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At least 1,117 records · Page 62Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

A genome-wide linkage analysis investigating the determinants of blood pressure in whites and African Americans.

Evidence for genomic regions influencing systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) were assessed in a whole genome linkage analysis in 211 African American and 160 white families as part of the GenNet network of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute-sponsored Family Blood Pressure Program. Multipoint regression and variance components linkage methods were used to analyze 372 polymorphic markers. Statistically compelling evidence for linkage (P values .0057 and .00023, respectively) was found on chromosome 1. Our results support the idea that BP regulation is most likely governed by multiple genetic loci, each with a relatively weak effect on BP in the population at large.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The United States pediatric vaccine stockpile program.

The initial goal of the national vaccine stockpile program was to establish a 6-month supply of all recommended childhood vaccines, to meet national demands if a manufacturing process was interrupted. When the first vaccine stockpiles were created in 1983, the childhood immunization schedule was much less complicated than it is today, and the first stockpiles included only measles-mumps-rubella, poliovirus, and pertussis vaccines, as well as diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. However, today's vaccine needs are much greater, and current stockpiles do not include all recommended childhood vaccines, partially because inclusion of vaccines that are universally recommended, fully implemented, and produced by a single manufacturer has been made a priority. Future planning must also consider substantially higher vaccine costs, the development of new combination vaccines, a wide range of production times, and changes in immunization recommendations. Expansion and strengthening of the national vaccine stockpile program are critical to protect against future disruptions in vaccine supply.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMed2003

Caribbean Public Health Laboratory Surveillance Project: a Department of Defense-sponsored humanitarian mission.

This report describes a Department of Defense humanitarian assistance project to develop and build a regional computer-assisted laboratory-based electronic disease surveillance system in the Caribbean basin. From 1997 through 2000, the project donated 146 computer systems and trained more than 250 personnel from 14 ministries of health to operate this system. This humanitarian mission provided the region with a sustainable and locally maintained and operated surveillance system having a broad and long-term impact on public health. It has improved data gathering, analysis, and reporting at the local, national, and regional level. Benefits to the region include the dissemination through the Internet of increasingly timely and accurate information on the incidence and prevalence of endemic, epidemic, and newly emerging diseases. This serves the Caribbean residents, travelers, and U.S. national interests. The project is a model for cooperative Department of Defense capacity building and training programs in support of partner countries and international public health agencies.

Altruism↗
PubMed2004

[A qualitative approach to nutritional programs for low-income populations].

This paper, based on a qualitative social research methodology, aims to analyze two nutritional programs through the users' perceptions. The study population consisted of frequent versus infrequent users of the program to identify similarities and differences and grasp various perspectives towards the phenomenon. Two main themes appeared in the discourse analysis: "routine functioning (of the program)" and "program user status". These themes gave rise to different categories demonstrating an association between the respective programs and poverty, as well as feelings related to this status, such as resignation, humiliation, and embarrassment. The study highlights the need to consider subjective aspects that influence social experiences and provide the basis for individual uniqueness, so that an effective dialogue between government planners and the population can be achieved.

Government Programs↗
PubMed1998

Dual approval of a residency program: ten years' experience and implications for postdoctoral training.

In 1985, the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) changed its educational policies to permit osteopathic postdoctoral programs in settings that were accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). In response to this policy change, an existing ACGME-accredited emergency medicine residency was modified to create a combined osteopathic/allopathic residency program that meets the educational requirements of both the AOA and the ACGME. Our 10-year experience with this combined osteopathic/allopathic emergency medicine residency is described in terms of program development, governance structure involving key stakeholders, faculty distribution--equal numbers of allopathic and osteopathic faculty, and educational outcome of the total number of residents graduated (93 graduates, with 33 osteopathic physicians and 60 allopathic physicians). Lessons learned from the 10 years' experience of this combined residency program, as well as current issues, are explained. The future potential of such dual-approved programs on the supply of residency positions is discussed from the viewpoint of osteopathic postdoctoral education.

Accreditation↗
PubMed2003

[Characteristics of addictions in Bosnia and Herzegovina a review of prevention programs].

Hazardous and harmful use of alcohol and drugs, accompany human race for centuries, and represents transcultural phenomena as well as one of the problems that still does not have solution. According to consequences that it's causing to individual, family and community it is one of the most severe social problems. Although, international community is investing more and more efforts and money to prevent illicit drug traffic, reduce consumption of alcohol and improve prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of addicts, still some significant results are not reached. War in Bosnia and Herzegovina cause severe injuries to population and left devastation and misery. War crimes are reflected in 200,000 deaths, several thousand wounded and over one million traumatized. Transition societies, as our, are characterized with big social changes such as migrations, urbanization and destruction of traditional social values. Due to this extensive drinking and drug use, as a form of escape from the reality and social difficulties are characteristic of our society and current civilization. It is estimated that currently in B&H exist 10,000 opioid addicts, and 20,000 alcoholics. Rapid incensement in number of addicts, and problems caused by that was the reason why we after the war started with preparations of Preventive Programme with focus on primary prevention. Beside programs that was made on the local levels, during 2002 Federal Programme of prevention was accepted which anticipated activities at all three preventive levels.

