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Results for “Child Behavior Disorders”

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PubMed2005

Systems analysis of stress and positive perceptions in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism.

Systemic analyses of psychological functioning in families of children with autism have typically shown that parents report different experiences (e.g., stress) and that siblings may also be affected. The purpose of the present research was more explicitly to address relationships between child, partner, and parent variables. Parents of 48 children with autism (41 mother-father pairs) reported on child characteristics, and their own stress and mental health. Mothers were found to report both more depression and more positive perceptions than fathers. Regression analyses revealed that paternal stress and positive perceptions were predicted by maternal depression; maternal stress was predicted by their children's behavior problems (not adaptive behavior or autism symptoms) and by their partner's depression. The future testing of the mechanisms underlying these results is discussed. In addition, the need is emphasized for more systemic analyses to understand the psychological functioning of children with autism and their siblings and parents.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Antidepressant treatments in children and adolescents: II. Anxiety, physical, and behavioral disorders.

Part II of this review critically evaluates antidepressants' (AD) efficacy in children and adolescents with anxiety, physical, and behavioral disorders as well as AD's side-effect spectrum. AD are administered increasingly to youths with specific anxiety syndromes phenomenologically paralleling those in adults which are responsive to AD (e.g., panic, obsessive-compulsive disorders). While several trials have not substantiated earlier theoretical considerations suggesting their usefulness in separation anxiety, their recent success in ameliorating obsessive-compulsive symptoms is encouraging. Systematic drug treatment studies however are limited because of the common overlap of anxiety syndromes with each other and other prominent psychiatric disturbances. More consistent benefits with AD are seen in the physical (e.g., enuresis, bulimia nervosa) and behavioral disorders (e.g., attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder). The wide-ranging benefits of AD in nonaffective disorders suggest AD are more appropriately viewed as broad spectrum pharmacotherapeutics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Therapy program for children with hyperkinetic and oppositional problem behavior--organization and single case evaluation].

After a review of the research on the effectiveness of the different treatment modalities used in multimodal treatment of children with hyperkinetic disorders, a decision tree is described for planning multimodal treatment for school-aged children. Differences in treating preschool children are discussed. A mulitmodal treatment program for children with hyperkinetic and oppositional behavior problems is then described. It can be used for children aged 3 to 12 years old. The program has two parts, the parent-child program and the teacher-child program. The program contains intervention units that can be combined as necessary depending on the individual problem configuration. A case study is presented to illustrate the effects of this program in combination with stimulant medication.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2007

The Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised: independent validation in individuals with autism spectrum disorders.

A key feature of autism is restricted repetitive behavior (RRB). Despite the significance of RRBs, little is known about their phenomenology, assessment, and treatment. The Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R) is a recently-developed questionnaire that captures the breadth of RRB in autism. To validate the RBS-R in an independent sample, we conducted a survey within the South Carolina Autism Society. A total of 320 caregivers (32%) responded. Factor analysis produced a five-factor solution that was clinically meaningful and statistically sound. The factors were labeled "Ritualistic/Sameness Behavior," "Stereotypic Behavior," "Self-injurious Behavior," "Compulsive Behavior," and "Restricted Interests." Measures of internal consistency were high for this solution, and interrater reliability data suggested that the RBS-R performs well in outpatient settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Preadolescent children of substance-dependent fathers with antisocial personality disorder: psychiatric disorders and problem behaviors.

We compared psychiatric disorders and problem behavior scores in pre-adolescent children of fathers with alcohol or other drug dependence and ASP (SD+/ASP+), children whose fathers had substance dependence without ASP (SD+/ASP-), and children whose fathers were without either disorder (SD-/ASP-). SD+/ASP+ children showed elevated rates of major depression, conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and separation anxiety disorder when compared to SD+/ASP- and SD-/ASP- children. SD+/ASP+ children had higher internalizing and externalizing problem behavior scores than the other two groups of children. The results suggest that SD+/ASP+ children are at significant risk for internalizing and externalizing psychopathology.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1991

Competence in long-term perspective.

The concept of competence seems to be duovocal. In one sense, competence has been viewed as abilities or attitudes leading to academic and occupational achievement. In the other, competence represents the converse of antisocial, disruptive behavior-what might be viewed as a dimension of social adjustment. The purpose of the present study is to shed light on the development of competence defined both as achievement and as adjustment.

Achievement↗
PubMed1987

Parental perception of behavioral symptoms in Japanese autistic children.

A diagnostic questionnaire was used to study the abnormalities that parents first noticed, the ages at which parents first noticed these early symptoms, and the main problems the parents complained about in the first consultation. In this study, parents of 141 autistic children below the age of 12 were employed. Approximately 71% of the parents noticed abnormalities in their autistic children by the age of 2 1/2 years. Parents of older autistic children tended more often to report symptoms of mental retardation, ritualistic behavior, and self-injury. This study showed that the Japanese peak of abnormal social behavior, including autistic symptoms as reported by parents, was from the ages of 3 years to approximately 9 years, compared with the U.S. and European peak of 3 to 6 years.

Attitude↗
PubMed1992

Identification of children at risk at the police station and the prevention of delinquency.

