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PubMed2007

Hysterical chorea: Report of an outbreak and movie documentation by Arthur Van Gehuchten (1861-1914).

Psychogenic movement disorders remain a frequent and important clinical problem. First described in the Middle Ages, the dancing mania is considered to be one form of mass hysteria characterized by outbreaks of collective movement disorders. Patients may exhibit a wide variety of movement and gait disturbances, including tremulousness, jerks, or convulsions, usually with a sudden onset. Arthur Van Gehuchten (1861-1914), a distinguished Belgian neuroanatomist and neurologist, reported an outbreak of sudden involuntary movements in 13 adolescent girls residing in an orphanage. The description is to be found in his book Les Maladies nerveuses, completed before 1914 and published posthumously in 1920. The chapter is illustrated with sequential photographs of a girl exhibiting a peculiar gait, which is descriptively referred to as "chorée salutatoire" (saluting chorea). The original film with these pictures has been retrieved and is presented here together with a very similar film excerpt also found in Van Gehuchten's film collection. Van Gehuchten's movie documentation of a psychogenic movement disorder--labeled chorea but which should probably be considered as dystonia according to contemporary classification--appears to be unique. This report illustrates the tremendous value of moving pictures in recording and analyzing movement disorders.

Belgium↗
PubMed2006

Health-promoting physical activity of adults with mental retardation.

This literature review describes the physical activity behavior of adults with mental retardation consistent with the U.S. Surgeon General's recommendation of 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity on 5 or more days per week. The proportion of participants achieving this criterion ranges from 17.5 to 33%. These data are likely to be generous estimates of activity as individuals included in physical activity studies to date have been relatively young and healthy volunteers with mild to moderate limitations. Major sources of physical activity were walking and cycling for transport, chores and work, dancing, and Special Olympics. There is a pressing need to conduct studies using appropriately powered representative samples and to validate measures that assess physical activity less directly; including methodologies in which proxy respondents are used. Accurate information about existing patterns of behavior will enhance the development of effective strategies to promote physical activity among persons with mental retardation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Brief alteration in dopaminergic function during development causes deficits in adult reproductive behavior.

Our previous research revealed dramatic increases in dopaminergic function in vocal control and auditory nuclei in male zebra finches during the period of song learning. Such increases were not seen in the hypothalamic areas examined. In the current study, we manipulated dopamine receptor function during this period to determine how this might affect later singing behavior. Males were implanted with osmotic minipumps providing 0, 0.5, or 5 microg/g/day of the mixed D1/D2 dopamine receptor antagonist cis-flupenthixol from day 45 until day 57. At approximately 86 days of age, males were given subcutaneous silastic implants containing a maintenance dose of androgen, in case antagonist treatment interfered with adult androgen secretion. One week later, they began a series of three weekly tests to determine if this early treatment affected courtship singing. Males treated with the low dose of cis-flupenthixol showed profound decrements in courtship singing and copulatory behavior. Unlike saline-treated controls, low-dose males sang to females infrequently. High-intensity courtship displays in which males dance towards females while singing were most affected. Despite their decreased courtship singing, low-dose males were interested in females. They approached females as frequently as males in the other two groups, but antagonist-treated males were less likely to follow females if they moved. Low-dose males also attempted to mount females significantly less often than high-dose males. High-dose males groomed significantly less frequently than males in the other two groups. Thus, brief early treatment with cis-flupenthixol had profound and long-lasting effects on female-directed singing and on copulatory behavior, despite androgen treatment.

Androgens↗
PubMed1984

Increased susceptibility to 6-aminonicotinamide-induced cleft lip of heterozygote Dancer mice.

