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PubMed2002

Improving Alzheimer's Disease-Related Cognitive Deficits with sigma1 Receptor Agonists.

Treating dementia of the Alzheimer's type is a terrible challenge that will require an innovative pharmacological strategy simultaneously addressing symptoms and causes of the complex neurodegenerative process involved in Alzheimer's disease. The present review will outline the most recent data, albeit restricted to preliminary preclinical studies, suggesting that the sigma(1) receptor agonist may present some efficacy. The sigma(1) receptor is a unique intraneuronal protein that modulates intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization and extracellular Ca(2+) influx, leading to a wide spectrum of neuromodulatory activity. At the behavioral level, sigma(1)-receptor agonists are antiamnesic and anti-depressant drugs. The sigma(1) receptor is also one of the receptors at which neurosteroids act to exert their rapid nongenomic effects in the brain. In particular, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an endogenous sigma(1) agonist and progesterone, a potent antagonist of the sigma(1) receptor. The beta-amyloid protein-related toxicity induces important disturbances of neurosteroid syntheses and releases mechanisms, particularly by affecting the corticotropin-releasing hormone systems. In turn, sigma(1)-receptor agonists showed an enhanced efficacy in animal models of Alzheimer's disease-related learning impairments or depressive responses. In addition, selective sigma(1) agonists, as well as DHEA, showed marked neuroprotective activity in vitro against oxidative stress-related damages. Acting chronically through the sigma(1) receptor may indeed offer a new way to alleviate the cognitive disturbances observed in Alzheimer's disease and promote long-term improvements. (c) 2002 Prous Science. All rights reserved.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

A comparative study of student MLT traits and articulation interests.

Allied health community college students have not been characterized according to their intentions to pursue a health careers ladder. This paper describes an analysis of the demographic-biographic, cognitive, psychomotor, and affective profiles of 326 female second-year MLT students contrasted with their articulation interests. The articulation categories included AAS termination, delayed MT transfer, immediate MT transfer, and non-MT continuation. Chi-square analysis and analysis of variance revealed few statistical differences between such articulation interests and test outcomes. Results are interpreted and directions for future study are presented.

Career Choice↗
PubMed1979

The use of examination content guidelines in teaching clinical microbiology.

The concept of using examination content guidelines as sources for curriculum content is presented, using the ASCP Board of Registry grids and a task list developed for HEW as a basis for proficiency examinations. The grid structure is related to Bloom's taxonomic levels, and a brief explanation of each level is included. A comparison of the grid structure and task list format is made, and specific examples of the use of each are offered.

Classification↗
PubMed2000

Subjective well-being. The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index.

One area of positive psychology analyzes subjective well-being (SWB), people's cognitive and affective evaluations of their lives. Progress has been made in understanding the components of SWB, the importance of adaptation and goals to feelings of well-being, the temperament underpinnings of SWB, and the cultural influences on well-being. Representative selection of respondents, naturalistic experience sampling measures, and other methodological refinements are now used to study SWB and could be used to produce national indicators of happiness.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Lower serum leptin levels in female students of the nutritional sciences with eating disorders.

BACKGROUND: Evidence has accumulated that in both acutely ill and recovered patients with either anorexia or bulimia nervosa circulating leptin levels (LL) are lower than in controls matched for body mass index (BMI; kg/m(2)). It is unknown if these lower leptin levels represent a state or trait marker. AIM OF THE STUDY: We aimed to confirm the lowered leptin levels in eating disordered females and to identify underlying mechanisms. METHODS: We screened 181 female students of the nutritional sciences for eating disorders with the respective module of the M-Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the Cognitive Restraint scale of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire. The physical assessment included determinations of BMI, body composition and LL. Each case fulfilling lifetime DSM-IV criteria for an eating disorder was BMI matched to two controls. We used a multivariate mixed regression model to evaluate if the observed difference in lg(10)-leptin level between cases and controls is actually due to the influence of restrained eating and/or previous weight loss after adjustment for BMI and percent body fat. RESULTS: In accordance with our hypothesis the 32 (17.7 %) cases had a lower serum lg(10)-leptin level than the 64 BMI matched controls (one-sided p < 0.001). We were not able to detect an influence of restrained eating or previous weight loss. CONCLUSIONS: We confirm that females with a lifetime history of an eating disorder have lower LL. We were not able to identify an underlying mechanism. Similar to most previous studies we found a high rate of eating disorders among female students of nutritional sciences.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Future opportunities for life science programs in space.