In 1978 the World Health Organization suggested that the efficient use of health resources in a global context means paying special attention to those in greatest need. The aim of community health services should be, among other activities, to identify those "at risk" as early as possible in their lives and to intervene directly to reduce that risk (Skuse 1987). In the area of behavioral development, problems are frequently reported: In the Netherlands about 26% of all children appear to have some difficulties with behavioral development (Verhulst 1985). Set in the context of the WHO recommendation, these figures stress the point that early intervention with regard to children at risk should receive high priority from community educational health services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Using the picture exchange communication system (PECS) with children with autism: assessment of PECS acquisition, speech, social-communicative behavior, and problem behavior.

The picture exchange communication system (PECS) is an augmentative communication system frequently used with children with autism (Bondy & Frost, 1994; Siegel, 2000; Yamall, 2000). Despite its common clinical use, no well-controlled empirical investigations have been conducted to test the effectiveness of PECS. Using a multiple baseline design, the present study examined the acquisition of PECS with 3 children with autism. In addition, the study examined the effects of PECS training on the emergence of speech in play and academic settings. Ancillary measures of social-communicative behaviors and problem behaviors were recorded. Results indicated that all 3 children met the learning criterion for PECS and showed concomitant increases in verbal speech. Ancillary gains were associated with increases in social-communicative behaviors and decreases in problem behaviors. The results are discussed in terms of the provision of empirical support for PECS as well as the concomitant positive side effects of its use.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1993

Psychosocial outcomes of children of unipolar depressed, bipolar, medically ill, and normal women: a longitudinal study.

The psychosocial functioning of children of unipolar depressed, bipolar, medically ill, and psychiatrically normal women was studied over a 2-year period. Ninety-six children aged 8-16 years were assessed at 6-month intervals on Child Behavior Checklist behavior problems, social competence, internalizing and externalizing behaviors, academic performance, and school behavior. The children of unipolar mothers showed significantly poorer functioning on all measures as compared with the other 3 groups of children, including bipolar offspring. A greater proportion of children in the unipolar group also had relatively chronic, clinically significant problems in psychosocial functioning. Children of bipolar women did not differ from children of psychiatrically normal women. Results are discussed in terms of the consequences of children's continuing exposure to maternal depression and attendant stressors, as well as the contribution of social and academic difficulties to a vicious cycle of maladjustment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Maternal cognitions about distress and anxiety in young Latino children with disruptive behaviors.

This study was undertaken to describe how Caribbean Latina mothers understand distress in children, the behaviors that they attribute to it, and the labels that they use to express their cognitions. Findings from 62 mothers of young children with disruptive behaviors indicated that mothers made attributions about anxiety in 40% of the children with a high likelihood of clinical anxiety. Hyperactive and restless behavior, but not children's fears, was understood by mothers to reflect anxiety. References to 'nervios' could be categorized into: an illness condition, a crisis condition, and a temperament type. Only temperament usage was applied to children.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The assessment of autistic children: a selective review of available instruments.

This review examines five measures specifically designed to assess autistic symptomatology: Rimland's Diagnostic Checklist for Behavior-Disturbed Children, the Behavior Rating Instrument for Autistic and Atypical Children, the Behavior Observation Scale for Autism, the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, and the Autism Behavior Checklist. Available studies of reliability and validity issues are discussed. Reliability indices for all scales, except Rimland's Diagnostic Checklist, are at acceptable levels. Each scale has been found to suffer from a lack of demonstrated discriminant and/or content validity. Recommendations for future research are provided.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2006

Is prenatal smoking associated with a developmental pattern of conduct problems in young boys?

OBJECTIVE: Prenatal smoking is robustly associated with increased risk of conduct problems in offspring. Observational studies that provide detailed phenotypic description are critical for generating testable hypotheses about underlying processes through which the effects of prenatal smoking may operate. To this end, we use a developmental framework to examine the association of exposure with (1) oppositional defiant disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in young boys and (2) the pattern of delinquent behavior at adolescence. METHOD: Using diagnostic measures and repeated measures of delinquency, we compare exposed and nonexposed boys from the youngest cohort of the Pittsburgh Youth Study (N = 448). RESULTS: Exposed boys were significantly more likely to (1) develop oppositional defiant disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder-attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder but not attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder alone and (2) to have an earlier onset of significant delinquent behavior. CONCLUSIONS: The early emergence and developmental coherence of exposure-related conduct problems is striking and is consistent with a behavioral teratological model. Phenotypically, exposure-related conduct problems appear to be characterized by socially resistant and impulsively aggressive behavior. Whether prenatal smoking plays an etiological role in or is a risk marker for the development of conduct problems, exposed offspring are at increased risk of an early-starter pathway to conduct problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Intervention approaches to conduct disorders in young children.

The scope of the problem in regard to childhood aggression or conduct disorders is large and far exceeds the resources for dealing with them. Moreover, such children are at high risk for developing serious adolescent and adult psychological problems. Nurse practitioners are placed in strategic positions to be able to screen for, identify and treat early signs of conduct disorders in young children. This review describes assessment procedures and the essential components of a parent training program designed to help families reduce childhood aggression. By intervening with families early, nurse practitioners may be able to design effective preventive programs and improve the prognosis for these children.

Adult↗