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PubMed2006

Fatal heroin intoxication in body packers in northern Thailand during the last decade: two case reports.

A body packer is an important means of drug trafficking. While drug packets are inside the body, they can leak or rupture causing acute substance toxicity. Most of the reports of body packer syndrome have come from Europe and North America, which are destination targets. In the present study, the authors reported two cases of fatal heroin body packers from the northern part of Thailand. Both cases were foreign tourists who came to Chiang Mai and stayed in a hotel or a guesthouse room in which the deaths occurred. The autopsy findings revealed rupturing of heroin packages in the stomach. The packaging used in both cases was not sophisticated. The powder was packed inside condoms without extra covering, as observed in some other professional packers. The amount of heroin transported was about 30-50 gm. The purity of heroin in this powder was about 50-90%. Their destinations were their home countries and not directly to Europe or North America. Deaths occurred just prior to their return. The cause of death was a heroin overdose. A significant level of heroin metabolites, 6-MAM and morphine were detected in the blood and urine.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Travel characteristics and health practices among travellers at the travellers' health and vaccination clinic in Singapore.

INTRODUCTION: Singapore has a fast-growing travel industry, but few studies have been done on travel characteristics and travel health practices. This study describes the profile and healthseeking behaviour of travellers attending a travel health clinic in Singapore. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on travellers attending the Traveller's Health and Vaccination Centre (THVC) between September and November 2002 using a standardised questionnaire. Information obtained included individual demographic and medical information, travel patterns, vaccination status and travel health practices. RESULTS: Four hundred and ninetyfive (74%) eligible travellers seen at THVC responded to the questionnaire. Their mean age was 36 years; 77% were professionals, managers, executives, and businessmen, students, and white collar workers. Asia was the main travel destination, and most travelled for leisure and resided in hotels or hostels. The median duration of travel was 16 days. Although >90% had previously travelled overseas, only 20% had previously sought pre-travel advice. Malays were significantly underrepresented (P < 0.01); and Caucasians and Eurasians were significantly more likely (P < 0.01) to have previously sought pre-travel advice compared with Chinese, Indians and Malays. Factors associated with seeking pre-travel advice included travel outside of Asia, especially Africa and South America. CONCLUSION: Singaporean travellers travel more often to cities rather than rural areas, compared with non-Asian travellers. Asia is the preferred destination, and travel outside of Asia is perceived as more risky and is associated with seeking pre-travel advice and vaccinations. Travel patterns and behaviours need to be taken into account when developing evidence-based travel medicine in Asia.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Sample medication dispensing in a residency practice.

BACKGROUND: The distribution of sample medications to physicians by pharmaceutical manufacturers has been regulated by Congress and extensively critiqued in the medical literature. Manufacturers distributed 2.4 billion samples in 1988, yet there are no published reports on the clinical use of sample medications. METHODS: A 4-week descriptive study was conducted that catalogued the contents of a sample medication collection in a family practice residency model office, calculated the value of the sample collection (average wholesale price [AWP]), and monitored dispensing of medication samples. RESULTS: The collection initially contained 5546 samples with an AWP of $19,273. A total of 1012 samples worth $4154 was withdrawn from the collection during the study period. Patients received 548 of the sample packages in 105 dispensements ($2583), physicians or their families received 169 samples in 44 dispensements ($603), others received 26 samples in 6 dispensements ($152), and the destination of 269 samples ($816) was unknown. When a prescription was written at the time that a sample was dispensed, it was almost always for the same brand-name medication. CONCLUSIONS: Although a majority of medications dispensed were given to patients, approximately one third of the value of the medications withdrawn either went to physicians and their families or had an unknown destination. The high association of sample dispensing and simultaneous prescribing of the same brand-name drug supports the contention that sampling influences physician-prescribing habits. Further research should define how the availability of free sample medications affects physician-prescribing practices.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Sphingomyelin synthesis is involved in adherence during macrophage differentiation of HL-60 cells.

