Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Contraception Failure”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,117 records · Page 62Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Contraceptive use and pregnancy planning in the Hutt Valley.

This survey, carried out in an area where there are good family planning services, demonstrates that such surveys can be successfully carried out in New Zealand where so far there is little data on contraceptive practice and pregnancy planning. This article compares failure rates of several contraceptive methods and shows that most women in the survey sample had had some experience in contraception during the previous three years. Pregnancy planning overall is seen as poor, with 29.9 percent of all pregnancies being unwanted at the time of conception.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Unintended pregnancies and use, misuse and discontinuation of oral contraceptives.

Unintended pregnancies are a recognized occurrence among women using oral contraceptives (OCs) as a consequence of both user and method failure. However, OCs also influence the occurrence of unintended pregnancies through an additional, poorly recognized, route: cessation of OC use by women who do not wish to become pregnant but stop using OCs because of side effects or other reasons. Many such women fail to immediately substitute a new contraceptive and/or adopt a less reliable contraceptive. This is a particularly important consideration for the approximately 3.7 million women who begin taking OCs in the United States each year since this group commonly experiences side effects and has a high discontinuation rate. Using a decision tree to follow a cohort of OC users over one year, we estimate that over 1 million unintended pregnancies are related to OC use, misuse or discontinuation. The greatest proportion of these, 61%, occur in women who discontinue OCs; of these, 66.6% occur in women who fail to immediately substitute other contraceptives and 33.3% because of the adoption of less reliable contraceptive methods. Of continuing OC users, the majority, exhibiting good compliance, contribute 24% of pregnancies because of their large numbers. Continuing OC users who are poor compliers, though many fewer, are responsible for 15% due to their high pregnancy rate. Unintended pregnancies in women who discontinue OCs account for approximately 20% of the 3.5 million annual unintended pregnancies in the United States, incurring costs of nearly +2.6 billion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Contraception Behavior↗
PubMed1999

Dynamics of contraceptive use in a rural community of Haryana.

A cross-sectional survey was carried out to study the dynamics of contraceptive use in three villages of Raipur Rani block in district Panchkula, Haryana. A female social worker interviewed 600 ever-married women aged 15-44 years using a semi-structured interview schedule. More than 75% of the respondents were aware about modern contraceptives. Fifty-nine percent of the couples had used contraceptives. Among the 351 ever-users, the first contraceptive method used was sterilization in 41.3%, condom in 35.6%, IUD in 17.9%, and oral pills in 5.1%. Subsequently, many of them either discontinued or shifted to other methods. At the time of survey, 236 (39.3%) were using a contraceptive. Most of the current users (225) had opted for tubectomy, and only a few (4) had accepted vasectomy. Supplies of contraceptives were obtained mainly from government hospitals and sub-health centres. Common reasons for discontinuation were perceived untoward effects (37.1%), desire for more children (32.6%), and failure of the contraceptive method (19.0%). Most of the respondents obtained contraceptives from Government health posts. Counselling and follow-up services should should be strengthened so that contraceptives are used regularly and effectively for longer periods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Rise in female-initiated sexual activity at ovulation and its suppression by oral contraceptives.

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that women exhibit peaks of sexual activity at ovulation, as would be predicted from estrous effects in animals. Married women who used contraceptive devices other than oral contraceptives experienced a significant increase in their sexual behavior at the time of ovulation. This peak was statistically significant for all female-initiated behavior, including both autosexual and female-initiated heterosexual behavior, but was not present for male-initiated behavior except under certain conditions of contraceptive use. Previous failures to find an ovulatory peak may be due to use of measures of sexual behavior that are primarily determined by initiation of the male partner. Women using oral contraceptives did not show a rise in female-initiated sexual activity at the corresponding time in their menstrual cycles, probably owing to the suppression of ovulatory increases in hormone secretion by the oral contraceptives.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Contraceptive implants.