Most space-related life science programs are expensive and time-consuming, requiring international cooperation and resources with trans-disciplinary expertise. A comprehensive future program in "life sciences in space" needs, therefore, well-defined research goals and strategies as well as a sound ground-based program. The first half of this review will describe four key aspects such as the environment in space, previous accomplishments in space (primarily focusing on amphibian embryogenesis), available resources, and recent advances in bioinformatics and biotechnology, whose clear understanding is imperative for defining future directions. The second half of this review will focus on a broad range of interdisciplinary research opportunities currently supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Health (NIH), and National Science Foundation (NSF). By listing numerous research topics such as alterations in a diffusion-limited metabolic process, bone loss and skeletal muscle weakness of astronauts, behavioral and cognitive ability in space, life in extreme environment, etc., we will attempt to suggest future opportunities.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Orthographic learning during reading: examining the role of self-teaching.

Thirty-four second grade children read target homophonic pseudowords (e.g., slurst/slirst) in the context of real stories in a test of the self-teaching theory of early reading acquisition. The degree of orthographic learning was assessed with three converging tasks: homophonic choice, spelling, and target naming. Each of the tasks indicated that orthographic learning had taken place because processing of target homophones (e.g., yait) was superior to that of their homophonic controls (e.g., yate). Consistent with the self-teaching hypothesis, we obtained a substantial correlation (r=.52) between orthographic learning and the number of target homophones correctly decoded during story reading. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that neither RAN tasks nor general cognitive ability predicted variance in orthographic learning once the number of target homophones correctly decoded during story reading had been partialed out. In contrast, a measure of orthographic knowledge predicted variance in orthographic learning once the number of targets correctly decoded had been partialed. The development of orthographic knowledge appears to be not entirely parasitic on decoding ability. (c) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).

Child↗
PubMed1999

On the scientific standing of psychoanalysis.

This paper speaks for the claim that psychoanalysis qualifies as a scientific enterprise. It will derive from the conceptual and evidential structure of psychoanalysis a causal empirical hypothesis that admits of scientific intraclinical testing. Relevant topics from the philosophy of science (especially the nature of causal explanation and the work of Grünbaum) and the psychoanalytic theories of pathogenesis and therapeutic action are discussed in a preliminary way to create a framework for the demonstration. The dynamic unconscious is examined as the core causal concept of psychoanalysis. Taken together with an account of the structure of the mental apparatus, a coherent picture of mental causation (the propagation of an unconscious impulse) comes into view. This leads to the formulation of a set of clinical propositions that unite to generate a causal empirical hypothesis based solely on data from the analytic setting--namely, that the transferences and symptoms that appear in free association in the analytic situation possess an interrelational structure that is theoretically implied and can be statistically confirmed.

Cognition↗
PubMed2000

Borderline personality disorder. Overview of biologic factors.

Exploring the biology of neurotransmitters and polymorphic genes that influence behavior most certainly will increase understanding of the complexity of personality disorders and the people who suffer with them. Continuing biologic exploration of the personality disorders will also provide new and valuable information that will inform and direct ever more sophisticated and specific psychiatric treatments. Further, it will supply knowledge that might begin to erode the strong biases and negative labels that have for too long been applied to these patients. These labels may have been applied not because these patients are bad people, but because of ignorance in understanding their complexity and limited ability to improve their condition. Nonetheless, clinicians must refrain from concluding that the answers to all problems in psychiatric treatment can be answered by the molecular geneticist or biologic researcher. As Reiss et al have written when speaking about nonshared environmental effects and its role in the development of psychopathology: "Psychiatry has been forced into the chronically uncomfortable position of straddling biomedicine and the social sciences and seems always to hunger for relief.... [Yet] the data simply do not permit a conception of the future centered on a straightforward biomedical answer to the fundamental question of the pathogenesis of major disorders. Indeed, a balanced image of the future contains a growing and equal partnership of the social sciences and molecular biology."

Borderline Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1984

Science and psychoanalysis.

