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At least 1,117 records · Page 62Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Prevalence, treatment, control, and awareness of high blood pressure and the risk of stroke in Northwest England.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence, treatment, control, and awareness of hypertension in patients with first-ever stroke and in controls sampled from the same primary care physician's population register. METHODS: A population-based case-control study was conducted in East Lancashire, England, using cases identified from the stroke register in 1994-1995. Information on blood pressure (BP) and other predefined factors was extracted from the practice medical records. Postal questionnaires were used for information on patients' awareness of hypertension. RESULTS: A total of 267 stroke cases and 534 controls were included. Sixty-one percent of cases and 43% of controls had BP >= 160/95 mm Hg on >= 2 occasions within 3 months or received antihypertensives. High proportions of cases (82%) and controls (85%) were on treatment. There was a continuous relationship between the risk of stroke and levels of BP control. Of 73 cases and 135 controls who were hypertensive and responded to the postal questionnaire, 56 and 83%, respectively, were aware of hypertension (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of hypertension was high among stroke patients. In those treated, <30% of patients had their BP adequately controlled to <140/90 mm Hg. Patient awareness of previous hypertension or high BP was very poor and attention needs to be paid to patient education.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1998

The Maastricht strain and England strain of rat cytomegalovirus represent different betaherpesvirus species rather than strains.

The major immediate early (MIE) locus of the Maastricht strain of rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) was found to comprise five exons of which the first is noncoding. The first three exons are spliced to either exon 4, generating IE1, or exon 5, generating IE2. An additional splicing event unique to RCMV (Maastricht) was identified in exon 5, resulting in a 466-bp deletion. IE1 transcripts were detected exclusively during the IE phase of infection in vitro, whereas IE2 transcripts were detected during both the IE and late phase of infection. The similarities between amino acid sequences derived from the MIE gene of RCMV (Maastricht) and murine cytomegalovirus are low (22 and 37% for IE1 and IE2, respectively). Surprisingly, the similarities between the MIE proteins of RCMV (Maastricht) and the England strain of RCMV are also low (23 and 32% for IE1 and IE2, respectively). This suggests that these RCMV strains represent different betaherpesvirus species rather than strains. This is underscored by the difference between both viruses in genome size as well as growth characteristics. The existence of two different RCMV-like species might have important implications for the use of these viruses as models for human cytomegalovirus.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Serum uric acid levels in England and Scotland.

A survey of serum uric acid levels in 766 subjects in England and 337 in Glasgow was carried out. There was no difference in the frequency distribution of uric acid or the mean levels in the two countries. A serum uric acid of 7 mg/100 ml or over was found in 7.2% of the men and 0.4% of the women. The previously described sex difference and association of serum uric acid with weight were confirmed. No association was found with social class. The suggestion of an increase in uric acid levels in the United Kingdom over the past 14 years is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Respiratory illness and mortality in England and Wales. A study of the relationships between weekly data for the incidence of respiratory disease presenting to general practitioners, and registered deaths.

The possible relationship between the incidence of respiratory diseases as reported to general practitioners and numbers of registered deaths in England and Wales has been examined. Morbidity data from sentinel practices for the period 1986-1990 (population covered increased from 220,000 to 470,000) were used to calculate weekly rates of aggregated respiratory disease for persons of all ages and for elderly persons (aged 65 years and over). The elderly respiratory disease rates and numbers of deaths were aggregated into 4-week periods; secular and seasonal trends were removed from each series and the two sets of residuals were examined graphically and cross correlation coefficients calculated. There was a very strong positive association between the respiratory disease rate and number of deaths in the same 4-week period and there was also a significant but less pronounced association between respiratory disease in one 4-week period and deaths in the next. After prior separation of weeks according to temperature into four bands, weekly rates for respiratory disease were also strongly associated with the number of weekly deaths for each temperature band. The synchronisation of peaks and troughs in the two series throughout the year supports the hypothesis that a cause and effect relationship exists between respiratory disease in the elderly and number of deaths. Other climatic and meteorological variables besides temperature may play a part in determining the spread of a respiratory disease. There is a for further research to identify the micro-organisms responsible for acute respiratory infections in the elderly.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Mental illness in Northern Ireland. A comparison with Scotland and England.

First and all admissions to psychiatric hospitals and units during 1981 were obtained from the DHSS in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Age and sex standardized rates were calculated for each country. Possible reasons for observed rate differences are discussed. Whilst overall high rates of admissions in Northern Ireland are most likely attributable to provision and use of beds, these factors may not entirely account for high rates of admissions for neurotic disorder, particularly among males.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The sectorisation of psychiatric services in England and Wales.

Sectorisation is the establishment of small geographical catchment areas with dedicated mental health staff providing services to all patients living in the area. This model of care became very widespread during the 1980s in England and Wales: 81% of District Health Authorities responding to a postal questionnaire in this study were sectorised, and around three-quarters of these had become sectorised after 1980. However, this has occurred without central planning and with very little evaluation. Important questions remain to be answered about its efficacy for the severely mentally ill, about the provision of 24-h cover in a sectorised service, and about which services are appropriately provided at a sectorised and which at a centralised level.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed1995

The potential effects of climate change on winter mortality in England and Wales.