Prior studies demonstrated that sphingomyelin degradation via a sphingomyelinase antagonized phorbol ester-mediated differentiation of HL-60 cells into macrophages (Kolesnick, R.N. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 7617-7623). The present studies show that phorbol esters induce early sphingomyelin synthesis in HL-60 cells and that this event may play a direct role in development of an adherent macrophage population. A maximally effective concentration of the potent phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA; 1 x 10(-7) M) stimulated an elevation in the sphingomyelin level at 24 h from 560 to 700 pmol/10(6) cells; a peak level of 1400 pmol/10(6) cells was achieved at 48 h. Phosphatidylcholine levels did not change significantly, indicating sphingomyelin synthesis was selective. The phosphatidylcholine:sphingomyelin ratio decreased from 10.3 to 7.9 at 24 h and to 5.3 at 48 h. Phorbol ester-induced sphingomyelin synthesis was biphasic. A burst of synthesis, detectable within 1 h and linear for 4 h, was followed by a prolonged phase at a slower rate. Ceramide synthesis was also biphasic. Ceramide levels decreased initially consistent with activation of the enzyme, phosphatidylcholine:ceramide cholinephosphotransferase and increased during the prolonged phase of sphingomyelin synthesis. During phorbol ester-induced differentiation, an adherent macrophage population was demonstrable by 14 h. This population contained the entire elevation of sphingomyelin levels. This demonstrates that early sphingomyelin synthesis defines a population of cells destined to become adherent macrophages. Studies were performed to directly manipulate sphingomyelin levels. Small unilamellar vesicles containing sphingomyelin did not directly induce macrophage differentiation but rather potentiated the effect of submaximal concentrations of phorbol ester. Sphingomyelin vesicles (2 x 10-6 M) enhanced TPA (5 x 10-10 M)-induced adherence 2-fold from 12 to 24% of the total population. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (5 x 10-6 M), which may be acylated to sphingomyelin, was similarly effective. Further, exogenous sphingomyelinase, but not various phospholipases A2 and C, induced detachment of adherent macrophages. In sum, these studies demonstrate that phorbol esters induce early, selective synthesis of sphingomyelin in HL-60 cells. This event defines a population of cells destined to become adherent macrophages and may play a direct role in the adherence process.

Cell Adhesion↗
PubMed1990

[Health and hygiene research on constructive toys intended for children over 7 under natural conditions].

Physiological and questionnaire investigations are carried out on 10 constructive toys, with the participation of 38 children 7 to 12 years old. A testimonial of the toys is made according to mass, dimensions, technological treatment, packing etc. A number of discrepancies with the hygienic requirements were established: 1) imperfection of the technological treatment (sharp edges, tops and holes, difficult assembling and disassembling of details, not fitting some details at construction, presence of odour, dust in the packings); 2) discrepancy with the announced age destination; 3) faults (incongruity of colours, small dimensions of models and not clear and contrast models, absence of age destination); 4) unphysiological strain and fatigue during play with part of the toys. On the basis of the results are developed hygiene recommendations to the manufacturing of constructive toys for children over 7 years.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Social class, mental illness, and social mobility: the social selection-drift hypothesis for serious mental illness.

The assumptions and methods of previous studies of the social selection-drift hypothesis for serious mental illness are examined by using comtemporary log-linear methods for social mobility analysis. The null hypothesis of no difference in intergenerational social mobility between seriously mentally ill and general population control groups cannot be rejected in previous studies by Birtchnell (1971), Goldberg and Morrison (1963), Langner and Michael (1963), and Turner and Wagenfeld (1967). The findings of this study suggest that previous empirical support for intergenerational social mobility differences is an artifact of not controlling for group differences in origins and destinations when collapsed origin-by-destination tables are analyzed. This study suggests that intergenerational social mobility differences between seriously mentally ill and general population groups in previous studies provide very little, if any, empirical support for social selection-drift processes in serious mental illness.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Presence of aflatoxin in products intended for human consumption: the choice of methods and the results obtained].