Bosnia and Herzegovina↗
PubMed2006

A national survey of tobacco cessation programs for youths.

OBJECTIVES: We collected data on a national sample of existing community-based tobacco cessation programs for youths to understand their prevalence and overall characteristics. METHODS: We employed a 2-stage sampling design with US counties as the first-stage probability sampling units. We then used snowball sampling in selected counties to identify administrators of tobacco cessation programs for youths. We collected data on cessation programs when programs were identified. RESULTS: We profiled 591 programs in 408 counties. Programs were more numerous in urban counties; fewer programs were found in low-income counties. State-level measures of smoking prevalence and tobacco control expenditures were not associated with program availability. Most programs were multisession, school-based group programs serving 50 or fewer youths per year. Program content included cognitive-behavioral components found in adult programs along with content specific to adolescence. The median annual budget was 2000 dollars. Few programs (9%) reported only mandatory enrollment, 35% reported mixed mandatory and voluntary enrollment, and 56% reported only voluntary enrollment. CONCLUSIONS: There is considerable homogeneity among community-based tobacco cessation programs for youths. Programs are least prevalent in the types of communities for which national data show increases in youths' smoking prevalence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis-B infection amongst Taiwanese university students 18 years following the commencement of a national Hepatitis-B vaccination program.

In Taiwan, the nation-wide Hepatitis-B virus (HB) vaccination program was first launched in July 1984 and was directed to those infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier mothers in Taiwan. From July 1986 onwards, all infants born in Taiwan were immunized against HB. This study examined the HB-infection status amongst students at a Taiwanese university 18 years subsequent to the implementation of universal HB vaccination. A total of 1,969 new university entrants in 2005 were grouped into 1 of 3 distinct birth cohorts according to their HB-vaccination schedule (cohort-1 students born prior to July 1, 1984; cohort-3 students born subsequent to June 30, 1986) and were examined for their serum HBsAg, antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs), and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) status. Immunity arising from vaccination was defined as an anti-HBs level 10 mIU/ml. We observed a trend toward a decreasing anti-HBc-positive rate and a decreasing HBsAg carrier rate from, respectively, 26.5 and 8.7% for cohort-1 to 4.7 and 1.7% for cohort-3 students. The prevalence of students featuring seronegativity for all three HB markers increased from 12.3% for cohort-1 to 48.8% for cohort-3 individuals. Amongst the 1,695 subjects revealing seronegativity for HBsAg and anti-HBc, their anti-HBs level was analyzed according to their birth year. The prevalence of students featuring a non-protective anti-HBs level increased from 11.9% for birth-year 1984 individuals to 48.2% for birth-year 1987 students. The introduction of HB vaccine has effectively reduced the transmission of HBV infection in Taiwan, 18 years subsequent to the commencement of the universal HB-vaccination program. A "waning-off" effect of anti-HBs seropositivity acquired from the HB vaccination program has also been observed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Reducing drinking and related harms in college: evaluation of the "A Matter of Degree" program.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of a multisite environmental prevention initiative, the "A Matter of Degree" (AMOD) program, on student heavy alcohol consumption and resultant harms at ten colleges. METHODS: A quasi-experimental longitudinal analysis of alcohol consumption and harms was employed, using repeated cross-sectional survey data from the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study (CAS). Areas examined included seven measures of alcohol consumption, thirteen measures of alcohol-related harms, and eight measures of secondhand effects of alcohol use by others. Comparisons were conducted on self-reported behavior of students for the ten AMOD sites in aggregate and by level of program implementation, with students at 32 comparison colleges in the CAS, for each outcome. RESULTS: No statistically significant change was found in the overall ten-school AMOD program for outcome measures of interest from baseline (1997) to follow-up (2001). However, there was variation in the degree of environmental program development within AMOD during the intervention period. A pattern of statistically significant decreases in alcohol consumption, alcohol-related harms, and secondhand effects was observed, reflecting minor to more substantial changes across measures among students at the five program colleges that most closely implemented the AMOD model of environmental change. No similar pattern was observed for the low implementation sites or at 32 comparison colleges. CONCLUSIONS: While there was no change in the ten AMOD schools in study measures, significant although small improvements in alcohol consumption and related harms at colleges were observed among students at the five AMOD sites that most closely implemented the environmental model. Fidelity to a program model conceptualized around changing alcohol-related policies, marketing, and promotions may reduce college student alcohol consumption and related harms. Further research is needed over the full course of the AMOD program to identify critical intervention components and elucidate pathways by which effects are realized.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2005

