Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “First Birth Intervals”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,117 records · Page 62Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Rates of preterm delivery among Black women and White women in the United States over two decades: an age-period-cohort analysis.

The authors assessed the influence of age, period, and cohort effects on rates of preterm delivery in the United States. Rates of preterm delivery for singleton births (<37 weeks) in seven age groups (15-19, 20-24,., 45-49 years), five periods (1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995), and 11 maternal birth cohorts (1926-1930, 1931-1935,., 1976-1980) were examined. Over the 20-year study interval, preterm delivery increased by 3.6% among Blacks (from 15.5% in 1975 to 16.0% in 1995) and by 22.3% among Whites (from 6.9% to 8.4%). Among Black primigravid women, rates of preterm delivery increased from 1975 to 1990 and began to decline thereafter; among Whites, the rates increased between 1975 and 1995. In Blacks, women aged 25-29 years had the lowest rates for the first and second births, and women aged 30-34 years had the lowest rate for subsequent births. In Whites, the age groups with the lowest preterm delivery rates were 20-24 years for first births and 25-29 years for subsequent births. Cohort-specific rates of preterm delivery remained fairly constant across age strata and periods for Whites, but a small trend was apparent for Blacks aged 30-44 years. The consistency of the observed age effects across periods and cohorts suggests that the age effect is partly due to biologic factors. The presence of period effects might be linked to the increased survival of premature infants or to increased viability among births occurring at lower lengths of gestation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Characteristics of second labor occurring 10 or more years after the first.

Labor characteristics in 89 women undergoing a second vaginal delivery 10-18 years after the first were compared retrospectively with those of 136 women with an interval of 1-4 years between their first and second vaginal deliveries and with those of 128 nulliparous women. The pelvic findings on admission, average length of stages 1 and 2 of labor, average cervical dilation per hour and rates of surgical intervention in relation to arrest disorders were similar in the two multiparous groups and significantly different from these parameters in the nulliparous group. Women with long intervals between their first and second vaginal deliveries should be managed in the same way as are other multiparas and not like nulliparas with respect to such issues as indications for oxytocin treatment, surgical intervention and use of conduction anesthesia.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Supplemental biotin for swine. II. Influence of supplementation to corn- and wheat-based diets on reproductive performance and various biochemical criteria of sows during four parities.

Data from 116 females previously fed a corn-soybean basal diet with 0 or 220 micrograms supplemental biotin/kg during growth and development were used to study the influence of 0 (NB) or 440 (SB) micrograms of supplemental biotin/kg to corn-(C) or wheat-(W) based diets for gilts and sows housed in total confinement. Reproductive performance through four parities (total of 245 litters) and various sow and pig biochemical criteria were evaluated. Females fed W diets were older (P less than .07) at first estrus, farrowed litters that were lighter weight (P less than .01) at birth and that contained fewer (P less than .05) total and live pigs compared with females fed C diets. Biotin supplementation did not significantly influence (P greater than .10) farrowing and lactation performance; however, after the first parity, total and live pigs/litter at farrowing tended to be larger for SB females. Conception rate at first estrus postpartum was increased (P less than .07) by 9% and the average weaning to estrus interval was reduced (P less than .05) from 14.5 to 10.2 d with SB. Biotin supplementation increased (P less than .001) the biotin content of sow plasma, milk and liver, while sow liver pyruvate carboxylase activity was not altered (P greater than .10). Pigs farrowed by SB females had three- and fivefold higher (P less than .001) levels of plasma biotin at birth and 14 d of age, respectively; however, liver biotin levels at birth were not different (P greater than .10) for pigs from NB and SB females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Does birth center care during a woman's first pregnancy have any impact on her future reproduction?

BACKGROUND: Women's experiences of childbirth may affect their future reproduction, and the model of care affects their experiences, suggesting that a causal link may exist between model of care and future reproduction. The study objective was to examine whether the birth center model of care during a woman's first pregnancy affects whether or not she has a second baby, and on the spacing to the next birth. METHODS: Between October 1989 and July 1993, a total of 1860 women at low medical risk in early pregnancy, who participated in a randomized controlled trial of in-hospital birth center care versus standard care, gave birth. The 1063 primiparas in the trial, 543 in the birth center group and 520 in the standard care group, were included in a secondary analysis in which women's personal identification codes were linked to the Swedish National Birth Register, which included information about their subsequent birth during the following 7 to 10 years. Time to an event curves were constructed by means of the Kaplan Meier method. RESULTS: The observation period after the first birth was on average 8.8 years in the birth center group and 8.7 years in the standard care group. No statistical difference was found between the groups in time to second birth, which was 2.85 and 2.82 years, respectively (median; log-rank 1.26; p=0.26). CONCLUSION: A woman's model of care, such as birth center care, during her first pregnancy does not seem to be a sufficiently important factor to affect subsequent reproduction in Sweden.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Medical aspects of adolescent sexuality].