The contamination of food resources by aflatoxin is a major problem for those countries where the meteorological and sanitary conditions allow the growth of Aspergillus Flavus and the contaminated food is not discarded because of the critical economical and social situation. However this phenomenon is also recorded in those Nations where the environmental and meteorological conditions are not favourable to Aspergillus Flavus growth. In Europe it has been possible to measure low aflatoxin (M1) concentrations in milk destined to humans. This kind of contamination may represent a source of chronic exposure to an important risk factor for hepatocancerogenesis. In Italy an appropriate law regulating the maximum aflatoxin concentration in the food destined to human nutrition is lacking, therefore the purpose of this paper is to contribute to the knowledge of a possible human exposure from the milk consumed in the Turin area (north western Italy). The results obtained display a lower (but more diffused) contamination in milk sampled after processing treatments (1.9-15 ppt), than in raw milk (5.3-94 ppt). Moreover it has been possible to show a positive relationship between dry animal feed and aflatoxin concentrations in milk.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1985

Light and temperature modulated staining of the rod outer segment distal tips with Lucifer yellow.

External application of the dye Lucifer yellow to isolated retinas of Xenopus laevis causes a specific staining of the distal tips of the rod outer segment (ROS). Staining occurs most frequently in the distal 4 micron of the ROS and does not diffuse throughout the ROS cytosol. In contrast, damaged ROS fill with the dye and exhibit a diffuse fluorescence. Retinas from constant light-treated animals show a greater frequency of labeling when isolated in the light than when isolated in the dark after 0.5 and 3 hr. Increased frequency of distal tip staining for dark-treated animals can be achieved if animals are returned to the light. Distal tip labeling also occurs in cyclic-light maintained animals but at a much lower frequency. The frequency of distal tip staining can also be altered by temperature and metabolic poisons. Isolated retinas exposed to dye solutions kept at either 3 degrees C or containing the metabolic poisons, iodoacetate or dinitrophenol, exhibited a reduced frequency of staining. This suggests that staining is an active process involving cellular metabolism. The distal location, dimensions, and light dependence of staining suggests that labeled regions are destined for detachment as part of disc shedding. The sensitivity of distal tip staining to metabolic poisons suggests that the photoreceptor plays a role in determining the membrane domains destined for shedding.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Functional outcomes and rehabilitation: an acute care field study.

The effectiveness of intervention including occupational therapy in combination with other rehabilitation services was investigated in 193 acute care patients with a variety of diagnostic conditions. The study was conducted in two phases. In both phases, patients who received occupational therapy in conjunction with other services were compared to patients who did not receive occupational therapy. In the first phase, patients (N = 77) were matched according to diagnostic category, age, sex, and severity of impairment. In both phases, outcome measures included length of hospital stay, Barthel Index change scores, and discharge destination. Results revealed statistically significant findings for the measure of discharge destination. Patients who received occupational therapy as part of their rehabilitation program were more likely to be discharged to home environments. This result occurred despite the fact that patients receiving occupational therapy were rated as more severely impaired than patients who did not receive occupational therapy as part of their rehabilitation program.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Development of the mandibular skeleton in the embryonic chick as evaluated using the DNA-inhibiting agent 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine.

Mandibular development was examined in embryonic chicks following administration of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUDR, 0.001-1.0 microgram/egg), an inhibitor of both DNA synthesis and of cell division. FUDR was injected in ovo at one of three developmental stages corresponding to 1) the migration of mandible-destined, midbrain-level neural crest cells (Hamburger and Hamilton [H.H.] stage 10); 2) midway through the epithelial-mesenchymal interaction required to initiate mandibular osteogenesis (H.H. stage 22), which is also after the epithelial-neural crest cell interaction required for the initiation of chondrogenesis in Meckel's cartilage; and 3) when prechondroblasts of Meckel's cartilage are beginning to differentiate (H.H. stage 25). Micromelia was induced following the administration of FUDR at either H.H. stages 22 or 25 but not when FUDR was given at H.H. stage 10. Although the micromelic mandibles were shorter than normal, Meckel's cartilage and the mandibular membrane bones both differentiated and grew along the full proximodistal length of the shortened mandibles. In contrast to the situation previously described by Ferguson for alligator embryos exposed to FUDR, the migration of neural crest cells in the embryonic chick was not inhibited by FUDR. In contrast to the situation previously described for rat embryos exposed to FUDR, differentiation of Meckel's cartilage was not inhibited in embryonic chicks exposed to FUDR. Differentiation of the membrane bones was also normal following either in ovo administration of FUDR or when mandibular processes were maintained in FUDR in vitro. Therefore, FUDR does not produce micromelia in the embryonic chick by interfering with the epithelial-mesenchymal/neural crest cell interactions, which are prerequisites or differentiation of cartilage or bone, nor by inhibiting the differentiation of chondrogenic or osteogenic mesenchymal cells after completion of these tissue interactions. Neither did the growth-inhibiting action of FUDR result from an inhibition of growth of Meckel's cartilage during the several days following initial chondrogenic differentiation. Rather, subsequent growth of the entire mandibular process was delayed. This mechanism of action differs from that in the alligator embryo, in which FUDR inhibits mandibular growth by removing mandible-destined, migrating neural crest cells, and in the rat, in which FUDR inhibits the differentiation of Meckel's cartilage but catch-up growth restores growth of the mandible to normal.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1986