Dancer heterozygotes (Dc/+) very rarely have cleft lip and show a dancing behaviour due to inner ear defects while homozygotes (Dc/Dc) have cleft lip. Males of the two genotypes Dc/+ and +/+ were mated to C3H strain and R stock females and Dc/+ males to Dc/+ females. On day 10/8 of gestation females were treated with 6-aminonicotinamide (6AN) at either 19 mg/kg or 28.5 mg/kg followed 3 h later by a protective dose of nicotinamide. Controls were untreated. Both 6AN treatments caused a significant increase in cleft lip to between 25% and 29% for crosses of Dc/+ males to C3H and R females whereas crosses with +/+ males gave 0% cleft lip. In the controls the cleft lip frequency was: for Dc/+ X Dc/+ 14%, Dc/+ X C3H 1.4%, and for the other three crosses 0%. The four crosses given the high dose of 6AN and the +/+ X C3H and Dc/+ X R cross at the low dose showed significantly increased resorption rates to between 23% and 47% over the control rates of from 5% to 11%. The presence of the Dc gene increased the susceptibility to cleft lip caused by 6AN.

6-Aminonicotinamide↗
PubMed2005

Pathways of influence in out-of-school time: a community-university partnership to develop ethics.

If we wish to incorporate parents and community members as full partners in building character among youth, then the activities and programs in which youth participate during their out-of-school time are potentially important venues. This chapter describes how numerous agencies in a single community partnered with a university, with the help of the cooperative extension agent, to collect local data on how adolescents used out-of-school time, what they thought about right and wrong, and how well their own behavior comported with their understandings of what was right. Results indicated that surveyed youth characterized themselves as thinking more than acting in ethical ways. For instance, nearly half acknowledged having cheated on a test at least once in the past six months, although the vast majority thought that cheating was wrong. The three pathways the community identified for reaching youth were (1) extracurricular activities at school such as sports, yearbook, and pep club; (2) organized nonschool pursuits such as music, dance, hiking, and biking; and (3) religious activities. They found that nearly 90 percent of high school-aged respondents participated in one or another of these venues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Temporal control of movements in sensorimotor synchronization.

Under conditions in which the temporal structure of events (e.g., a sequence of tones) is predictable, performing movements in synchrony with this sequence of events (e.g., dancing) is an easy task. A rather simplified version of this task is studied in the sensorimotor synchronization paradigm. Participants are instructed to synchronize their finger taps with an isochronous sequence of signals (e.g., clicks). Although this is an easy task, a systematic error is observed: Taps usually precede clicks by several tens of milliseconds. Different models have been proposed to account for this effect ("negative asynchrony" or "synchronization error"). One group of explanations is based on the idea that synchrony is established at the level of central representations (and not at the level of external events), and that the timing of an action is determined by the (anticipated) action effect. These assumptions are tested by manipulating the amount of sensory feedback available from the tap as well as its temporal characteristics. This article presents an overview of these representational models and the empirical evidence supporting them. It also discusses other accounts briefly in the light of further evidence.

Feedback↗
PubMed2001

Neuromuscular and endocrine control of an avian courtship behavior.

In many species of birds, males perform complex visual and acoustic courtship displays to attract and stimulate females. Some of these displays involve considerable use of the wings and legs, suggesting that they may be controlled by sexually dimorphic spinal motoneurons and their target muscles. Sex steroid hormones are known to organize and activate many sexually dimorphic phenotypes, so these neuromuscular systems may also be steroid sensitive. To test these ideas, we have begun studies of wild golden-collared manakins (Manacus vitellinus) in Central America. Males of this species establish a courtship arena in the forest, where they perform an elaborate dance that includes use of their wings to generate loud snapping sounds. Here we describe male golden-collared manakin courtship behavior, including the various "wingsnaps." We also review our studies, and those of others, showing sexually dimorphic properties of manakin wings, the wing musculature, and sex steroid accumulation in the spinal cord. These data suggest that manakins are useful models for evaluating steroid control of complex peripheral neuromuscular systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Primordial prevention of cardiovascular disease among African-Americans: a social epidemiological perspective.

