Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Gender Issues”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,117 records · Page 62Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Son preference and differential treatment in Morocco and Tunisia.

This report investigates the links between son preference and differential treatment of children by analyzing data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of Morocco and Tunisia, two countries that are thought to vary considerably regarding indicators of gender. The analyses find no significant differences in either country in the duration and intensity of breastfeeding and small differences in favor of boys in Tunisia regarding immunization and the treatment of diarrhea. These findings, which are, to some degree, unexpected, are discussed in light of other research relevant to son preference in the two countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Fraying connections of caring women: an exemplar of including difference in the development of explanatory frameworks.

While research exploring diverse groups enhances understanding of their unique perspectives and experiences, it also contributes to the exclusion of such groups from mainstream frameworks and solutions. The feminist grounded theory method allows for inclusion of marginalized groups through theoretical sensitivity to feminist theory and theoretical sampling. This paper demonstrates how this approach results in an explanatory framework that accounts for diverse realities in a study of women's caring. Fraying connections were identified as women's initial response to competing and changing caring demands. The range of dimensions and properties of fraying connections was identified through theoretical sampling guided by the emerging themes and theoretical sensitivity to issues of gender, culture, age, ability, class, and sexual orientation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Sociocultural aspects of haemorrhage in pregnancy.

The knowledge, attitudes and practices of rural women in southern Nigeria are at least as important as the availability of modern obstetric care in the fight against haemorrhage in pregnancy. Community-based interventions taking this into account are necessary if the considerable mortality associated with the condition is to be significantly reduced.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A matrix of hysteria.

The psychoanalytic literature of the last decades on hysteria is reviewed and its overemphasis on pre-oedipal concepts is demonstrated. A matrix of hysteria, which is a contemporary re-reading of Freud's basic conceptualisation, is presented. It integrates oedipal concepts with others borrowed from object-relations theories, self-psychology and the intersubjective approach. In this way the focus on the issues of gender and sexuality in hysteria is continued, without the original roots being lost. The focus is on the content, and the structure may vary. Within the first axis of the matrix, the author proposes to identify the conflict of gender and sexual identity as the unconscious and conscious solutions that a hysteric adopts to the question 'am I a man or a woman?' In an attempt to identify hysteria's particular psychic dynamics, a range of concepts is suggested. Repression and conversion are incorporated to constitute the second and third axes of the matrix. Repression, denial, dissociation and fantasy are shown to be employed in the context of gender and sexuality and along a continuum of personality structures. In this context, the turning to the body, the conversion, still acts as an effective language, to which we have to listen.

Defense Mechanisms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender and ethnic differences in the timing of first sexual intercourse.

CONTEXT: Whether the effect of gender on the risk of first intercourse in influenced by adolescents ethnicity has received limited attention in research on age at first sex. Such information could provide a more complete understanding of adolescent sexual behavior. METHODS: Life-table analysis using data from a population-based, ethnically diverse sample of 87/Los Angeles County youths was employed to estimate the median age at first sex for each gender-and-ethnicity group. Multivariate analysis using proportional hazards techniques was conducted to determine the relative risk of sexual activity among teenagers in each group. RESULTS: Overall, the teenagers in the sample had a median age at first sex of 16.9 years. Black males had the lowest observed median (15.0), and Asian American males the highest (18.1); white and Hispanic males, and white and black females, reported similar ages (about 16.5 years). Hispanic and Asian American females had rates of first sex about half that of white females, although these protective effects were explained by differences in family structure. Even after controlling for background characteristics, black males had rates of first sex that were about 3-5 times the rates of the other gender-and-ethnicity groups. In addition, Asian American males were less likely than Hispanic males to be sexually experienced, and Hispanic males had almost twice the rates of sexual activity of Hispanic females. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic conditions account for ethnic differences among females in the age at first sex, and cultural influences may contribute to the difference between Hispanic males and females; explanations for black males, however, remain elusive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Health for all: analyzing health status and determinants.

An analysis of health status and determinants is presented as a basis for health for all renewal and in order to provide a model linking the health for all vision with strategy and action. Equity and gender, at the core of health for all, directly concern health status and the distribution of health determinants. The role of the various transitions (demographic, epidemiological, health risk and technological) is described, the need to strengthen the link between data and decision-making for health is explained, and the range of health determinants--macroeconomic, demographic/nutritional, environmental, tobacco and alcohol and their implications for policy--is outlined.

Epidemiologic Methods↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sex, contraception and childbearing among high-risk youth: do different factors influence males and females?