In Britain death rates from several important causes, particularly circulatory and respiratory diseases, rise markedly during the colder winter months. This close association between temperature and mortality suggests that climate change as a result of global warming may lead to a future reduction in excess winter deaths. This paper gives a brief introductory review of the literature on the links between cold conditions and health, and statistical models are subsequently developed of the associations between temperature and monthly mortality rates for the years 1968 to 1988 for England and Wales. Other factors, particularly the occurrence of influenza epidemics, are also taken into account. Highly significant negative associations were found between temperature and death rates from all causes and from chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. The statistical models developed from this analysis were used to compare death rates for current conditions with those that might be expected to occur in a future warmer climate. The results indicate that the higher temperatures predicted for 2050 might result in nearly 9000 fewer winter deaths each year with the largest contribution being from mortality from ischaemic heart disease. However, these preliminary estimates might change when further research is able to make into account a number of additional factors affecting the relationship between mortality and climate.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗
PubMed1995

Migration and social change: a longitudinal study of the social mobility of 'immigrants' in England and Wales.

"Data from the OPCS Longitudinal Study is used to examine the social mobility of 'immigrants' in England and Wales between 1971 and 1981. Three issues are raised: (i) in what respects and to what degree do 'immigrants' differ in their social mobility characteristics from the norm set by the population as a whole?; (ii) in what respects and to what degree do 'immigrants' differ amongst themselves in their social mobility characteristics according to their country of origin?; and (iii) how do 'second-generation immigrants' and recently-arrived immigrants differ in their social class locations from those who have been in the British labour market for a considerable length of time?" (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Demography↗
PubMed1994

A reconstruction of the population of north Italy from 1650 to 1881 using annual inverse projection with comparisons to England, France, and Sweden.

"North Italy annual population and vital rates are reconstructed from 1650 to 1881 using series of vital event indices from many rural parishes and cities. Inverse projection is applied to the reconstructed series of vital events and population to generate annual age distribution, gross reproduction rate, net reproduction rate, life expectancy at birth, and infant mortality rate. The results are compared with official sources and detailed demographic rates produced by annual inverse projection using data from England, France, and Sweden. Over the long term, North Italy is generally characterized by stagnant and relatively high mortality. Fertility and nuptiality are relatively high at the beginning and at the end of the period." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Demography↗
PubMed1993

The shape of mortality curves: an analysis of counties in England and Wales, 1911.

"Previous analysis has shown that life tables may be distinguished by two orthogonal pieces of information, the level of mortality in the population and the relative shape of the mortality curve. We show that both the regions of England and Wales in 1911, and locality types (county boroughs, other urban, and rural) differ in the shape of their mortality curves. Using data for the administrative counties, we examine the underlying correlates of this differentiation, paying particular attention to the socio-economic structure of the counties as reflected in their wealth, opportunity levels, and degree of urbanisation." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Demography↗
PubMed1994

Deduced amino acid sequences of the haemagglutinin of H5N1 avian influenza virus isolates from an outbreak in turkeys in Norfolk, England.

The deduced amino acid sequences of the haemagglutinins of avian influenza viruses, isolated from an outbreak in turkeys in Norfolk, England in 1991/92, were determined by PCR amplification and cycle sequencing. Both the highly pathogenic and avirulent isolates had the same cleavage site sequence with multiple-basic amino acids, which normally would be expected only for the former. Clones derived by plaque picking from the highly pathogenic isolate ranged from low to very high pathogenicity in vivo and these, and the original isolates, showed nucleotide and amino acid variation at one or more of five possible sites, none of which were at the cleavage site. None of these site variations correlated with pathogenicity, suggesting that the factor responsible for the suppression of the expected effects of the multiple-basic amino acid haemagglutinin cleavage site in the avirulent isolate may not have been part of the haemagglutinin amino acid sequence.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

An outbreak of Campylobacter infection associated with the consumption of unpasteurised milk at a large festival in England.

Seventy-two laboratory confirmed cases of Campylobacter infection were identified in people who attended a large festival in England. A case-control study was undertaken to identify the vehicle of infection. Potential risk factors included the water supply to the site, and food, bottled spring water and unpasteurised milk sold at the event. Only the consumption of unpasteurised milk showed a statistical association with having a Campylobacter infection, strongly suggesting that this was the vehicle of infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Mental hospital admission rates of immigrants to England: a comparison of 1971 and 1981.