An evaluation of the San Francisco Department of Human Services Welfare Dental Program.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the welfare-to-work San Francisco Personal Assisted Employment Services (PAES) Dental Program. METHODS: A cohort of 377 study participants in the novel PAES Dental Program were followed through their baseline examination, rehabilitative dental treatment, follow-up exam, and completion of patient satisfaction survey. A framework of structure, process, and outcome measures was used to evaluate the success of the Dental Program. Chi square test, logistic regression, and paired t-test were used to analyze the levels of participation and satisfaction in the program. RESULTS: Of the 377 study participants, 265 (70%) completed their rehabilitative dental treatment. Those who completed their dental treatment had more missing teeth and fewer decayed teeth at baseline than those who did not complete their treatment. High levels of patient satisfaction were reported for the Dental Program. Ninety-seven percent of 173 respondents felt that they had been treated with respect, 92% were satisfied with the scheduling of their appointments, 91% were satisfied with their Dental Program experience, and 90% felt that their chief complaint had been solved. CONCLUSION: The PAES Dental Program provided high levels of patient satisfaction for process and outcome measures.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The role of postsecondary education in welfare reform. Ohio's JOBS Student Retention Program.

The 1996 federal welfare reform legislation encourages quick employment over education and training for the nation's welfare recipients. However, some argue that a one-size-fits-all approach ignores the heterogeneity of this population. This article presents findings from a net impact evaluation of Ohio's JOBS Student Retention Program (JSRP), a program designed to facilitate success for public assistance recipients at 2-year community or technical colleges. The authors evaluate this policy using state administrative data sets. The analyses consist of unadjusted and regression-adjusted comparisons of means for the JSRP group and a constructed comparison group. Outcomes examined include program completion, employment, earnings, and welfare recipiency. Focusing on the most recent 11 of 16 quarters of data available, the average increase in quarterly earnings was 8.45% for program participants and 12.91% for program completers. The results indicate that encouraging postsecondary education for some welfare recipients will boost earnings capacity and therefore long-term self-sufficiency.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pharmacovigilance: a necessary tool].

This paper discusses the potential benefits of pharmacovigilance in promoting rational drug use and the implementation of drug policies, especially drug regulation, based on the WHO International Drug Monitoring Program. The initial development of pharmacovigilance in Brazil is presented and the need for a national pharmacovigilance system is stressed.

Brazil↗
PubMed2002

Buruli ulcer in Ghana: results of a national case search.

A national search for cases of Buruli ulcer in Ghana identified 5,619 patients, with 6,332 clinical lesions at various stages. The overall crude national prevalence rate of active lesions was 20.7 per 100,000, but the rate was 150.8 per 100,000 in the most disease-endemic district. The case search demonstrated widespread disease and gross underreporting compared with the routine reporting system. The epidemiologic information gathered will contribute to the design of control programs for Buruli ulcer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Harstad injury prevention study: prevention of burns in young children by community based intervention.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the long term effectiveness of a community based program targeting prevention of burns in young children. DESIGN: Quasiexperimental. SETTING: The Norwegian city of Harstad (main intervention), six surrounding municipalities (intervention diffusion), and Trondheim (reference). PARTICIPANTS: Children under age 5 years in the three study populations. METHODS: Outpatient and inpatient hospital data were coded according to the Nordic system, and collected as part of a national injury surveillance system. Burn data collection started in May 1985. The first 19.5 months of the study provided baseline data, while the last 10 years involved community based intervention, using a mix of passive and active interventions. RESULTS: The mean burn injury rate decreased by 51.5% after the implementation of the intervention in Harstad (p < 0.05) and by 40.1% in the six municipalities (not significant). Rates in the reference city, Trondheim, increased 18.1% (not significant). In Harstad and the six surrounding municipalities there was a considerable reduction in hospital admissions, operations, and bed days. Interventions with passive strategies were more effective, stove and tap water burns being eliminated in the last four years, while active strategies were less effective. CONCLUSIONS: A program targeting burns in children can be effective and sustainable. Local injury data provided the stimulus for community action.

Burns↗
PubMed2003

Male prisoners and HIV prevention: a call for action ignored.

US prison inmates are disproportionately indigent young men of color. These individuals are severely affected by HIV/AIDS, largely owing to the high-risk behavior that they engage in prior to incarceration. Researchers and practitioners have issued a call for the importance of offering HIV prevention services in prison settings. However, this call has largely been ignored. In this article, we outline reasons why these recommendations have been largely ignored, discuss innovative HIV prevention programs that are currently being implemented in prison settings, and offer recommendations for securing support for HIV prevention services in correctional settings.

Adult↗