A philosophical approach is suggested which regards scientific laws as based upon the structure of the universe but fully open-ended in that the structure does not determine what must occur but only what cannot occur. There are thus infinite future possibilities but nevertheless a firm orderly system which permits reliable expectations within the limits of the system while at the same time there is scope for free will in a real sense. Such a view admits the limitations of a falsification-of-hypotheses approach to research insofar as it depends upon the single-case basis of refutation. However it finds no problems with regard to a multivariate analysis of data assessed in terms of probability theory and considered in relation to its consistency with the total body of scientific theory, which it sees as having its basis in a 'thingness' concept that is both fundamental in our perceptual activity and acceptable as a basis for understanding the systematic orderliness of our mental experiences.

Cognition↗
PubMed2004

The role of representative design in an ecological approach to cognition.

Egon Brunswik argued that psychological processes are adapted to environmental properties. He proposed the method of representative design to capture these processes and advocated that psychology be a science of organism-environment relations. Representative design involves randomly sampling stimuli from the environment or creating stimuli in which environmental properties are preserved. This departs from systematic design. The authors review the development of representative design, examine its use in judgment and decision-making research, and demonstrate the effect of design on research findings. They suggest that some of the practical difficulties associated with representative design may be overcome with modern technologies. The importance of representative design in psychology and the implications of this method for ecological approaches to cognition are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Working memory: neuropsychological and neurobiological issues].

Working memory denotes an ability to remember information for a short-time and to manipulate it. The memory allows including correct information depending on the situation, to keep the information on present activities for a while and enables changing the reaction according to new criteria. The relation between working memory and efficiency of complex cognitive processes and also with the control of emotional processes, plasticity of behaviour and consciousness was demonstrated. Working memory is connected with the activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the brain. Recently, it has been shown, that working memory disturbances play an important role in the aetiopathogenesis of psychiatric disturbances such as schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder. Working memory disturbances are also shown in a proportion of healthy first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorders. Working memory disturbances are presently regarded as a cognitive endophenotypic marker of vulnerability to these illnesses. In recent years, an association between working memory abilities and activity of different neurotransmitters, especially with the dopaminergic system in the brain, has been shown. Molecular genetic studies show an association between working memory abilities and polymorphism of the dopaminergic system genes in schizophrenia and polymorphism of BDNF gene in bipolar affective disorders. So far not much data about the genetics of working memory in healthy subjects has been gathered. Currently in Poland such research is carried on in the Clinical Neuropsychology Unit Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz in cooperation with the Department of Adult Psychiatry and Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics University of Medical Sciences in Poznań.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed2004

The equivalence of learning paths in early science instruction: effect of direct instruction and discovery learning.

In a study with 112 third- and fourth-grade children, we measured the relative effectiveness of discovery learning and direct instruction at two points in the learning process: (a) during the initial acquisition of the basic cognitive objective (a procedure for designing and interpreting simple, unconfounded experiments) and (b) during the subsequent transfer and application of this basic skill to more diffuse and authentic reasoning associated with the evaluation of science-fair posters. We found not only that many more children learned from direct instruction than from discovery learning, but also that when asked to make broader, richer scientific judgments, the many children who learned about experimental design from direct instruction performed as well as those few children who discovered the method on their own. These results challenge predictions derived from the presumed superiority of discovery approaches in teaching young children basic procedures for early scientific investigations.

Achievement↗
PubMed2006

Is mortality increased in mildly cognitively impaired individuals? A systematic literature review.

Numerous studies have focused on the effect of mild cognitive impairment in elderly people. However, the impact of mild cognitive impairment on mortality has rarely been considered so far. This paper reviews recent work on mild cognitive impairment and its mortality risk. Relevant articles were identified by a systematic search of the literature published since 1990 using the databases PubMed, Web of Science and PSYNDEXplus, bibliographies of articles identified and of earlier reviews. Those studies were considered which predominantly included persons aged 65 and over and which relied on population-based samples. Thus only eight studies could be identified. In general, the relative risk (RR) for subjects with mild cognitive impairment according to different concepts in comparison to non-affected persons varies from 1.0 to 1.9. However, only few studies are available, and a comparison of the literature is problematic, due to variations in criteria and methodology.

Aged↗