Cardiohepatic and gross pathological changes in rhesus monkeys after intravenous injection of purified cholera enterotoxin.
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Administration, Oral↗
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Isolation of Mycobacterium africanum from monkeys.
The first isolation of M. africanum from monkeys is reported. This finding leads the author to discuss the origin of the infection in monkeys, and to underline the potential public health hazard that animals may present for humans.
Animals↗
Characterization of an EBV-like virus from African green monkey lymphoblasts.
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Animals↗
Structural analysis of p19 and p24 core polypeptides of primate lymphotropic retroviruses (PLRV).
Core polypeptides of primate lymphotropic retroviruses (PLRV) have very similar molecular weights. To discriminate between individual PLRVs we have compared two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps of 125I-labeled core polypeptides p19 and p24 of 11 isolates originating from humans and six simian species. Peptide maps showed homologies between all the simian viruses and the human isolates, but they were completely different from those of human T-cell leukemia virus type III (HTLV-III). In general p24s are more conserved than p19s. According to the relationship of their peptide maps we have classified the PLRVs into three groups, the human and chimpanzee isolates, macaque viruses, and green monkey virus.
Animals↗
Complete nucleotide sequence of a simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys: a novel type of intragroup divergence.
We have determined the entire nucleotide sequence of a full-length molecular clone, termed SIVagm3, which is infectious in vitro and in vivo. The genomic organization was found to be similar to other immunodeficiency viruses of human and simian origin. Comparison of SIVagm3 with SIVagmTYO-1, the only other completely sequenced molecular SIVagm clone, revealed a novel type of intragroup divergence, which is characterized by (1) an unusually high degree of variability in pol in relation to gag and env and (2) a high degree of divergence in the rev and tat genes. Thus, since SIVagm3 and SIVagmTYO-1 evolved from their common ancestor, they diverged in a different manner than human immunodeficiency viruses. Hypervariable regions in env were defined and shown to be relatively restricted in comparison to HIV-1 and HIV-2.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Short-axon horizontal cells of the monkey's retina.
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Animals↗
Origins of HIV.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
A comparison of three methods for titration of poliovirus vaccines.
Two methods for in vitro endpoint titration of poliovirus--the roller tube and the microtitration assay--were compared with each other and with the plaque assay, using secondary vervet monkey kidney cells and Vero cells as indicators. The roller tube method is the most reliable under difficult working conditions, but is otherwise cumbersome and expensive. The microtitre method is the most economical and the plaque assay the most sensitive. By suspending freshly trypsinized indicator cells with the virus dilutions before planting, it was possible to simplify the microtitre method considerably. The sensitivity of the plaque assay was improved for Vero cells by absorbing the virus onto freshly planted monolayers. The method was scaled down to a semi-micro level by using 24-well cell culture trays. The slower rate of plaque development under a low calcium overlay medium facilitated a more accurate plaque count.
Animals↗
Efficiency of isolation of human rotavirus in primary African green monkey kidney cells.
Out of 212 human rotavirus (HRV) containing fecal specimens, 173 (81.6%) yielded virus on first passage in primary African Green monkey kidney cells (AGMK), while additional 34 specimens, did not yield virus on first passage. However, following blind passages, 18 of the 34 yielded virus in passage levels 2-8, thus raising the overall isolation rate to 90.1%. The isolation rate of HRV strains obtained in embryonic Rhesus monkey kidney cell line (MA-104), was only 41.4%. ELISA tests performed on fluids from infected cell cultures proved to be an efficient tool to measure virus replication. No differences were encountered in the isolation rates between subgroup I and II strains, while viruses lacking the antigenic determinants of both subgroups did not grow at all. However, one of those unusual group A strains was isolated and grew well in AGMK cells. Primary AGMK and MA-104 cells supported the growth of tissue culture adapted virus most efficiently when compared with six human and primate cell types.
Animals↗
4,6-dibenzamidopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine is a highly selective inhibitor of cytomegalovirus adsorption to cells.
The heterocycle, 4,6-dibenzamidopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (DBAPP), inhibited cytopathology induced by human, mouse, and vervet monkey cytomegaloviruses (CMV) in vitro at 0.2 to 0.5 microM, but did not inhibit cell replication at less than or equal to 30 microM. Herpes simplex viruses were unaffected by the inhibitor. The antiviral agent ganciclovir was effective against these CMVs at 3-10 microM in parallel assays. DBAPP and ganciclovir were synergistic inhibitors when used in combination. The heterocycle was only active if applied to cells before virus replication, indicating that it inhibited virus adsorption. Cells pre-treated 1 h with 30 microM DBAPP, then extensively rinsed, were resistant to infection by mouse CMV even 3 days after removal of the inhibitor. Human and monkey CMVs were able to infect cells and replicate within 24 h of drug removal. When virus and DBAPP were combined together then dialyzed to remove the compound, mouse CMV infectivity was decreased 1.7 logs, whereas human CMV and monkey CMV infectivity titers were relatively unaffected. Treatment of mice with DBAPP twice a day for 7 days starting 6 h after mouse CMV inoculation caused a moderate increase in number of survivors at 30 mg/kg. Cell to cell spread of the virus may account for poor efficacy of the compound when added after virus infection. DBAPP may serve as a tool to explore aspects of CMV adsorption or to characterize the cellular component of the CMV receptor.
Adsorption↗
Major dopamine innervation of the cortical motor areas in the cynomolgus monkey. A radioautographic study with comparative assessment of serotonergic afferents.
Dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) innervations were revealed by radioautography in primary motor, premotor and supplementary motor (SMA) cortex in Cynomolgus monkeys, using uptake of tritiated amines in vibratome sections under specific conditions that were previously established. DA and 5-HT axons were distributed throughout all cortical layers. A denser DA innervation was found in layers I, III and to a lesser extent layer V with a striking cluster-like arrangement in layer III, particularly in the SMA. 5-HT axons appeared less numerous; their lower density in comparison with DA axons was especially apparent in layer III, particularly in the premotor and motor areas. A DA-5-HT complementarity was thus suggested in this layer. These results suggest that in addition to the motor control exerted through the nigrostriatal pathway, the cortical DA projections could directly modulate the neuronal activity in motor areas. This could be of major importance in the pathophysiology of motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease.
Animals↗
Retinal astrocytes: their restriction to vascularized parts of the mammalian retina.
The distribution of astrocytes has been studied in whole-mounted horse and monkey retinae by the immunocytochemical localization of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In the horse, astrocytes were found to be restricted to a narrow zone close to the optic nerve head. This is also the only region of the horse retina that is vascularized. In the monkey, astrocytes were found ubiquitously in the nerve fiber layer of the retina, apart from the avascular fovea centralis which lacked astrocytes. These observations strongly suggest that retinal astrocytes co-occur with blood vessels, a feature which may be common among mammals.
Animals↗
Interaction between Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin and gangliosides.
The effect of gangliosides on Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin was examined in terms of detoxification. The molar concentrations of gangliosides necessary to detoxify 50% of 1 M Cl. botulinum neurotoxin were as follows: GM1, 2073; GM2, 2439; GM3, 6098; GD1a, 610; GD1b, 488; GT1a, 829; GT1b, 6 and GQ1b, 27. Inhibition by gangliosides of the neurotoxin binding to synaptosomes showed that GT1b was highly effective, but the others were not. Low-temperature treatment inhibited the detoxification of neurotoxin by GT1b and the binding of 125I-labelled neurotoxin to the synaptosome fraction. 125I-labelled neurotoxin was mixed with GM1 or GT1b and their molecular size was estimated by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. When 125I-labelled neurotoxin was incubated with GM1, a single radioactive peak having a sedimentation coefficient of 7.3 S appeared. When incubated with GT1b, however, 125I-labelled neurotoxin gave three peaks having sedimentation coefficients 14, 10 and 7.3 S, respectively. The present results indicated that the location and the number of sialic acids in ganglioside molecules are of significance in the detoxification and the binding of Cl. botulinum neurotoxin with ganglioside molecules.
Animals↗
Proteins and glycoproteins of monkey and human platelets. Comparison by high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
1. The protein and glycoprotein composition of the blood platelets of six primate species have been compared by high resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. Only minor differences have been observed in the protein patterns of all six species. 3. The glycopeptide patterns of the monkey platelets five species) were rather uniform, but clearly different from the human pattern.
Animals↗
Characterization of dopamine receptors in various species of invertebrates and vertebrates.
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Animals↗
Symptomatic and asymptomatic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated primates: biochemical changes in striatal regions.
Administration of the neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, to primates produces an excellent behavioral model of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. In the vervet monkey, regional biochemical differences in the striatum of two 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated groups were examined one to two months after treatment and compared with controls; one group displayed no observable gross motor abnormalities after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment (asymptomatic), whereas the other group became markedly parkinsonian (symptomatic). In both 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated groups massive depletions of dopamine and homovanillic acid concentrations were observed in the striatum; generally, dopamine losses in the symptomatic group (greater than 95%) were greater than in the asymptomatic group (greater than 75%). However, in striatum, a marked heterogeneity in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine susceptibility was found; certain striatal regions having 99% depletion of dopamine even in asymptomatic monkeys. Overall, in ventromedial regions of striatum the losses of dopamine and homovanillic acid concentrations were less than in dorsolateral regions at the same coronal level. There was a significant negative correlation between control homovanillic acid/dopamine ratios and susceptibility of examined regions to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxicity. Unlike idiopathic, but similar to postencephalitic, Parkinson's disease, dopamine and homovanillic acid levels in caudate nucleus were not spared relative to putamen; in fact, in the asymptomatic group caudate nucleus dopamine and homovanillic acid concentrations were depleted to a greater extent than in putamen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
An ancestral amplification of DNA in primates.
Newly evolved, tandemly arrayed, highly repeated DNAs from three primates were compared using Markov-chain and random-simulation approaches. Markov-chain calculations suggested that the repeated DNA sequences derived from the amplification of a progenitor sequence some 55 million years ago. Divergence of the products of this ancestral amplification could have created a library of related DNA sequences from which newly evolved repeated DNA was drawn - by recent amplifications of library members. The ancestral DNA amplification may have provided the genetic flexibility for creating the primate order; more recent amplifications in old-world primates probably led to the present subfamilies. The random-simulation approach verified the idea that repeated DNA evolves nonrandomly. A variable region was identified within the sequence.
Animals↗
Divergence of primate ribosomal RNA genes as assayed by restriction enzyme analysis.
Primate ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes have been compared by restriction endonuclease mapping. In all species examined, the restriction map of the reiterated ribosomal DNA is simple (within the limits of detection by hybridization with rRNA) and is consistent with a high degree of homogeneity among the repeats. Within a species, all members have similar rDNA restriction patterns. However, different species of primates have distinctly different rDNA restriction maps; even chimpanzee and man can be discerned by their rDNA restriction patterns. Possible mechanisms for maintenance of homogeneity of the rDNA repeats within a species, while allowing divergence among closely related species, are discussed.
Animals↗