The increase of sexual activity among the adolescents has become a danger to their reproductive health. The goal of this study was to explore sexual behaviour of young people, to establish risks that endanger their reproductive health, and to find out the ways to reduce the consequences of adolescent sexuality. The study was conducted in the Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia over a 2-year period. The sexual and reproductive behaviour, attitudes toward sexuality and contraception, as well as the prevalence rates of unintended pregnancy and Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections were analyzed in 300 sexually active adolescent females, aged 19 years. The first sexual intercourse was in 16.9 years, in average. Less than one-third of the total number (31.3%) of these persons had contraceptive protection at the first intercourse; condom was most frequently used (28.3%). Motives for the initiation of sexual activity were: love (45.7%), curiosity (35.7%), physical attraction and passion (8.3%), peer pressure (5.0%), on the boyfriend's insistence (4.7%), need for love (0.3%) and without answer (0.3%). Two-thirds of adolescent females (63.7%) reported more than one partner, 21.7% more than three and 10.2% more than five sexual partners. Almost half of girls (40.7%) experienced sexual intercourse in casual acquaintance, and 10.3% with a 10 or more years older partner. Use of contraceptive methods during each sexual encounter was inconsistent and sporadic. More than half of adolescent females (54.3%) relied on traditional forms of contraception, like withdrawal of the phallus. Condom was the method of contraceptive choice in one-third (34.3%) of girls, "birth-control pill" in 10.7% and spermicides in 0.7% of subjects. With a new sexual partner condom was used regularly by 55.6% of adolescents; and the remaining percentage of girls used condom irregularly (24.7%), or never (19.7%). The time interval between the initiation of sexual activity and the first gynaecological examination was more than 6 months in 56.7% of cases, and from one to three years in 31.0% of tested adolescent females. The reasons for the first gynaecological visit were as follows: fear of getting pregnant (22.0%), suspicion of contracting a sexually transmitted disease (22.0%) and symptoms indicating a pelvic inflammatory disease (18.3%). Only one-third of girls (37.7%) had their first gynaecological examination as a regular control examination or to get some contraceptive advice. During the adolescence unwanted pregnancy was noted in 16.0% of examined girls. One legal abortion had 14.4% of girls, two 1.3% and three 0.3% of adolescent females. Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection was found in 30.3% of girls. In the girls' opinion the improved knowledge about sexuality, reproduction and contraception is the best way of popularizing contraception among youth. This could be done by introduction of sexual education in school programmes (51.0%) or through mass media (33.3%). A successful health care service for young people should include: a gynaecologist who will have enough time and patience for an adolescent patient (91.3%); a female gynaecologist (36.7%); and a kind other health care workers (21.3%). In order to increase the number of adolescents who will use a condom, the following measures are necessary: a better quality of condoms (54.0%), installation of condom machines (15.6%), mass media education programmes on the significance of the condom role in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (10.0%), attractive design of condoms (7.0%), free condoms (6.7%), and universal accessibility of condoms (1.0%). The reproductive health of adolescent girls in Belgrade has been endangered by: their sexual behaviour, poor acceptance of healthy life styles, lack of responsibility in sexual relationships and high prevalence rates of unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Improvement of adolescent reproductive health could be achieved by: educational programmes for adolescents about sexuality, reproduction and contraception; appropriate adolescent advisory health care services; and a better condom quality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Maternal multivitamin use and orofacial clefts in offspring.