CONTEXT: The likelihood that adolescents will engage in sexual activity, use contraceptives or become parents is influenced by a range of attitudes and behaviors. These factors may differ for males and females. METHODS: Data on female respondents to the 1979-1992 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the linked 1994 young adult data file on their children provided background information on 959 adolescents who had been born to young mothers. Partial correlation analysis was used to examine the factors related to sexual behavior, contraceptive use and childbirth, controlling for maternal and familial characteristics, in this relatively disadvantaged sample. RESULTS: Youth who are inclined toward risk-taking and those who have run away from home are more likely than others to be sexually active. For young women, having intercourse at an early age, not using contraceptives and having a child are linked with depression, low self-esteem and little sense of control over their lives. The results for young men are less consistent and often in the opposite direction. Young people who have become parents evidence greater maturity than their childless peers; women are less likely to consume alcohol or to spend time with friends who drink, and men are more likely to participate in socially productive work. CONCLUSIONS: Although sexual behavior is tied to risk-taking in both adolescent males and females, some noticeable psychological differences are evidenced early. Behaviorally, there is room for optimism, in that young parents appear to adopt more mature traits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Attitude of general practitioners to the importance of gender and diet in disease prevention].

Three hundred and seventy-four general practitioners (GPs) in Denmark filled in a questionnaire on attitudes to include information on gender and diet in the strategy for prevention of coronary heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis, and overweight/underweight. Risk factors for disease in general were ranked as follows: smoking, alcohol, stress, diet, physical exercise, heredity and hygiene. The patients' lack of motivation, insufficient time for each patient, and inadequate knowledge about nutrition were stated as barriers to dietary counselling. The GPs stated that the gender of the patient was important only to the counselling on osteoporosis. Lack of time and insufficient knowledge were perceived as barriers for including gender specific issues in prevention. It is concluded that GPs consider dietary counselling important but lack time and knowledge. The results point at a need for better pre- and postgraduate training in nutrition, and for a better reimbursement system for time spent on prevention.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1995

A multifactorial approach to the study of gender characteristics.

The present article reviews some of the central conceptual issues confronted by gender researchers as they have tried to forge a theory of gender identity that can account for the complexity and diversity of gender-related characteristics displayed by women and men. An emerging consensus suggests that gender is incorporated into an individual's self-concept in multiple and loosely connected ways. We review one example of this emerging multiplicity perspective, Spence's (1993) multifactorial gender identity theory, and describe three recent studies testing its usefulness. We also discuss ways in which multiplicity models of gender could benefit from considering parallel developments in the general personality literature regarding the problem of levels or domains. In particular, it is argued that McAdams's (this issue) integrative three-level model of the structure of personality offers a helpful framework for guiding future test construction and theory development in gender research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Ethical and methodological issues in conducting research on gender-based violence in Southern Africa.

International experience of carrying out research on violence against women among women who may have experienced such violence and among men who may have been violent has raised a number of ethical issues, which appear in sharp focus. This paper is based on the collective experiences derived from involvement in three large gender-based violence surveys in South Africa and one in Zimbabwe. These are broadly concerned with the safety of researchers and research subjects from violence arising because of the research project, risks of traumatisation of both respondents and researchers as violent experiences are recounted; impact of work on violence as an issue in researchers' own relationships; risks of under-reporting the extent of violence experienced or perpetrated; and the need for research efforts to be followed up in ways beneficial to women experiencing violence, such as increased support, public information, and law and policy changes. This paper discusses how these issues have pertained and been addressed in research on gender-based violence in Southern Africa and consider lessons for this and other sensitive areas of reproductive and sexual health research.

Battered Women↗
PubMed2006

HIV/AIDS and women's health in Uganda: lingering gender inequity.

The issue of HIV/AIDS and women's health can be viewed in the context of (1) the unravelling epidemic, (2) the screening of women for HIV and the provision of ongoing surveillance, and (3) hope for the future, even though the battle against HIV has not been won. Ugandan society is patriarchal, and men control many aspects of women's lives including sexual matters and use of money in the household. The population growth in Uganda is among the highest in the world: 3.4% per annum, and in 2002, the country had a population of 24.4 million. One person in five (22.4%) is a woman of reproductive age.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Making women and men matter: the Philippine POPCOM experience.

To reorient population policies and programs and make population workers more gender-responsive was the challenge faced by the Philippine Population Commission (POPCOM), the government's central policymaking and coordinating body for population concerns. This paper traces the history of population policies in the Philippines and describes the factors that helped create a climate conducive to a rethinking of POPCOM's policies. POPCOM first conducted an institutional assessment to determine the levels of awareness of its population officers about gender, reproductive health, and population and development issues. A gender-responsive population policy framework with a reproductive health perspective was then developed to guide training programs, information management strategies, and pilot community-based action research programs. Problems anticipated in integrating a gender and reproductive health perspective include the Catholic Church, different priorities of government, and a reluctant Congress. Suggested strategies are (a) formation of a critical mass of various groups to demand policy shifts; (b) for women, development, and environment nongovernmental organizations to identify allies in government and international organizations; (c) regular dialogues between donors and the government's central planning agency; and (d) working through the media.