BACKGROUND: The primordial prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among African-Americans represents a formidable challenge for public health. This paper discusses the nature of this challenge, highlighting the role that economic and cultural factors play in shaping the distributions of major CVD risk factors among African-Americans. The paper concludes with specific suggestions for research. METHODS: Data from recent national health surveys on black/white differences in major CVD risk factors like hypertension, obesity, cholesterol, cigarette smoking, and physical inactivity were reviewed for the purpose of identifying promising avenues for primordial prevention research among African-Americans. RESULTS: Cigarette smoking has a delayed onset among African-Americans compared to whites. Black/white differences in "vigorous" leisure-time physical activity (e.g., social dancing and team sports) are not apparent until around age 40. These findings have relevance for primordial prevention work in black communities since they suggest the existence of broad-based, health-relevant cultural norms which could support primordial prevention programs, such as regular physical activity, across the life cycle. CONCLUSIONS: CVD primordial prevention programs among African-Americans must be grounded in an understanding of how cultural values as well as economic conditions shape CVD risk factor distributions in this population. Ultimate success will depend on the strength of the partnerships that public health researchers, primary care providers, and community residents are able to build.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1977

Directed integration of an F' plasmid by integrative suppression: isolation of plaque forming lambda transducing phage for the dnaC gene.

A new approach for isolation of a plaque forming lambda specialized transducing phage is described. It consists of directed transposition of an F' plasmid into the gal region of a dnaAts galE- Escherichia coli strain by integrative suppression and deletion of the chlD region in order to shorten the distance between the marker of interest on the F' and the prophage serving to prepare an LFT1 lysate. An F' danC+thr+ plasmid was used here and lambdadthr and lambdaddnaC phages were isolated. In addition, lambdapdnaC was obtained from a double lysogen for lambdaddnaC and lambda b2.

Coliphages↗
PubMed1992

Are calcium intakes and physical activity patterns during adolescence related to radial bone mass of white college-age females?

The determinants of bone mass, i.e., size and density, in young adult women after cessation of growth in length of the bones are not well understood. Usual dietary calcium (Ca) intakes and physical activity (PA) patterns during the post-pubertal half-decade have been considered as two important factors contributing to bone mass. In the present hypothesis-generating cross-sectional study, radial bone mineral content and density were measured by single-photon absorptiometry at two sites containing different proportions of trabecular and cortical bone tissue in 705 healthy, Caucasian college women (18-22 years). Ca intake during high school and college, as estimated by milk and cheese intake only, was categorized into low, moderate and high groups; and physical activity, estimated during the same time frame, was also categorized into low, moderate and high groups. Bone measurements were related to both long-term dietary Ca intake from milk and cheese and long-term PA in sports, dance or other exercises, as assessed by recall. By univariate analyses, both distal and mid-radial bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone mineral density (BMD) were found to be positively related to gynecological age (GA) (p less than 0.01). Also, independent effects of long-term Ca intake (p less than 0.05) on distal BMC and BMD, and of long-term PA (p less than 0.05) on distal and mid-BMC and BMD were observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Stress fracture of the fibula in the first decade of life. Report of eight cases.

Stress fracture of fibula in athletes and ballet dancers is a well recognised entity. Fibular fractures in children in the first decade of life who are not active in sport or ballet dancing are not well known and often diagnosed as osteomyelitis or malignant bone tumour. This misdiagnosis may be followed by CT, nuclear scan or MR. All these investigations are not necessary and biopsy if performed might even be misleading. The plain X-rays show diagnostic radiographic findings and a misdiagnosis is highly unlikely especially when they are evaluated in the context of clinical findings.

Bone Neoplasms↗
PubMed1995

Review of the pharmacology and clinical pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or "Ecstasy").

