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At least 1,117 records · Page 62Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

The use of intonation to communicate in pervasive developmental disorders.

The objective of this paper was to employ a functional linguistic approach to explore pragmatic failure in the spontaneous speech of subjects with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). Patterns of intonation use were compared among subjects with Asperger's syndrome (AS), high-functioning autism (HFA), and psychiatric out-patient controls (OPC) with a variety of non-specific social problems. Written transcripts and audio-recordings were used to measure rates of various intonation types relative to the amount of speech produced. The major finding of the study was that the HFA subjects less often tend to employ useful patterns of intonation for communication than the AS or OPC groups. This suggests that HFA either send random intonation signals to hearers or else demonstrate systematic misuse of the linguistic system. AS subjects differed little from the controls. The implications of these results for understanding the communicative failure of PDD subjects is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Early regression in social communication in autism spectrum disorders: a CPEA Study.

In a multisite study of 351 children with autism spectrum disorders, 21 children with developmental delays, and 31 children with typical development, this study used caregiver interviews (i.e., the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised) at the time of entry into other research projects and follow-up telephone interviews designed for this project to describe the children's early acquisition and loss of social-communication milestones. Children who had used words spontaneously and meaningfully and then stopped talking were described by their caregivers as showing more gestures, greater participation in social games, and better receptive language before the loss and fewer of these skills after the loss than other children with autism spectrum disorders. A significant minority of children with autism without word loss showed a very similar pattern of loss of social-communication skills, a pattern not observed in the children with developmental delays or typical development.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Augmentative and alternative communication.

With the help of a knowledgeable interdisciplinary team, individuals can find the best AAC system to meet their needs and enrich their quality of life. A new-found ability to communicate often significantly improves a person's overall prognosis and may prevent serious problems in the areas of behavior, learning, reading, and social development. However, because an AAC system is just one component of multimodal communication, it should not inhibit the use of speech by individuals who have some usable or functional speech. It is important to understand that AAC is a process and that an AAC system will evolve over time to meet the changing preferences, dislikes, and abilities of the user as that individual strives to accomplish communication goals.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed1982

Communication development and its disorders: a psycholinguistic perspective.

There is a reciprocal relationship between the study of language disorders and research in normal language development. Recent studies in normal acquisition have led to a model of language development that includes not only linguistic achievements, but the development of social and cognitive abilities that lay the basis for the transition from prelinguistic communication to the use of conventional forms. This model has been applied to the study of developmental disorders of language learning. Such a model allows the more puzzling disorders of language development, such as childhood aphasia and primary autism, to be placed in a framework that predicts language disruption when underlying perceptual, cognitive, or social abilities are lacking. Assessment procedures that can be drawn from the model of language disorders are presented. It is argued that the study of these disabilities is important in the building of theoretical models of intact language processing that specify more precisely the contribution of underlying skills to overall functioning. Questions for future research that serve this reciprocal purpose are discussed.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1999

Communicative intentions and language: evidence from right-hemisphere damage and autism.

In this review article, it is argued that the wide range of communicative deficits that have been noted in both individuals with damage to the right cerebral hemisphere (RHD) and high-functioning individuals with autism may stem from difficulties appreciating the importance of their interlocutor's communicative intentions (CIs). It is also argued that the abnormal semantic development noted in infants with RHD and autism may be related to difficulties in appreciating CIs as well. Finally, it is suggested that the CIs hypothesis may provide an avenue for integrating a number of theoretical suggestions that have been made regarding the right hemisphere's contributions to communicative competence.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Quantitative trait locus analysis of nonverbal communication in autism spectrum disorder.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental syndrome marked by impairments in social interactive functioning and communication skills, and the presence of repetitive and restrictive behaviors. Twin and linkage studies provide evidence that ASD is heritable and genetically complex. Genetic analyses of familial quantitative traits in those with ASD may help to reveal underlying risk genes. We report a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of nonverbal communication (NVC) in 228 families from the autism genetics resource exchange (AGRE) ascertained for at least two siblings with ASD. QTL at 1p13-q12, 4q21-25, 7q35, 8q23-24, and 16p12-13 indicate that genes at these loci may contribute to the variation in NVC among those with ASD. Using the criteria of Lander and Kruglyak, the QTL at 1p13-q12 is 'suggestive', while the other four are 'possible'. To assess whether these QTL are likely to harbor genes contributing specifically to the deficits in NVC, linkage analysis of ASD sibships with the most severe NVC scores was conducted. The sibships were identified by ordered-subset analyses (OSA), and families with the most severe NVC scores displayed lod scores of 3.4 at 8q23-24 and 3.8 at 16p12-13, indicating that these two regions are likely to harbor gene(s) contributing to ASD by predisposing to deficits in NVC.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Childhood autism: deficits of communication and symbolic development. I. Distinctions from language disorders.