In response to the need of some women for long-acting, effective and safe contraceptives, the scientific community developed non-biodegradable progestational subdermal implants that act by making the cervical mucus viscous, with ovulation inhibition and thinning of the endometrial lining. The contraceptive protection is within 24 hours and the cumulative failure rate is low. Contraceptive implants require little or no motivation following adequate counselling. In current use are multirod implants (Norplant I and Norplant II Jadelle) and single rod implant (Implanon and Uniplant). Although menstrual symptoms associated with progestational regimens are the major compliance and acceptability factors within the first year of use, menstrual disturbance generally improves. Continuation rates for implant use are high among those who have had adequate pre-insertion counselling because the perceived advantages greatly outweigh the nuisance effects. Other side effects of implants are similar to those observed with hormonal pills--headache, weight changes, mood swings and abdominal bloating. Training of physicians and nurses in the art of insertion and removal techniques is a pre-requisite for a successful implant programme. This should also be backed by integration of implants into the national commodity logistics systems to ensure adequate local budgetary provision for contraceptive implant procurement rather than reliance on donor supply.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Lessons from an audit of unplanned pregnancies.

To determine the effectiveness of contraceptive use a two year audit of pregnant women registered in one group practice was carried out. The methods of contraception used by women with unplanned pregnancies were studied and the rates of failure assessed. Of the 518 pregnancies during the study, 187 (36%) were unplanned. Unplanned pregnancies were most common in the 15-19 age group (54 out of 187), and women aged under 25 used contraceptives less reliably than women aged 25 and over. The combined pill was the most effective method of contraception in all age groups. The methods that resulted in most unplanned pregnancies were the sheath in women aged 25 and over and incorrect use of oral contraceptive or no contraception in those aged under 25. The fear of side effects was an important reason why women did not use the combined pill, being cited by 22 out of 134 women, and inappropriate medical advice was cited by a further 20 women. More discussion between doctors and patients and readily available information on the use of oral contraceptives might help to reduce the number of unplanned pregnancies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[The psychoanalytic approach to contraception today (author's transl)].

The authors look at a consultation for contraception from the point of view of the doctor and emphasize the unusual character of this consultation: on the one hand the doctor is not asked to exercise his usual therapeutic function, and on the other hand he is put into the position where he has to be a "sexual educator", a particularly delicate position to be in especially when dealing with adolescents. The authors look then at the subject from the point of view of the patient who is consulting the doctor for contraceptive services and distinguish three stages: The patient or rather the consultee who is in full reproductive life and who asks for contraception (and its failures) in relationship to the ups and downs of her unconscious desire to have a child; the consultee at the end of her reproductive life who tries to establish a relationship of patient to doctor by avoiding a list of morbid symptoms; and particularly the adolescent whose demand for contraception is very delicate (as all medical interventions are at this age), and where the doctor finds himself in the privileged position of being able to restore individuality to the adolescent by refusing to allow the consultation to be directed by the mother.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Family planning measures, February 1988.

In early 1988, family planning (FP) measures were announced by Mr. Liang Jimin, spokesman for the Chinese State FP Commission. The major points of the measures include: 1) stressing the leading role of the recent reform in general, 2) stabilizing FP policies, and 3) strengthening the organizational frameworks at the grassroots level and improving program performance in backward regions. The policies were explained in detail as follows: "1) to introduce a 'FP contract responsibility system' throughout the country, in order to guarantee the fulfillment of government targets of population plans, such as contracts between governments at different levels, contracts between local government and FP departments; 2) to include the performance of local FP programs as one of the criteria for evaluating the achievements of government officials at various levels, such as relevant provisions in officials' term contracts; 3) to sign FP contracts between couples at reproductive ages and local governments, such as local governments responsible for allocating birth quotas, providing contraceptive equipment and services, and paying incentives and subsidies; the couples would be responsible for using contraceptives and planning births; 4) to improve social security schemes with respect to FP, such as old-age pensions for couples with one child who have undertaken sterilization, only-child life insurance, and contraceptive operation insurance; 5) to increase the proportion of only children among all births and strictly control the quota of authorized second-births in rural areas; 6) to improve education and FP services by relying on community FP associations or "Key Households of FP", to help increase the use rate and reduce the failure rate of contraceptives, increase the quality of contraceptive operations, and reduce the incidence of induced abortion; 7) to adopt measures to eliminate early marriage and early reproduction and introduce population education in middle schools; 8) to enact new laws and regulations, such as 'regulations concerning FP administration at the grassroots level units' and 'regulations concerning FP administration of the highly mobile population'; 9) to increase international exchange and cooperation and import advanced technology and equipment for contraception."

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Initial UK experience of the levonorgestrel-releasing contraceptive intravaginal ring.