Oligosaccharide processing at individual glycosylation sites on MOPC 104E immunoglobulin M. Differences in alpha 1,2-linked mannose processing.

Processing of the asparagine-linked oligosaccharides at the known glycosylation sites on the mu-chain of IgM secreted by MOPC 104E murine plasmacytoma cells was investigated. Oligosaccharides present on intracellular mu-chain precursors were of the high mannose type, remaining susceptible to endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. However, only 26% of the radioactivity was released from [3H]mannose-labeled secreted IgM glycopeptides, consistent with the presence of high mannose-type and complex-type oligosaccharides on the mature mu-chain. [3H]Mannose-labeled cyanogen bromide glycopeptides derived from mu-chains of secreted IgM were isolated and analyzed to identify the glycopeptide containing the high mannose-type oligosaccharide from those containing complex-type structures. [3H]Mannose-labeled intracellular mu-chain cyanogen bromide glycopeptides corresponding to those from secreted IgM were isolated also, and the time courses of oligosaccharide processing at the individual glycosylation sites were determined. The major oligosaccharides on all intracellular mu-chain glycopeptides after 20 min of pulse labeling with [3H]mannose were identified as Man8GlcNAc2, Man9GlcNAc2, and Glc1Man9GlcNAc2. Processing of the oligosaccharide destined to become the high mannose-type structure on the mature protein was rapid. After 30 min of chase incubation the predominant structures of this oligosaccharide were Man5GlcNAc2 and Man6GlcNAc2 which were also identified on the high mannose-type oligosaccharide of the secreted mu-chain. In contrast, processing of oligosaccharides destined to become complex type was considerably slower. Even after 180 min of chase incubation, Man7GlcNAc2 and Man8GlcNAc2 were the predominant structures at some of these glycosylation sites. The isomeric structures of Man8GlcNAc2 obtained from all of the glycosylation sites were identical. Thus, the different rates of processing were not the result of a different sequence of alpha 1,2-mannose removal.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1986

[Hygiene in international animal transport].

Animal hygiene at international animal transport can be discussed with respect to three main aspects: The hygienic prevention of contagious diseases where at legislation is to be emphasized. As there are: import and transit regulations, origin and health certificates and precautious disinfection. Some of the latter show the particularity of the sea and air transport. By the means of contagious disease-legislation animals of the respective territory, but also the human are protected. In dependence of the duration of transport, either defined symptoms of a disease can be evident during the transport or at arrival in the destination-port, on the other hand animals can be still within incubation time. In the latter case only a quarantine at the destination can provide full efficiency. The curative veterinary aspect. In this special case is referred to experiences with "Enterotoxaemia" of sheep during sea-transportation. The disease leads to heavy losses of animals depending on the duration of the voyage (influence of stress of transport). Preventive measures, like vaccination at beginning of the transport and using superphosphate in the pens, depressed the losses persistent. The aspect of animal protection. Exemplary proposals for sufficient ventilation rates during air transport were given.

Aircraft↗
PubMed1987

A spleen-derived maturational factor allows immature thymocytes, prepared as cells bearing low amounts of surface sialic acid, to become cytotoxic T cells.

