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At least 1,117 records · Page 62Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Residual activity of selected pesticides on laying hens treated for northern fowl mite control by dipping.

Aqueous suspensions of malathion, stirofos, Ravap, and carbaryl formulations (.25 to 1.0%) were tested as dips for control of the northern fowl mite (NFM), Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), on caged White Leghorn hens. Hens treated with Ravap showed symptoms of organophosphorus insecticide poisoning soon after treatment and some died as a result of the dip; however, dipping with the other insecticides did not result in any apparent toxic effects. Malathion gave residual control of mites for about 4 weeks posttreatment, but both stirofos and carbaryl dips gave complete control for at least 6 weeks against repeated challenges with the NFM. There were no significant differences in the percent hen-day egg production, feed consumption, or body weight of the hens that could be attributed to any of the chemical treatments.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1983

Control of the northern fowl mite on inanimate objects by fumigation: laboratory studies.

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the efficacies of phosphine, methyl bromide, and sulfur dioxide as fumigants for the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), on inanimate objects. We were able to demonstrate that either methyl bromide or sulfur dioxide could kill all physiological forms of mites within 24 hr, which would be desirable for field use. Prosphine gas, released from Phostoxin pellets, had an LD95 of 18 hr for motile forms of the mites; however, it took 30 hr to kill the mite eggs. Therefore, it would be an unsuitable fumigant for practical field usage.

Aluminum Compounds↗
PubMed1983

Comparative efficacy of plastic strips impregnated with permethrin and permethrin dust for northern fowl mite control on caged laying hens.

Established populations of northern fowl mites, Ornitonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), on caged laying hens were effectively controlled within 77 days by application of two plastic strips impregnated with permethrin per cage. Such strips contained 9.6% active ingredient (wt/wt), were ca. 20.5-cm long, and were affixed to the top cage wires. Use of only one strip per cage resulted in less control, approximating that obtained with .25% permethrin dust. Egg mass, expressed as gram egg per hen per day, was significantly greater in all treated groups.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1983

The effectiveness of polyvinyl chloride plastic bands impregnated with permethrin as a control for the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), infesting caged laying chickens.

Caged White Leghorn hens were used to study the effectiveness of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bands impregnated with 10% permethrin (50 mg/active ingredient/band) for control of the northern fowl mite (NFM), Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago). The PVC bands were attached two ways, either to the leg of the bird or to the cage floor. Leg band treatments included one, two, three, four, and six birds banded (one band per bird) per cage of six birds. Cage band treatments included one, two, and four PVC strips attached to the cage floor. The attachment of PVC bands to cages was very effective in controlling NFM. Birds in the treatment with four bands attached to the cage floor were essentially mite free for the duration of the 19-week test. Based on this test, the leg banding technique does not seem to be as effective or practical for controlling NFM on caged layers as is attachment of the bands to the cage floor. The use of permethrin-impregnated PVC bands or strips attached to the floor of poultry cages shows promise for effective NFM control and for relieving stress on birds resulting from conventional spraying or dusting treatments.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The embryonic development of ear-tufts and associated structural head and neck abnormalities of the Araucana fowl.

Developing embryonic structural abnormalities of ear-tufted embryos of the Araucana fowl are described. These abnormal structures are peduncle, cleft, ear opening, tympanic membrane, and columella auris. The structural abnormalities are believed to be due to the early incomplete fusion of the hyoid and mandibular arches from the distal part of the ear opening to the neck area.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effects of oviducal cells on the maintenance of motility and fertilizing capacity of fowl spermatozoa stored in a diffusion chamber.

Oviducal cells were cultured on the inner or outer side of the membrane filter of a diffusion chamber, and attempts were made to maintain fowl spermatozoa at 41 C in vitro. When spermatozoa were stored along with cultured cells in the diffusion chamber, the high fertilizing capacity was retained for at least 3 days, regardless of whether the spermatozoa stored in the diffusion chamber were in direct contact with the cultured cells. In contrast, spermatozoa stored in the cell-free diffusion chamber or in a test tube showed a relatively low or no fertilizing capacity, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effectiveness of Ectiban, egg oil, Rabon, or Sevin for control of northern fowl mites on laying hens.

