Data were analyzed descriptively; researchers worked in pairs to achieve 100% inter-rater agreement when coding observations into themes. The parents reported using nine psychological preparation strategies (i.e., procedural information, sensory information, relaxation training, telling the child why the procedure was necessary, and role play) to assist their children in the preparatory phase. Three strategies were used both during (procedural information, distraction, and physical contact) and after (physical contact, praise, and rewards) the immunization. Ten children received no preparation for the immunization; nine of these were younger than 3 years of age. The single most reported source of information to parents about helping their child with immunizations was their physician.

Adaptation, Psychological↗