The present paper reviews, outlines, and explores the literature concerned with the speech-language disorder of childhood autism. The problems of communication of the autistic child are compared and contrasted with those of children with a variety of other language disorders (e.g. receptive developmental dysphasia). Based upon the review of normal preverbal communicatory and symbolic development, it is concluded that childhood autism involves a pervasive language disorder encompassing communication in general, as well as certain symbolic-representational abilities necessary for language. An overview of the attempts to teach speech to autistic children in then undertaken with special emphasis on the possible implications of developmental knowledge for these training pursuits. Finally, the role of neurologic substrates in the language and communication disorder of autism is presented.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1993

Treatment for clients with cumulative trauma disorders: using an educational model to communicate choices.

1. Cumulative trauma disorders comprise more than half of all occupational injuries reported in the U.S. 2. Lack of clear definition about cumulative trauma disorders causes confusion for clients in the workers' compensation system. 3. A teaching poster about cumulative trauma disorders was developed (describing prevention, acute care, and rehabilitation) to assist clients in understanding this disorder. Emphasis was placed on clients' choice in decision making about treatment. 4. Evaluation was carried out using a survey questionnaire. The majority of clients thought the poster was "helpful" or "very helpful." Actual behavioral change was most noticeable in the categories of "took steps to reduce risk factors" and "asked more questions about care."

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed2005

The effect of preventability and severity levels of a genetic disorder on desire to communicate genetic testing information to family members.

This study examined the impact of severity and preventability of a genetic disorder on belief that genetic test results should be shared with family members, desire to be tested, and opinions about physician?s role in sharing information. Participants were 359 undergraduate students who received one of four descriptions of a fictitious genetic disorder called hemocythemia (i.e., factorial combination of high versus low disease preventability and high versus low disease severity). Logistic regression analyses indicated that disease severity and preventability did not influence agreement that genetic information should be shared with family members, interest in being tested for the disorder, or agreement that physicians should share genetic information without permission. Those who read about the disorder as preventable were more likely to agree that their family members should be tested for the disorder (odds ratio [OR] = 1.82, p < 0.05). Females, African Americans, and those of other races were more likely to agree that they would want their family members tested for hemocythemia than males or European Americans (p < 0.05). Describing the disorder as preventable minimized the effect of the severity manipulation on perception of disease severity (p < 0.05). Understanding a disorder to be preventable may increase encouragement of family members to be tested and affect perceived seriousness of the condition.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Regulation of intercellular tight junctions by zonula occludens toxin and its eukaryotic analogue zonulin.

The intestinal epithelium represents the largest interface between the external environment and the internal host milieu and constitutes the major barrier through which molecules can either be absorbed or secreted. There is now substantial evidence that tight junctions (tj) play a major role in regulating epithelial permeability by influencing paracellular flow of fluid and solutes. Tj are one of the hallmarks of absorptive and secretory epithelia. Evidence now exists that tj are dynamic rather than static structures and readily adapt to a variety of developmental, physiological, and pathological circumstances. These adaptive mechanisms are still incompletely understood. Activation of PKC either by Zonula occludens toxin (Zot) or by phorbol esters increases paracellular permeability. Alteration of epithelial tj is a recently described property for infectious agents. Clostridium difficile toxin A and B and influenza and vesicular stomatitis viruses have been shown to loosen tj in tissue culture monolayers. Unlike what occurs after the Zot stimulus, these changes appear to be irreversible and are associated with destruction of the tj complex. On the basis of this observation, we postulated that Zot may mimic the effect of a functionally and immunologically related endogenous modulator of epithelial tj. We were able to identify an intestinal Zot analogue, which we named zonulin. It is conceivable that the zonulins participate in the physiological regulation of intercellular tj not only in the small intestine, but also throughout a wide range of extraintestinal epithelia as well as the ubiquitous vascular endothelium, including the blood-brain barrier. Disregulation of this hypothetical zonulin model may contribute to disease states that involve disordered intercellular communication, including developmental and intestinal disorders, tissue inflammation, malignant transformation, and metastasis.

Cholera Toxin↗
PubMed1998

Prenatal alcohol exposure and communication, behavior, and nonverbal intelligence of 3 school-age children.

Associations of prenatal alcohol exposure in speech, language, behavioral, and intellectual development were investigated in three school-aged children diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, accompanied by Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Each child showed similar patterns of moderate-to-severe dysfunctional behavior; however, their scores on speech, language and nonverbal intellectual measures were highly variable.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