Two field trials were conducted on different ranches to compare acaricides for control of northern fowl mite (NFM) on White Leghorn hens. In Trial 1 Ectiban spray and dust treatments were compared to Rabon and Sevin spray-treatments; egg oil, Rabon, and Sevin sprays were tested in Trial 2. Concentration and rates of application followed label recommendations for the registered compounds. In Trial 1 Ectiban spray gave excellent NFM control; Ectiban dust, Rabon, and Sevin spray treatments resulted in poor NFM control. Egg oil and Rabon sprays gave effective NFM control in Trial 2. Sevin, as in Trial 1, gave poor NFM control. The failure of Sevin to control mites both times suggests the possibility of NFM resistance to this chemical.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1984

The columbian restriction gene, Co, and early growth rate in the domestic fowl.

Studies were conducted on the effects of the columbian restriction gene, Co, on early growth rate in the domestic fowl. There were no statistically significant effects of the Co gene on body weights at 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age. The importance of these findings is discussed in relationship to the desired presence of the Co gene to enhance sex identification in sex-linked crosses utilizing the silver (S) and gold (s+) alleles.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Influence of northern fowl mite populations of parent chickens on their F1 progeny.

Roosters and hens that had carried either light (less than 100 mites/chicken) or heavy (greater than or equal to 10,000 mites/chicken) populations of northern fowl mites (NFM), Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), for five consecutive months were mated to determine if their F1 progeny would carry similar population levels of NFM. The realized heritability estimates for the F1 progeny were .18 at 2 weeks, .40 at 4 weeks, .39 at 6 weeks, and .18 at 8 weeks postinfestation. Genetic selection either for or against NFM cannot be accomplished in one generation but steady progress from selection in either direction should be possible.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effects of bursectomy and splenectomy of white Leghorn roosters on subsequent northern fowl mite populations.

White Leghorn roosters bursectomized at one day of age, splenectomized at 21 days of age, or bursectomized at one day of age and splenectomized at 21 days of age were infested with the northern fowl mite (NFM) at 22 to 23 weeks of age. No significant differences in NFM populations were observed in the bursectomized, splenectomized, bursectomized and splenectomized, or control roosters during the 24-week infestation period.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Factors affecting northern fowl mite populations on chickens: effect of age of pullet at time of infestation and effect of caponizing roosters.

Pullets were infested with northern fowl mites (NFM), Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), at 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 weeks of age to determine the best age for infesting hens to obtain uniform heavy NFM populations and to determine if NFM infestations affected initial egg production. Populations of NFM were significantly heavier, developed faster, and declined faster when pullets were infested at 24 or 28 weeks of age than when infested at younger ages. The time of mean initial egg laying was not affected by infestation with NFM at any of the different ages. Cockerels caponized at 4 weeks of age carried significantly fewer NFM than did control males. Feather development appeared to play a significant role in the population levels of NFM on both the hens infested at the earlier ages and in the capons.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

Impact of northern fowl mite on broiler breeder flocks in North Carolina.

The impact of a northern fowl mite (NFM), Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), infestation on broiler breeder layers in the field was evaluated by comparing flocks in two adjacent houses (ca. 5,000 birds each). The NFM-free birds produced 3,158.7 dozen more eggs than NFM-infested birds, which was equal to 7.7 eggs per hen housed more than infested birds over the life of the flock. Feed efficiency was affected; feed costs for NFM-infested birds ranged from $ .01 to $ .06/dozen higher than the feed costs for NFM-free birds.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1984

Decreased fertility resulting from treatment of fowl spermatozoa with neuraminidase or phospholipase c.

The effect of altering the surface topography of fowl spermatozoal plasma membranes on subsequent fertilizing ability was studied by exposing Single Comb White Leghorn spermatozoa to neuraminidase or phospholipase c. Semen was diluted 1:1 with Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE) or BPSE containing 40 IU/ml neuraminidase or 100 IU/ml phospholipase c, then incubated 30 min at 25 C before intravaginal insemination. Incubation of spermatozoa with either enzyme did not reduce motility or lyse spermatozoa as monitored by glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase release. However, fertility was depressed by neuraminidase or phospholipase c, 54 and 4%, respectively, compared to 88% for the incubated control. Intravaginal deposition of enzyme solutions 30 min prior to insemination with BPSE diluted semen did not affect fertility. This study demonstrates that alteration of carbohydrate and phospholipid moieties of the spermatozoal plasma membrane decreases fertility without reducing motility.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Pleiotropisms associated with alleles of the C locus in the domestic fowl.