BACKGROUND: Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLP) and cleft palate alone (CP) affect approximately 1 in 1000 infants and 1 in 2,500 infants, respectively. Studies of the relation between orofacial clefts and multivitamins or folic acid have been inconsistent. METHODS: We used data from a population-based case-control study involving 309 nonsyndromic cleft-affected births (222 with CLP, 87 with CP) and 3,029 control births from 1968 to 1980 to evaluate the relation between regular multivitamin use and the birth prevalence of orofacial clefts. RESULTS: We found a 48% risk reduction for CLP (odds ratio = 0.52, 95% confidence interval = 0.34-0.80) among mothers who used multivitamins during the periconceptional period or who started multivitamin use during the first postconceptional month, after controlling for several covariates. The risk reduction for CP was less than those for CLP (odds ratio = 0.81, 95% confidence interval = 0.44-1.52); however, a small number of CP cases limited interpretation. No risk reductions for CLP or CP were found for women who began multivitamin use in the second or third month after conception. CONCLUSIONS: The magnitude of the risk reduction in our study is comparable to those of other recent studies; our study does not support the contention that only large dosages of folic acid are needed to prevent orofacial clefts. More studies are needed to test the effects of multivitamins and varying dosages of folic acid on the recurrence and/or occurrence of orofacial clefts to provide information needed to determine possible prevention strategies. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1995

Effect of transient neonatal muscle paralysis on the growth of soleus motoneurones in the rat.

The postnatal growth of soleus motoneurones was studied during normal development and following transient paralysis of the soleus muscle in neonatal rats. Paralysis was achieved by implanting a silicon strip containing alpha-bungarotoxin alongside the soleus muscle in rat pups within 3-6 h of birth. The soleus muscle was completely paralysed for at least 24 h, and by 9 days neuromuscular transmission was fully restored. The soma size of normal and target-deprived soleus motoneurones was compared at intervals during the first 3 postnatal weeks and in adults, using the retrograde horseradish peroxidase technique. There was a four-fold increase in the soma area of normal motoneurons during the first 3 postnatal weeks, with the greater part of the increase occurring between 7 and 14 days. At 3 days, the distribution of soma areas was unimodal and became bimodal by 21 days. Paralysis during the first postnatal week did not significantly affect the developmental changes in motoneurone soma area or their distribution up to 3 weeks of age. Thus, motoneurones deprived of functional neuromuscular contact appear to grow normally during the early postnatal period, although previous results show that at later stages (2-3 months of age), many of these motoneurones die and the remaining cells are smaller than normal.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Alterations in hypothalamic and pituitary hormone levels induced by neonatal treatment of female mice with diethylstilbestrol.

Neonatal female mice of the NMRI strain were treated with the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES), 5 micrograms daily for the first 5 days after birth, or with vehicle only. Levels of LH and FSH (pituitary and serum) and LHRH (hypothalamus) were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in 6- to 56-day-old females with 6- to 7-day intervals. Compared to controls, DES-treated females had low levels of LH on days 6, 12, and 21 in the pituitary, and on days 6 and 12 in serum; increased LH levels were seen in both the pituitary and serum on day 42. The FSH levels of DES-treated females were decreased on days 6 and 12 in the pituitary and on day 6 in serum; an increased FSH content occurred on day 21 in the pituitary. In the preoptic area and basal hypothalamus of DES-treated females, levels of LHRH were increased on day 21 and decreased on day 42. On day 56, the serum levels of FSH and LH and the hypothalamic content of LHRH were similar in controls and DES females. A second study including both synthetic and natural estrogen was performed in 12-day-old females. Treatment with 10(-2) micrograms DES or lower doses or 5 micrograms estradiol-17 beta (E2) on days 1 to 5 after birth had no depressive effect on serum LH. The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian feedback system reacted similarly to ovariectomy and E2 challenge in 15-day-old control and DES-treated females. DES-treated 56-day-old females had a reduced LH response to ovariectomy but increased response to exogenous E2 compared to controls. These results show that neonatal treatment with DES has pronounced effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary system in the developing female mouse, which may be of importance for the altered ovarian function in these females as adults.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Endoscopic laser surgery versus serial amniocenteses in the treatment of severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Severe twin-twin transfusion can be treated by either serial amniocenteses with removal of large volumes of amniotic fluid or by endoscopic laser coagulation of the communicating vessels. We investigated the benefit of laser surgery in comparison to serial amniocenteses in terms of pregnancy outcome. STUDY DESIGN: The data used in this comparative study were collected from 116 patients with severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome between 17 and 25 weeks' gestation. The patients were grouped according to the treatment center. The first group comprised 73 patients (median gestational age 20.7 weeks) treated in Hamburg by fetoscopic laser coagulation of the vascular placental anastomoses between January 1995 and May 1997. The second group comprised 43 patients (median gestational age 20.4 weeks), fulfilling identical diagnostic criteria and treated in Bonn by serial amniocenteses between 1992 and 1996. RESULTS: The overall fetal survival rate was not significantly different (61%, 89/146, vs 51%, 44/86; P =.239). There was a significantly higher proportion of pregnancies with >/=1 survivor in the laser-treated group (79%, 58/73, vs 60%, 26/43; P =.033). The number of cases with spontaneous intrauterine fetal death of both fetuses was significantly lower in the laser-treated group (3%, 2/73, vs 19%, 8/43; P =.003). The incidence of abnormal ultrasonographic findings in the brain was significantly lower among surviving neonates after laser surgery than after amniocenteses (6%, 5/89, vs 18%, 8/44; P =. 03). For pregnancies with >/=1 live-born baby, a significantly longer interval between first intervention and delivery (median 90 vs 72 days, P =.022) leading to a significantly higher gestational age at delivery (median 33.7 vs 30.7 weeks, P =.018) was observed for the laser-treated group. The birth weights of the donor fetuses were significantly higher in the laser-treated group (median 1750 vs 1145 g, P =.034), and a trend toward higher birth weight was also found for recipient fetuses (median 2000 vs 1560 g, P =.076). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that endoscopic laser coagulation of placental vascular anastomoses offers a more effective alternative to serial amniocenteses as a treatment of severe second-trimester twin-twin transfusion syndrome.