A study was performed to establish the tolerance, acceptability and associated efficacy of a levonorgestrel-releasing intravaginal ring (IVR) in a sample of British women requiring contraception. This was achieved with an open non-randomized prospective study of 1710 women aged 18-40 years, recruited in 75 centers geographically spread around the UK using an IVR designed to release 20 microg/day of levonorgestrel. Assessments were made at baseline, after 6 weeks, after 3 months and then 3-monthly. After initial insertion of the IVR, it was changed at 3-monthly intervals. A total of 1591 women were eligible for analysis, with 572 available after 12 months and 34 after 24 months of use. Life-table analysis revealed pregnancy rates of 5.1% and 6.5% at 12 months and 24 months, respectively. The IVR was rated as acceptable or very acceptable as a form of contraceptive by 60.7% of women at 12 months. The most common adverse events were menstrual disturbance, headache and vaginal discharge. No significant pattern of biochemical, hematological, microbiological or cytological abnormalities was found but vaginal erythematous lesions were noted at some centers. This IVR was found to be a generally well-accepted method of contraception with a failure rate comparable to some other progestogenonly methods. On this basis, further development of hormone-releasing intravaginal rings is justified.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1995

Contraception in the adolescent patient.

Having presented an overview of the available methods of contraception, the authors present one approach to prescribing contraceptives based on their experience. First, adolescent patients in our practice are discouraged from engaging in sexual intercourse. Abstinence is the only fail-safe method of contraception and provides benefits both emotionally and physically (i.e., prevention from sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies). If the adolescent plans to be sexually active, however, she is encouraged to select some form of hormonal contraception, namely Norplant, Depo-Provera, or oral contraceptives, in conjunction with condoms. The authors have had little success recommending barrier methods alone. Condoms are used sporadically and the diaphragm is very awkward for adolescents who are still uncomfortable with their bodies and with touching themselves. Of the three hormonal methods, Depo-Provera seems to be well-accepted by our patients. It offers several advantages that we believe make it attractive. First, it does not require any forethought by the patient other than coming in for the injection every 3 months. There is an effective grace period, so the patient is afforded good contraception even if she is up to a month late for her injection. The frequent visits for injections actually can be looked upon as positive, frequent contacts with the patient and can provide opportunities for counseling. In addition, some patients become amenorrheic, which teens view as an advantage, increasing compliance. If it is not likely that a patient will be compliant with every-3-month injections, Norplant is recommended. Studies have shown good acceptance of Norplant by adolescents and that has been the experience of the authors. With appropriate counseling prior to insertion and a counseling session with patients who request removal, the number of actual Norplant removals has been limited. If Depo-Provera and Norplant are not acceptable to the patient, then oral contraceptives are recommended. Of the three methods, more opportunities for failure exist with oral contraceptives. Pills are missed for a variety of reasons, including going away for the weekend; not having a regular schedule, which can interrupt pill-taking; and even ambivalence about becoming pregnant. One recent study demonstrated certain patient characteristics that were associated with good compliance with oral contraceptives, including white race, higher education level, suburban residence, and older age of both the patient and her mate. Keeping these characteristics in mind may be helpful when prescribing oral contraceptives. Of course, it is the patient's prerogative to choose the type of contraception she feels will be best suited for her.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) antibodies in a family-planning population.

Blind testing of 743 women who attended an inner-city hospital family-planning clinic showed 8 (1.1%) patients to have serum antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1). A retrospective chart survey did not show an association between HIV-1 antibody seropositivity and ethnicity, marital status, education, history of sexually transmitted diseases, drug and/or alcohol use, and contraceptive method. This failure to establish previously reported correlation may be a function of methods, sample size, or reflect a different population. Nonetheless, the seroprevalence the authors found shows that all patients in a family-planning clinic setting should be offered HIV-1 antibody testing.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Contraceptive use-effectiveness and the American adolescent.

Contraceptive use-effectiveness is significantly shaped by the contraceptors' ages, for pregnancy rates are found to be a function of age. Teenagers are more failure prone than older contracepting women, regardless of method. This higher teenage failure rate can indicate clearly the use-effectiveness of various contraceptive methods. Consequently, both user and method (whether modern or traditional) determine outcome levels of contraceptive use-effectiveness.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2005

A qualitative study of women's use of emergency contraception.