Pleiotropisms associated with the recessive white (c) and albino (ca) alleles at the C locus of the domestic fowl were investigated. Hatchability of fertile eggs was not significantly different for the colored (C+/c, C+/ca), recessive white (c/ca), and albino (ca/ca) chicks; however, late embryonic mortality was higher in ca/ca embryos P less than or equal to .005). Albinos exhibited shorter down lengths (P less than or equal to .01), higher incidences of subcutaneous hemorrhage and inflammation (P less than or equal to .01) and an increased incidence of yolk sac protrusions (P less than or equal to .01). Suppressed body weights (P less than or equal to .01) were evident at all times, except at hatching, in both male and female albinos reared in batteries. Recessive white females also exhibited smaller body weights than colored chicks at 7 and 8 weeks of age in battery trials (P less than or equal to .01). Significant suppression of body weights occurred in albinos only at 4 weeks of age in trials where floor rearing was used. Mortality in albinos was also significantly higher, particularly under floor rearing conditions (P less than or equal to .01). In addition, both feed consumption and feed utilization were reduced in albinos (P less than or equal to .01). These data suggest that melanin synthesis is an important component in the expression of a number of important physiological traits and that the C locus exerts a previously undefined regulatory influence on such traits.

Albinism↗
PubMed1986

Reduced food intake following intracerebroventricular administration of a low molecular weight fraction of plasma from free-feeding fowl.

Plasma was collected from free-feeding Leghorn cockerels and partitioned by gel filtration into fractions of different molecular weight ranges. The individual fractions were then lyophilized and reconstituted to four times the original concentration. The plasma was administered to 10-week-old Leghorn cockerels via a stainless steel guide cannula, stereotaxically implanted into the lateral cerebral ventricle. Sated cockerels received 10 microliters intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of one of the concentrated plasma fractions or of a control injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Food and water intake were monitored following injection. Food intake was significantly decreased by the ICV injection of plasma fractions less than 1500 mol wt, whereas water consumption was not significantly different from that of the controls. The 1500 to 5000 mol wt fraction and the fraction above 5000 did not alter either food or water intake. These results suggest that the plasma of free-feeding domestic fowl contains a low molecular weight factor that is involved in the regulation of food intake.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of different feather lengths in the vent area of White Leghorn hens on northern fowl mite populations.

Two tests of mature White Leghorn laying hens with feathers in the "vent area" clipped to less than .5, 1.5, or 2.5 cm in length were compared with unclipped hens to determine the differences in northern fowl mite (NFM) populations following artificial infestation. Weekly mite ratings were recorded for: 1) the total hen's body, 2) only the vent area, and 3) the remainder of the hen's body. In both tests, the mean total NFM populations were progressively greater as the clipped length of the feathers increased for 16 weeks postinfestation. Mean NFM populations in only the vent area were significantly less for hens with feathers clipped to less than .5 cm in both tests. There was no significant increase in NFM populations over the rest of the hen's body as a result of feathers clipped in the vent area. Therefore, it would be possible to control NFM at relatively low levels without the use of pesticides if a method for reducing the length of feathers in the vent area of laying hens could be developed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Characterization and composition of uroliths from domestic fowl.

Urolithiasis (kidney stone formation) is an acquired degenerative kidney lesion affecting sexually mature and immature domestic fowl. For the present study, uroliths were collected from three commercial flocks during outbreaks of urolithiasis. Uroliths also were collected from a research flock in which urolithiasis was induced by feeding immature chickens a diet formulated to contain excess calcium (3.25% Ca) and .4% available phosphorus. All uroliths were tested by x-ray diffractometry, infrared spectrophotometry, and emission spectrography. With one exception, the stones were composed of compact masses of microcrystalline to fine pleomorphic crystals of calcium sodium urate, with random substitution of magnesium for calcium, and potassium for sodium. No initiating nidus was evident. One of four stones from one laying hen flock was positively identified as an ammonium acid (hydrogen) urate. The unique calcium-sodium-urate stone composition in all but one of the stones tested suggests that similar processes were involved in stone formation in the four different flocks.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Tryptophan's influence on feeding and body temperature in the fowl.

The neurotransmitter, serotonin, has been implicated in both food intake and body temperature regulation. In this experiment, the effect of tryptophan, the amino acid precursor of serotonin, on food consumption and rectal temperature in the fowl was determined. Single Comb White Leghorn cockerels were intubated with a tryptophan solution or distilled water. Tryptophan significantly (P less than or equal to .05) decreased both food intake and body temperature of the birds. These results suggest that tryptophan may inhibit food intake via peripheral rather than central mechanisms.

Animals↗