Amniocentesis↗
PubMed1997

Growth in weight, recumbent length, and head circumference for preterm low-birthweight infants during the first three years of life using gestation-adjusted ages.

Data from 867 preterm low-birthweight participants in the Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP) were used to develop reference data for growth status at an age and for increments from term to 36 month gestation-adjusted age (GAA). Weight, length and head circumference were recorded at 4 month intervals in the first year and at 6 month intervals in the second and third years. Selected percentiles for values at an age (status values) and increments for age intervals are presented in graphs separately for VLBW infants (< or = 1500 g at birth) and for LBW infants (1501-2500 g at birth). Percentiles of weight increments are presented beginning shortly before term for 1 month intervals to 6 month GAA, for 2 month intervals to 12 month GAA, and for 3-month intervals to 36 month GAA. Percentiles for length and head circumference increments are presented from term to 6 months for 2-month intervals, and to 36 month GAA for 3 month intervals. Among LBW infants, boys, had larger status and increment values than girls (P < 0.05), but there were no significant sex-associated differences in VLBW infants for status or increments. The mean status values and increments in weight and head circumference of the LBW infants were larger than those of VLBW infants, but the differences in length were not significant.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

Risk of recurrence of birth defects in Washington State.

A population-based study was conducted using maternally-linked birth certificate records from Washington State for 1980-93 to evaluate the risk of birth defect occurrence among infants with previously affected siblings, relative to infants whose siblings did not have birth defects. The risks of recurrence of similar and dissimilar defects were estimated, and the effects of change in paternity and/or city of residence were evaluated as proxies of genetic and environmental effects. At the first birth on record, 3322 women were identified in the linked certificates as giving birth to a child with a birth defect; 6620 women whose first birth did not result in an infant with a defect were randomly selected for comparison. Women with a malformed infant had an increased risk of having a malformed infant at the subsequent birth (Relative Risk = 1.9, [95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.5-2.4]), which did not vary by intervening changes in partner or residence. The risk of recurrence of the same general type of defect [RR = 11.7, 95% CI = 9.7-19.50] was much greater than that of occurrence of a dissimilar defect [RR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1-1.9]. This was consistent for all defect categories, and did not vary markedly by changes in partner or residence.

Birth Order↗
PubMed2003

Epidemiology of intestinal malrotation, Hawaii, 1986-99.

Malrotation of the intestines occurs as a result of failure of normal intestinal rotation and fixation during early pregnancy. This study examined the epidemiology of malrotation in Hawaii during 1986-99, using data from a population-based birth defects registry. There were 81 cases of malrotation, resulting in a rate of 2.86 per 10 000 live births and fetal deaths. The first-year mortality rate was 15.8%. Other major birth defects were reported for 93.8% of the cases. The malrotation rate during 1993-99 was significantly higher than the rate during 1986-92 (rate ratio [RR] 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04, 1.90). The malrotation rate was inversely proportional to maternal age (P = 0.028). Compared with whites, the malrotation rate was significantly higher among Far East Asians (RR 1.95, 95% CI 1.12, 3.17), Pacific Islanders (RR 2.41, 95% CI 1.63, 3.44) and Filipinos (RR 1.82, 95% CI 1.02, 3.01). Malrotation rates did not differ significantly by sex (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.70, 1.34) or plurality (RR 1.86, 95% CI 0.38, 5.44) but were significantly higher among livebirths with birthweight < 3000 g (RR 3.90, 95% CI 2.83, 5.24). With no other population-based studies of malrotation found in the literature, this study adds to the knowledge of the epidemiology of malrotation.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Mammographic features and breast cancer risk: effects with time, age, and menopause status.