A population of immature mouse thymocytes bears low levels of surface sialic acid and can be separated from the more mature high sialic acid-bearing thymocytes by selective agglutination with the sialic acid-specific lectin, lobster agglutinin 1. These immature thymocytes do not proliferate in response to concanavalin A (Con A). They do not produce interleukin 2 (IL-2), do not provide T cell help to B cells for an in vitro antibody response, and as shown here, do not become cytotoxic T lymphocytes when polyclonally stimulated with Con A + IL-2. We describe here a spleen-derived maturational factor which stimulates these immature thymocytes, in the presence of Con A and IL-2, to become cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The maturational factor is a protein secreted by Con A-stimulated mouse or rat spleen cells; it is apparently neither interleukin 1, IL-2, interleukin 3, gamma-interferon, nor combinations of these cytokines, because these materials do not replace the maturational factor. The active material in Con A-stimulated mouse spleen cell supernatant was recovered from a G-75 column in the 33,000-48,000 m.w. range. These experiments suggest that within the lobster agglutinin 1-negative thymocyte population there are cells which can mature under the influence of a spleen-derived factor. It is possible that these cells represent the small subpopulation of immature cells destined to become immunocompetent peripheral T cells. On the other hand, the factor may be rescuing cells destined to die in the thymus.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Life cycle of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis.

The life cycle of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis was systematically investigated in vivo. The life cycle of females and males consisted of an egg, larva, protonymph, and a tritonymph that gave rise to an adult. Development from egg to adult required 10.06-13.16 days for the male and 9.93-13.03 days for the female. Egg incubation times were greater than 50.1 to less than 52.97 hr. Larval duration was between 3.22 and 4.20 days. The durations of protonymphal stages that were destined to become females and males were greater than 2.40 to less than 3.40 days and greater than 2.33 to less than 3.33 days, respectively. Tritonymphs destined to become females and males molted in greater than 2.22 to less than 3.22 days and greater than 2.42 to less than 3.42 days, respectively. During development, all life stages frequently left their burrows and wandered on the skin surface.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Apolipoproteins of the orotic acid fatty liver: implications for the biogenesis of plasma lipoproteins.

Rats fed orotic acid develop fatty livers characterized by triglyceride-laden, membrane-bounded vesicles designated "liposomes." We have measured the levels of apolipoproteins in isolated liposomes and other subcellular fractions by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, electrotransfer, and immunodecoration. Apolipoproteins Bh, Bl, E, and C appear to cofractionate; for these proteins, the liposomal pool represents a large portion of their total intracellular mass. However, liposomes are deficient in both variants of apoB relative to apoE and apoC when compared with rat plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). Albumin and apolipoproteins A-I and A-IV are also found in liposomes, but this organelle represents a minor fraction of their total intracellular mass. The liposomal apolipoproteins show varying degrees of association with cisternal lipid and with organelle membranes. Orotic acid may selectively block VLDL production at the level of particle assembly or transorganellar movement. We conclude that liposomal contents probably represent exaggerated accumulations of VLDL assembly intermediates, and that the intracellular partitioning of high density lipoprotein-destined from VLDL-destined components occurs at an early stage in particle biogenesis. Moreover, some unique structural feature of apoB may effect movement of VLDL assembly intermediates through secretory organelles.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Fates of visual cortical neurons in the ferret after isochronic and heterochronic transplantation.