Catholicism↗
PubMed1995

The abnormal distribution of development: policies for southern women and children.

This paper offers a feminist critique of the relationships between gender and development by exploring the intersections between three sets of debates: firstly, the relations between interventions for women and for children through the anomalous position accorded to 'the girl child' in aid and development policies; secondly, the relations between psychological and economic models of development; and thirdly, the gendered and geographical allocation of attributes and opportunities. Drawing on analyses of the 'psychological complex' the author suggests that the cultural resources that inform developmental psychological models are highly cultural and class-specific (white, middle class, of the northern hemisphere), giving rise to a globalization of development that is reinscribed within international aid and development policies. In homogenizing difference to its norms, this globalization paradoxically reproduces the north-south opposition as an expression of cultural and political imperialism. While northern children 'develop', dominant discourses of children of the South are preoccupied with 'survival'. By such means the cultural hegemony of a unitary psychology remains intact. This paper discusses the 'abnormal distribution' of development to draw attention to the ways cultural and gender inequalities flow from the norms and generalized descriptions central to the current practice of developmental psychology and to urge that this is an important site of intervention for feminists addressing gender and development issues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Consideration of women's health issues by housestaff performing admitting histories and physical examinations.

BACKGROUND: The author felt that issues related specifically to women's health were being overlooked by housestaff as they performed admitting histories and physical examinations. METHOD: A retrospective review of 120 patients' charts at a city and county teaching hospital was conducted during two periods (September 1988 through January 1989 and March 1992 through June 1992) to determine the frequency with which 46 housestaff considered women's health issues while performing admitting histories and physical examinations. The charts selected were those of women, 17 years old or older, who were admitted to the inpatient medical service, were interviewed and examined by an intern and a resident, and were able to give their own histories. To better gauge the results (i.e., the numbers of charts on which women's health issues were recorded compared with the numbers on which such issues should have been recorded), two non-gender-specific control issues (history of tobacco use and the performance of a rectal examination) were used. RESULTS: Histories of tobacco use and rectal examinations were noted on 97% and 72% of the charts for the first study period, and on 95% and 70% of the charts for the second period. In contrast, the histories of Pap smears for the patients with intact uteri were noted on 5% and 0% of the charts; mammograms for the patients age 50 and older, on 4% and 0%; self breast examinations for all age groups, on 4% and 0%; and breast examinations performed by housestaff, on 33% and 25%. CONCLUSION: Issues related to women's health promotion and disease prevention were rarely a part of the housestaff's admitting histories and physical examinations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescent males' abortion attitudes: data from a national survey.

Roughly 13% of a nationally representative sample of 1,880 15-19-year-old males approve of abortion in each of eight circumstances presented to them, while about 4% disapprove in every instance. The proportions agreeing that abortion is acceptable range as high as 85-90% if the pregnancy endangers the woman's health or results from rape. Any type of religious affiliation, especially religious fundamentalism, is related to weaker support for abortion; an even stronger correlate of abortion attitudes is the importance of religion to the respondent. Abortion attitudes vary little by race after other social background factors are controlled. Those with more liberal attitudes toward premarital sex and those who perceive that they would be upset if they became a father in the immediate future are particularly likely to express acceptance of abortion. Roughly 61% of adolescent males do not feel that it would be all right for a woman to have an abortion if her partner objects, indicating a possible "gender conflict of interest" over the abortion issue.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Understanding gender differences in adolescent drug abuse: issues of comorbidity and family functioning.

Female adolescent drug use has increased dramatically in the last 30 years, and there is a growing consensus that the syndrome of female adolescent substance abuse is different from the well-recognized male pattern. Gender differences in patterns of comorbidity and family functioning were investigated in a sample of 95 youths (42 girls and 53 boys) referred for substance abuse treatment. The findings indicate that male and female adolescent substance users differ in several clinically meaningful ways. The results from a discriminant function analysis indicate that substance-using adolescents referred to treatment are distinguished especially by the greater degree to which girls have internalizing symptoms and family dysfunction. The clinical implications of these gender differences are articulated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Sports nutrition for young athletes.

Nutritional needs for peak athletic performance include sufficient calorie intake, adequate hydration, and attention to timing of meals. Student athletes and their advisors often are misinformed or have misconceptions about sports nutrition. This paper identifies nutritional needs of young athletes, reviews common misconceptions, and examines the nutrition knowledge of athletes and their sources of nutrition information. Topics covered include energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat and micronutrient needs, hydration requirements, timing of meals, and issues related to age, gender, and specific sports. Other issues addressed include "making weight" and ergogenic aids. Proper nutrition for young athletes is critical not only to their athletic success, but more importantly to their growth, development, and overall health. Nutritional recommendations should be based on the most current scientific data; we provide information about appropriate resources for the school nurse when advising student athletes and their coaches and parents.

Adolescent↗