The present study compares admissions to mental hospitals in England in 1981 with comparable figures obtained for 1971. Patients were classified by place of birth and the two data sets reveal interesting similarities a decade apart. With schizophrenia the trend in 1981, as in 1971, is for the foreign born to have higher rates of admission in comparison to the native born; and as in 1971 the groups with the highest rate of admission are the Irish born and those born in the Caribbean and Poland. Overall rates of admission in 1981 for immigrants from India, Pakistan, Germany and Italy (like 1971) are lower than the native born rates. As in 1971 the Irish and Scots have extremely high rates of alcohol and drug related disorders, and although they also have high rates of personality disorders they are not as high as the 1971 rates. Those born in the Caribbean continue to show relatively low rates of admission for alcohol, drug and personality disorders. For Indian born males the 1981 figure for alcohol related admissions is twice that of 1971. There is an apparent increase in the rates of depression in 1981 compared to 1971 across all the groups which is affected by changes in recording procedures. There are other findings which are peculiar to only one sub-group, such as the very low re-admission rates for Pakistani women compared to the other groups. This paper provides some possible explanations to account for these variations in rates of admission.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Age, sex and suicide rates within birth cohorts in England and Wales.

The relationships between suicide rates at different ages within male and female birth cohorts in England and Wales are examined. There is a sex difference in the pattern of mean correlations of within-cohort rates for various time intervals, with females showing a significant negative correlation between rates separated by 10-15 years. The full correlation matrix of age-specific rates indicates that this negative mean interval correlation is due to negative correlations between rates at age 35-44 years and rates at other ages. This suggests that the acceleration-deceleration model of suicide may be applicable to female rates, with a reduction in suicide associated with pregnancy and motherhood and a rebound increase in rates thereafter.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Mutations of the cystic fibrosis gene locus within the population of the Northwest of England.

A large group of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) from the Northwest of England were analysed for mutations within the CF gene. Eleven separate mutations were identified comprising 91.5% of the responsible genes. Molecular confirmation of a CF diagnosis becomes possible in 84% of cases. Only 1.19% of cases negative for the nine mutations have CF. The results of molecular analysis in this population have useful implications in respect of diagnosis validation and population carrier screening.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

A survey of the management of neonatal opiate withdrawal in England and Wales.

UNLABELLED: This report details the results of a survey of 213 maternity units in England and Wales concerning the use of neonatal opiate withdrawal (NOW) charts and the drug therapy management of babies born to drug using mothers. There was a response rate of 89.6%. NOW charts were used in 36.6% of units. There were eight different charts in use in which over 35 different signs of NOW were recorded, ranging from 10 to 22 on individual charts. Nine different drugs were used to manage NOW, with chlorpromazine most commonly used. CONCLUSION: Drug misuse increasing in women of childbearing age and the management of the drug affected neonate varies widely, with inconsistent policies on determining the presence of NOW and how to treat it.

Chlorpromazine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perinatal and postneonatal mortality in England and Wales among immigrants from the Indian subcontinent.

Perinatal and postneonatal mortality among immigrants to England and Wales from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh (Asians) for the years 1982-85 showed significant differences not only between the immigrant and indigenous populations, but also among the different groups from the Indian subcontinent. Compared with the perinatal mortality rate of 10.1 per 1000 total births in UK born mothers, rates in infants of mothers born in India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan were 12.5, 14.3 and 18.8 respectively. In contrast, postneonatal mortality in infants of Indian and Bangladeshi origin (3.9 and 2.8 per 1000 live births respectively) was lower than in the indigenous population (4.1), with Pakistani infants experiencing the highest rate (6.4). Excess perinatal mortality in infants of Asian origin was apparent at most maternal ages and parities. Pakistani infants had the highest rates of perinatal and postneonatal mortality in all age, parity and birth weight groups. The Asian groups showed higher mortality from congenital anomalies in both the perinatal and the postneonatal period, the rates in Pakistani infants being almost double those in Indian and Bangladeshi infants. A significant finding was the lower rates of sudden infant death in all the groups of Asian origin.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed2004

De facto imprisonment and covert medication use in general nursing homes for older people in South East England.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is growing interest in ethical issues in nursing home care, including capacity to consent to residence and covert medication use. This study assessed capacity to consent to residence amongst a group of randomly selected residents of non-specialist UK nursing homes and examined the prevalence of de facto imprisonment and covert medication. METHODS: A cross-sectional prevalence study amongst residents in randomly selected non-specialist nursing homes in South East England. 445 residents (97 men and 348 women) were randomly selected from 157 nursing homes. RESULTS: 14% (64) of the residents interviewed lacked the capacity to consent to residence. 6.1% (27) of residents were prevented from leaving but less than half of these lacked the mental capacity to consent to residence and may be therefore, de facto, unlawfully imprisoned. 4.7% (21) of residents on medication had received it covertly in the nursing home. CONCLUSIONS: A significant number of residents in the nursing homes studied did not appear to have the mental capacity to consent to being there, possibly in contravention of the Human Rights Act 1998. There appears to be a small but worrying prevalence of de facto imprisonment, and covert medication use in residents without severe cognitive impairment.

Aged↗