Is the market ready for direct pharmaceutical contracting by employers?
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Although originally developed for primary care, nurse prescribing is being extended to hospitals. A range of developments has made it increasingly relevant to hospital-based nurses, and it should enable them to provide more effective care. However, nurses must be aware of a number of professional issues to ensure prescribing is extended for the benefit of patients rather than other professionals, and that it promotes holistic patient care.
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A national mail survey of drug product management in health maintenance organizations (HMOs) is described. The survey covered 570 HMOs--502 by questionnaires mailed to pharmacy directors at individual independent and multistate HMOs and 68 represented by six executives of multistate HMOs who agreed to report aggregate data for their HMO operations. Responses for 180 individual HMOs were received (36% response rate); four of the six multistate HMO executives returned aggregate data. Individual HMO respondents reported using the following methods of drug product management: formularies, 66% (of these, 60% reported using a restrictive formulary or a restrictive formulary with exceptions); MACs, 54%; prior authorization, 44%; contracts for co-marketed and single-source drug entities, 46% for each. Almost all HMOs with contracts also had exclusive or preferred status for dispensing or reimbursement of some drug products. Most HMOs received discounts, manufacturer's value-added services, price protection, rebates based on market share, and rebates based on use as contract incentives; discounts and rebates based on use were chosen as the most preferred incentives. Established methods of drug product management, such as formularies and MACs, were most commonly reported by HMOs; however, nearly half reported using new approaches, including contracts with manufacturers, incentives, such as discounts and rebates based on use, and exclusive or preferred status.
A wound-management formulary is an important aid to health-care professionals looking for the most appropriate product for a particular patient. Some of the basic principles of compiling such a formulary are described, providing a step-by-step guide, and concentrating principally on one for wound dressings.
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When deciding the formulary status of a drug, Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees must consider clinical efficacy, safety, financial implications, MCO population demographics, and other formulary options currently available. Differences in safety and effectiveness among drug classes and among drugs in the same class commonly take precedence over all other considerations, including economic ones. Particularly in light of recent events, the case of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors for the treatment of arthritis yields interesting perspectives into formulary decision making.
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