BACKGROUND: Mammographic images from women with a high proportion of epithelial and stromal breast tissues are described as showing high-density parenchymal patterns. Most past studies that noted an increase in breast cancer risk associated with mammographic parenchymal patterns showing high density either 1) lacked information on other breast cancer risk factors, 2) were too small, or 3) included insufficient follow-up time to adequately resolve persisting doubts whether mammographic features are "independent" measures of breast cancer risk and not a detection artifact. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to evaluate the associations between mammographic features and other breast cancer risk factors and 2) to assess effects of mammographic features on breast cancer risk by time, age, and menopause status. METHODS: To address these questions, we analyzed detailed information from a large, nested case-control study with 16 years of follow-up. This study used information from both screening and follow-up phases of the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project, a nationwide program that offered annual breast cancer screening for more than 280,000 women from 1973 to 1980. Mammographic features were assessed from the base-line screening mammographic examination for 1880 incident case subjects and 2152 control subjects. Control subjects were randomly selected from women of the same age and race as each case subject. Control subjects attended the same screening center as the case subject and were free of breast cancer at the case subject's date of diagnosis. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) provided estimates of the relative risk of breast cancer. RESULTS: Mammographic features were associated with known breast cancer risk factors. However, the high-density parenchymal pattern effects were independent of family history, age at first birth, alcohol consumption, and benign breast disease. The increase risk for women with Wolfe's two high-density parenchymal patterns, P2 (OR = 3.2; 95% CI = 2.5-4.0) and Dy (OR = 2.9; 95% CI = 2.2-3.9), was explained primarily by measured percent of the breast with dense mammographic appearance. Compared with women with no visible breast density, women who had a breast density of 75% or greater had an almost fivefold increased risk of breast cancer (95% CI = 3.6-7.1). These effects persisted for 10 or more years and were noted for both premenopausal and postmenopausal women of all ages. CONCLUSIONS: Of the breast cancer risk factors assessed in the participants, high-density mammographic parenchymal patterns, as measured by the proportion of breast area composed of epithelial and stromal tissue, had the greatest impact on breast cancer risk. Of the breast cancers in this study, 28% were attributable to having 50% or greater breast density.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Sex, birth weight, and the risk of stillbirth in Scotland, 1980-1996.

The aim of this study was to determine whether the risk of stillbirth associated with male fetal sex was modified by fetal growth. The study group consisted of all singleton first births weighing greater than 500 g delivered between 28 and 43 weeks gestation in Scotland in 1980-1996 (n = 469,152). Overall, male fetuses were at an increased risk of stillbirth (relative risk = 1.19, 95 percent confidence interval: 1.10, 1.29). There was a significant negative interaction between male sex and increasing birth weight quintile in term, but not preterm, births. The interaction was virtually identical when calculated independently for births in the periods 1980-1987 and 1988-1996. There were linear decreases in the proportion of stillbirths and the proportion of birth weights in the lowest quintile over the period 1980-1996. Adjustment for year of birth did not affect the relation between male sex and stillbirth. However, adjustment for birth weight resulted in a loss of the association between year of birth and risk of stillbirth. The authors concluded that 1) the association between male sex and stillbirth diminishes with increasing birth weight quintile, and 2) there was a fall in the proportion of stillbirths in Scotland between 1980 and 1996, which may have been due to a fall in the proportion of small babies over the same period.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2002