In the mammalian cerebral cortex, neurons in a given layer are generated at about the same time in development. These cells also tend to share similar sets of morphological and physiological properties and have projection patterns characteristic of that layer. This correspondence between the birthday and eventual fate of a cortical neuron suggests the possibility that the commitment of a cell to a particular laminar position and set of connections may occur very early on in cortical development. The experiments described here constitute an attempt to manipulate the fates of newly generated cortical neurons upon transplantation. The first set of experiments addressed the normal development of neurons in the primary visual cortex (area 17) of the ferret. Injections of 3H-thymidine into newborn ferrets showed that neurons generated after birth are destined to sit in layer 2/3 of the cortex, whereas neurons born on embryonic day (E) 32 populate primarily layers 5 and 6. Many layer 2/3 neurons in adult ferrets could be retrogradely labeled with HRP from visual cortical areas 18 and 19, while about half of the neurons in layer 6 were found to project to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). In the second set of experiments, presumptive layer 2/3 cells were labeled in vivo by injecting ferrets with 3H-thymidine on P1 and P2. Before the cells had a chance to migrate, they were removed from the donor brain, incubated in a fluorescent dye (DAPI or fast blue), and dissociated into a single-cell suspension. The labeled cells were then transplanted into the proliferative zone of a littermate host ferret ("isochronic" transplants). Over the next few weeks, many of these dye-labeled cells underwent changes in their position and morphology that were consistent with a radially directed migration and subsequent differentiation into cortical neurons. The final positions of isochronically transplanted neurons in the host brain were mapped out by using the 3H-thymidine marker after long survival periods. About 97% of radioactively labeled cells had migrated out into the visual cortex, where they attained a compact laminar distribution: 99% were found in layer 2/3, their normal destination. The labeled cells had normal, mostly pyramidal neuronal morphologies and appeared to be well integrated with host neurons when viewed in Nissl-stained sections. Ten isochronically transplanted neurons were successfully labeled after HRP injection into 2 normal target regions, areas 18 and 19.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Improved survival in free skin flap transfers in rats.

We have demonstrated previously that oxygen-derived free radicals are important mediators of tissue injury in experimental island skin flaps that have been subjected to prolonged ischemia (vascular occlusion) followed by reperfusion. In this study the role of oxygen free radicals in ischemia/reperfusion injury has been investigated in free flap transfers. Groin skin flaps were harvested, stored at room temperature for 21 to 24 hours, and transplanted to the contralateral groin. These free flap transfers normally exhibit a high incidence of complete necrosis. Treatment before the onset of reperfusion with a single dose of superoxide dismutase (SOD), a scavenger of superoxide radicals, increased the survival rate of these skin flaps from 38% in the control group to 76% (p less than 0.025). Tissue levels of SOD were measured before ischemia, after ischemia but before reperfusion, and 30 minutes after reperfusion: untreated flap tissues, which were destined to undergo necrosis, exhibited a significant decrease in SOD activity after reperfusion, whereas SOD-treated flap tissues, destined to survive, demonstrated increased enzyme activity. High levels of tissue SOD activity thus appeared to be associated with improved flap survival. The results have significant clinical implications with regard to organ preservation and transplantation.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Neuronal migration and contact guidance in the primate telencephalon.

Over the last decade, evidence from experimental studies on neuronal migration in non-human primates has accumulated to the point where it can significantly amplify our understanding of the normal and pathological development of the human telencephalon. Systematic analysis of neuron genesis by the method of H3-thymidine autoradiography shows that in rhesus monkeys all neurons destined for the neocortex are generated near the surface of the lateral ventricle during a two-month period in the middle of gestation. Following their last cell division, young neurons migrate outwards across the cerebral wall to the developing cortical mantle, a journey that requires one to three days at early stages of neurogenesis, or more than two weeks towards the end of cortical development. From the very beginning, the basic columnar organization of the neuroepithelium favours radial migration. During later stages, when the primate telencephalic wall expands unevenly in thickness and surface area and begins to form primary fissures and cerebral promontoria, young neurons migrate to their cortical destinations in apposition to fascicles of radial glial fibres which span the full distance between the ventricular and pial surface. Furthermore, it appears that several generations of neurons all originate in the same restricted location at the ventricular surface, migrate along the same glial fascicles and consequently accumulate in the same radial cortical 'columns' in which, as a rule, somas of later generated neurons take positions external to the somas of their predecessors. It is proposed that fascicles of radial fibres (a) facilitate neuronal migration to the distant cortical plate through a complex assembly of closely-packed cells and processes that compose the developing primate telencephalon; (b) provide constraints which preserve a radial alignment of clonally related neurons in cortical columns; and (c) reproduce the mosaicism of the germinal ventricular zone at the expanded and curved cerebral surface.

Animals↗