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or "Ecstasy") was first synthesised 80 years ago, but has recently received prominence as an illegally synthesised recreational drug of abuse. There is a widely held belief among misusers that it is safe. In the last 2-3 years there have been a number of reports of the drug producing severe acute toxicity and death and there are concerns that it may cause long term toxic damage to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) nerve terminals. There is a considerable literature on the acute pharmacological effects of MDMA in experimental animals, and this is reviewed. The drug produces both hyperthermia and the "serotonin syndrome", a series of behavioural changes which result from increased 5-HT function. Acute clinical toxicity problems following MDMA ingestion also include hyperthermia and the appearance of the serotonin syndrome. The hyperthermia appears to precipitate other severe clinical problems and the outcome can be fatal. In agreement with others, we suggest that the recent increase in the number of reports of MDMA toxicity probably results from the widespread use of the drug at all night dance parties or "raves". The phenomenon of amphetamine aggregation toxicity in mice was reported 40 years ago. If applicable to MDMA-induced toxicity in humans, all the conditions necessary to induce or enhance toxicity are present at raves: crowded conditions (aggregation), high ambient temperature, loud noise and dehydrated subjects. Administration of MDMA to rodents and non-human primates results in a long term neurotoxic decrease in 5-HT content in several brain regions and there is clear biochemical and histological evidence that this reflects neurodegeneration of 5-HT terminals. Unequivocal data demonstrating that similar changes occur in human brain do not exist, but limited and indirect clinical evidence gives grounds for concern. There are also data suggesting that long term psychiatric changes can occur, although there are problems of interpretation and these are reviewed. Suggestions for the rational treatment of the acute toxicity are made on the basis of both pharmacological studies in animals and current clinical practice. Cases presenting clinically are usually emergencies and unlikely to allow carefully controlled studies. Proposals include decreasing body temperature (possibly with ice), the use of dantrolene and anticonvulsant and sedative medication, particularly benzodiazepines. The use of neuroleptics requires care because of the theoretical risk of producing the neuroleptic malignant syndrome and the possibility of precipitating seizures. In rats, chlormethiazole antagonises the hyperthermia produced by MDMA and has been shown clinically to block MDMA-induced convulsive activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of a programme of adapted physical activity for ED patients.

The importance of work focused on body experience in the therapy of Eating Disorders is widely acknowledged. Even so, few researches have been devoted to this aspect. This paper describes the employment of adapted physical activity as part of a residential cure programme for 96 eating disorder patients. The chief aims of this programme relate to individual identity, relations with others, the body, and getting patients to build themselves a correct image of physical activity. The wide variety of working tools includes both individual and group activities: movement exercise, adapted sports, dancing, expressive activities, relaxation. The following are used to evaluate results: individual and group talks, specific observation scales, and video recordings of some meetings. As shown by other authors, the observations indicate that controlled physical activities can be usefully integrated into an eating disorders cure project.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Simultaneous reimplantation of both lower legs--5-year follow-up (case report)].

We are reporting the case of a 29 year old male in whom we performed successful reimplantaton of both lower legs following trauma inflicted by a railroad boxcar. Five years after this accident, the patient's walk is almost normal and both deep sensitivity and two point discrimination on the soles of his feet are sufficient. The patient can walk, run and stand very well on one leg, both on even and on uneven ground.He returned to his job with the railroad 8 months after his accident. Originally the patient was employed as a railroad workman, and is now an office employee. His private life is normal and he enjoys hiking and dancing. In our opinion, sufficient function of the tibial nerve in the reconstructed extremity is important for clinically satisfactory long-term results. Both the Mangled Extremity Severity Score (MESS) and the NISSSA are helpful in making the decision on whether to primarily amputate or reconstruct Gustillo IIIC cases. Good long-term results as well as general cost reduction are achievable following reconstruction of extremities. Amputation of an extremity can be predicted with 100% certainty when MESS is 9 or more. Primary shortening and secondary lengthening of an extremity is a good method of treating Gustillo III C fractures.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2000

Debris removal by head-pushing in A. florea Fabr. honeybees.

The nest of the dwarf honeybee A. florea Fabr. consists of a single comb attached to a tree branch. Recruitment dances take place on the upper surface of the comb that must therefore be kept clear of debris. We report here, for the first time, a behaviour that serves for removing leaves and other foreign objects from the surface of the comb. Individual workers crawl under the object and lift it with their heads, pushing it towards the rim where it eventually slides off the comb. Objects that are heavier or fixed at one end such as leaves are nevertheless lifted and kept away from the surface for up to several minutes. This "head-pushing" is frequently performed without the aid of mandibles, and individuals performing it maintain a distinctive posture, holding the forelegs at an angle without touching the object. Repeated involvement of particular individuals indicate that head-pushers might form a distinct task group.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed2002

[Chronic neurotoxic damage in ecstasy (MDMA) users. Review of the current state of research].