BACKGROUND: While the use of emergency contraception (EC) is becoming more widespread in Australia, little is known about the reasons for, and the social context of, this use. METHODS: In order to explore the use of EC from the perspective of users, a qualitative study was conducted with women presenting to one of three health care settings in Melbourne, Australia for EC. RESULTS: Thirty-two women ranging in age from 18 to 45 years were interviewed. While a number of themes were discussed with the women, this paper reports on four 'types of users' of EC identified from the data. 'Controllers' experienced failure of their contraceptive method and were very uncomfortable needing EC. They changed their contraceptive strategy in an attempt to avoid needing EC in the future. 'Thwarted controllers' were similar to controllers except that they could not improve their contraceptive strategy due to medical or social limitations. 'Risk takers' saw the use of EC as a component of their overall contraceptive strategy. They did not rely on EC regularly, but were comfortable to use it occasionally when the need arose. A final group of women were 'caught short' by a sexual experience that was unplanned and therefore they did not manage to use their chosen contraceptive strategy. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this study challenge the assumptions that are often made about the users of EC and highlight the need to acknowledge the different ways that women make sense of, and make decisions about, contraception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Somatic complications and contraceptive techniques following legal abortion.

The purpose of this study was to establish the frequency of complications following legal abortion at our hospital, and also to examine the use of contraceptives among these patients. All women who requested abortion in the first or second trimester up to week 15 during an 8-month period (n = 1000) were included in the study. The patients were characterized with regard to age, parity, previous abortion, contraceptive technique before and after the abortion, presence of endocervical/urethral Chlamydia trachomatis and frequency and type of somatic complications following the abortion. The overall frequency of complications (infection, bleeding, recurettage) was 5.4%, and 2.7% were readmitted to the hospital. No certain relation between complication rate and gestational length, age or parity was seen, possibly related to selective prostaglandin pretreatment of the cervix and doxycycline treatment of patients with positive cultures for Chlamydia trachomatis. In contrast to previous Scandinavian studies, we found a smaller proportion of young patients, a low percentage of Chlamydial infections, and an unchanged high rate of failure to use contraceptives.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed2003

Appropriate methods for analyzing the effect of method choice on contraceptive discontinuation.

The contraceptive method chosen is an important determinant of contraceptive discontinuation. However, method choice is endogenous to contraceptive discontinuation. Using data from the 1997 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey, we apply a multilevel multi-process model to examine the impact of method choice on three types of contraceptive discontinuation. We confirm that method choice is endogenous to the processes of contraceptive abandonment and method switching, but not failure. Ignoring the endogeneity of contraceptive choice leads to various biases in the magnitude of estimated effects of method choice on abandonment and method switching, but the general conclusions are robust to these biases.

Adult↗
PubMed1972

Clinical and laboratory findings in a trial of norgestrel, a low-dose progestogen-only contraceptive.

Norgestrel, a progestogen-only oral contraceptive, was given continually at a dose of 75 mug/day to 144 women of proved fertility. It was an efficient contraceptive with a failure rate of 2.1% (assessed by the "life-table" method) within the first 12 cycles and 3.6% within the first 30 cycles (or 2.0 conceptions per 100 woman-years when assessed by the Pearl index). The overall conception rate for the entire trial period was 2.1% and 1.3 pregnancies per 100 woman-years respectively. Norgestrel caused a high proportion of irregular and generally short bleeding intervals, about one-fifth of the cycles lasting less than 17 days. This irregularity appeared to be due to individual variance in cycle length between women rather than that between their successive cycles. No confirmed instances of thromboembolism were observed. Norgestrel apparently exerts its contraceptive action by several mechanisms: reduction in the sperm penetrability of the cervical mucus and an impairment of luteal function appear important. The serum concentrations of cholesterol and globulin were significantly reduced in women taking norgestrel. Preliminary observations suggest that on discontinuing the medication fertility is promptly restored. Of the 144 women originally enrolled 57 (40%) withdrew for reasons connected with the method before completing 30 months on trial, over half of them because of the irregular menstrual pattern. Nonetheless, in view of its main clinical and laboratory characteristics and simple mode of administration, norgestrel appears to be a useful alternative to the combined type of pill for women unsuitable for, or unable to tolerate, oestrogen-containing preparations.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