Risk factors for early onset neonatal group B streptococcal sepsis: case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: To quantify risk factors for and the prevalence of early onset group B streptococcal sepsis in neonates in a geographically defined population. DESIGN: Cases were collected prospectively for two years from April 1998 and compared with four controls each, matched for time and place of delivery. SETTING: The former Northern health region of the United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS: Infants infected with group B streptococcus in the first week of life. RESULTS: The prevalence of early onset group B streptococcal sepsis was 0.57 per 1000 live births. Premature infants comprised 38% of all cases and 83% of the deaths. Prematurity (odds ratio 10.4, 95% confidence interval 3.9 to 27.6), rupture of the membranes more than 18 hours before delivery (25.8, 10.2 to 64.8), rupture of the membranes before the onset of labour (11.1, 4.8 to 25.9), and intrapartum fever (10.0, 2.4 to 40.8) were significant risk factors for infection. Had the interim recommendations on best practice issued by the Group B Streptococcus Working Group of the Public Health Laboratory Service been uniformly applied to the fetuses alive at the onset of labour, 29 of 37 (78%) might have been given antibiotic prophylaxis during labour. At least 23 of these 29 (79%) could have had antibiotics for four hours or more before delivery. To achieve this, 16% of all women would have been given antibiotics during labour. CONCLUSIONS: Early onset group B streptococcal sepsis remains an important problem in the United Kingdom. Prevention based on risk factors might reduce the prevalence at the cost of treating many women with risk factors. Using rupture of the membranes before the onset of labour as a risk factor might be expected to improve the success of guidelines for prophylaxis.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis↗
PubMed2000

Maximum length sequence brainstem auditory evoked responses in term neonates who have perinatal hypoxia-ischemia.

Maximum length sequence brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) was studied within the first week after birth in 28 term neonates who had perinatal hypoxia-ischemia, or asphyxia. In the BAER recorded using conventional averaging techniques (click rate 21/s), the only abnormality was a slight increase in III-V interval, in addition to an increase in wave latencies when including those who had an elevated threshold (t test, all p<0.05). In the maximum length sequence BAER, however, both the III-V and I-V intervals in the asphyxiated infants were significantly increased at all the 91/s, 227/s, 455/s, and particularly 910/s click rates (p<0.05-0.001). The I-III interval was also increased significantly at 455/s and 910/s click rates (both p< 0.05). Wave V amplitude was significantly reduced at all the click rates used (ANOVA, p<0.05-0.001), particularly at 910/s, which sometimes was the only abnormality indicative of brain damage. Both the amplitude ratios V/I and V/III were significantly decreased at 455/s and 910/s click rates (p<0.01 or 0.001). A general trend was that BAER abnormalities after hypoxia-ischemia became more prominent as click rate was increased. Significant abnormalities occurred mainly at very high click rates (455/s and 910/s), which can be achieved using the maximum length sequence technique but not by using conventional averaging techniques. Thus, this technique, which can be used at the cribside, appears to be a better method for the early detection of brain damage after hypoxia-ischemia than using conventional averaging techniques, enhancing the diagnostic value of the BAER.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Growth, reproduction, and lactation in somatic cell cloned cows with short telomeres.

We previously showed that telomere lengths of 10 somatic cell cloned cows were significantly shorter than normal. In this study, we investigated growth, reproduction, and lactation in these animals to determine if shortened telomeres have any effect on these characteristics. Six Holstein and 4 Jersey cloned cows, derived from oviduct cells, were reared under general group feeding. Body weights were recorded from birth to 48 mo of age. A number of reproductive characteristics were screened during the prepubertal, postpubertal, and postpartum periods. After parturition, milk yields were recorded daily and percentages of milk fat, proteins, and solids-not-fat were measured at monthly intervals. These data were used to estimate production of milk components over a 305-d period. Overall, the cloned heifers exceeded standard growth rates for each breed. The cows were inseminated at the first estrus after they reached 450 d of age, and delivered normal calves except for one stillbirth in the Holstein group. They were inseminated at postpartum estrus to provide second and third parturitions and, again, these pregnancies were normal. Gestational periods and birth weights of the calves were both within the normal range. The average total milk yield per cow in Holstein group clones was less than that of the original cow, whereas Jersey group clones showed a higher average milk yield than the original cow. In both groups of cloned cows, inter-individual variation in milk production was relatively large; however, the coefficient of variation was less than 10%. Our results suggest that the cloned cows have normal growth, reproductive, and lactation characteristics, and thus normal productivity, despite having reduced telomere lengths.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Observed effects of the mass screening program for breast cancer in Nijmegen in 1975-1986].

Since January 1975, the start of the screening programme for breast cancer in the city of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, over 14 years have elapsed. Data up to the end of 1986 have been processed and are presented in this article. The younger the birth cohort, the higher the attendance rate. In the course of the screening programme, attendance rates decline. Referral rates are highest in the first screening round and for the eldest birth cohort. Detection rates increased during the most recent screening rounds, after an initial decrease during the earliest rounds. They are higher for the eldest birth cohort also. The relative number of interval carcinomas is highest among younger women (as related to the screening-detected carcinomas).

Adult↗