The popular dance drug ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or MDMA, and some analogues) causes selective and persistent neurotoxic damage of the central serotonergic system in laboratory animals. Serotonin plays a role in numerous functional systems in the CNS. Consequently, various abnormalities including psychiatric, vegetative, neuroendocrine, and cognitive disorders might be expected in humans following damage of the central serotonergic system. In recent years, the questions of possible functional disorders following ecstasy-induced neurotoxicity were addressed in several cross-sectional studies with drug users. In this review we summarize and evaluate the quality of design of these studies. Despite large methodological problems, evidence accumulates in favor of persisting brain damage in ecstasy users resulting in subtle cognitive deterioration. Findings of relatively low memory performance associated with heavy ecstasy use are highly consistent across different studies and user populations. In addition, low performance in tests of higher executive function were reported in some but not all studies. The important questions about progression, persistence, or reversibility of damage after long periods of abstinence have to be addressed in future studies with longitudinal design.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Liver transplantation for the treatment of fulminant hepatic failure induced by the ingestion of ecstasy.

Methylenedimethoxymethamphetamine (MDMA), more commonly known as ecstasy, is a synthetic amphetamine derivative used by teenagers and young adults in the United States as well as in Western Europe as a "dance drug". Though a number of complications associated with this drug have been reported, there is little information pertaining to hepatoxity as a result of MDMA ingestion. This case report is about an 18-year-old female patient who regularly used ecstasy on weekends over a 2-month period. Within 2 days after accepting a "hit" of the substance at a party, she was admitted to the hospital because of lethargy, vomiting, abdominal pain, stool discoloration, icterus, and darkened urine. On day 7 she developed fulminant hepatic failure with reduced hepatic coagulation factors and grade IV encephalopathy. Orthotopic liver transplantation was carried out 10 days following the ingestion. The patient made a full recovery within 72 h and was released from the hospital 6 weeks later. Histopathological examination of the removed liver revealed a nutritive-toxic liver necrosis. This case demonstrates that the ingestion of ecstasy, even on an infrequent basis, can lead to acute fulminant liver necrosis, and that this life-threatening complication can be treated successfully by liver transplantation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Effect of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy") on body temperature and liver antioxidant status in mice: influence of ambient temperature.

The consumption of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) is known to cause severe hyperthermia and liver damage in humans. The thermogenic response induced by MDMA is complex and partially determined by the prevailing ambient temperature (AT). This is of extreme importance since ecstasy is often consumed at "rave" parties, where dancing takes place in a warm environment, which may exacerbate the effect of MDMA on thermoregulation. In view of the fact that hyperthermia is a well-known pro-oxidant aggressive condition, its potential role in ecstasy-induced hepatocellular toxicity should be further studied. Thus, the present study was performed in order to evaluate the influence of AT on the effects of single administration of MDMA on body temperature and liver toxicity in Charles River mice. Animals were given an acute intraperitoneal dose of MDMA (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg) and placed in AT of 20+/-2 degrees C or 30+/-2 degrees C for 24 h. Body temperature was measured during the study using implanted transponders and a temperature probe reading device. Plasma and liver samples were used for biochemical analysis. Liver sections were also taken for histological examination. The parameters evaluated were (1) plasma levels of transaminases and alkaline phosphatase, (2) hepatic glutathione (GSH), (3) hepatic lipid peroxidation, (4) activity of hepatic antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione- S-transferase, copper/zinc superoxide dismutase and manganese superoxide dismutase), and (5) liver histology. The hyperthermic response elicited by MDMA was clearly dose-related and potentiated by high AT. Administration of MDMA produced some evidence of oxidative stress, expressed as GSH depletion at both ATs studied, as well as by lipid peroxidation and decreased catalase activity at high AT. High AT, by itself, decreased glutathione peroxidase activity. Histological examination of the liver revealed abnormalities of a dose- and AT-dependent nature. These changes included vacuolation of the hepatocytes, presence of blood clots and loss of typical hepatic cord organisation. The results obtained in the present study suggest that oxidative stress plays a part in the first stage of MDMA-induced liver damage and that liver antioxidant status is aggravated by increased AT. Thus, these findings are in accordance with the hypothesis that high AT may potentiate ecstasy-induced hepatotoxicity by increasing body hyperthermia.

Alanine Transaminase↗