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PubMed2006

Sources of saturated fatty acids in Belgian adolescents' diet: implications for the development of food-based dietary guidelines.

The objectives of the present study are to describe the dietary sources of total fat and of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and to formulate food-based dietary guidelines for SFA in Belgian adolescents. A random sample of 13-18-year-old adolescents was drawn from secondary schools in the region of Ghent. A 7 d estimated food record method was used to quantify nutrient and food intake. The average daily SFA intake is 4 % above the recommended 10 % of the total energy contribution. The most important contributors of SFA on food group level were 'fats, oils and savoury sauces', 'meat and meat products', 'sugar, confectionery, sweet fillings and sauces', 'cheese', 'milk and milk products' and 'bread, rusk and breakfast rolls'. On food subgroup level 'fresh meat', 'high-fat margarine' and 'high-fat cheese' had the highest contribution to SFA intake in all adolescents. Adolescents with a low SFA intake (lowest tertile) were compared with adolescents with a high intake (highest tertile). In the lowest tertile the intake of total fat and MUFA was significantly lower than in the highest tertile, while the intake of total carbohydrates, mono- and disaccharides and complex carbohydrates was significantly higher. Overall, the high-fat cheese intake is significantly lower in the lowest tertile, while the fruit intake is higher. The present analysis shows that the nutritional profile of Belgian adolescents could be potentially improved by decreasing the portion sizes of fresh meat (in boys), high-fat margarine, high-fat cheese and reducing intake of commercially prepared baked goods and processed foods, including fast foods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Accuracy of food intake reporting in obese subjects with metabolic risk factors.

The aim of the present study was to determine the accuracy of reported energy intake according to a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and dietary records (DR) in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome risk factors. Subjects were twenty-three men and twenty-seven women with mean BMI of 35.7 (range 30.5-43.8) kg/m(2) who participated in a dietary interview based on a FFQ and completed weighed DR. Total energy expenditure was measured with the doubly labelled water method. Total energy expenditure, measured RMR and physical activity level did not differ between under-reporters (50 % of the sample) and non-under-reporters. Under-reporters had lower median intake of sweets, desserts and snacks than non-under-reporters (100 v. 161 g/d (P = 0.0008) and 61 v. 128 g/d (P = 0.0002) according to the FFQ and DR, respectively). The DR also showed lower energy density (6.7 (sd 1.3) v. 7.9 (SD 1.6) kJ/g; P = 0.0064), lower intake of sugary drinks (0 v. 167 g/d; P = 0.0063) and higher scores for dietary restraint (9.0 (sd 5.0) v. 6.1 (SD 3.5); P = 0.0285) in under-reporters. Energy density was associated with accuracy according to the FFQ (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (RS) 0.406; P = 0.0034) and the DR (RS 0.537; P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, consumption of bread and sweets, desserts and snacks measured by the FFQ was positively associated with accuracy (R(2)adjusted 0.46 (95 % CI 0.32, 0.70)). According to the DR, consumption of sweets, desserts and snacks was also associated with accuracy, as was dietary restraint (inversely) (R(2)adjusted 0.67 (95 % CI 0.54, 0.83)). In obese subjects with metabolic risk factors, intake of sweets, desserts and snacks, bread and dietary restraint were determinants of reporting accuracy.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Induced changes in the consumption of coffee alter ad libitum dietary intake and physical activity level.

Dietary trials with subjects on a freely selected diet may be affected by unwanted behavioural changes. Few studies, if any, have examined changes in coffee consumption and possible concomitant changes in diet and health-related habits. The aim of the present study was to examine whether induced changes in coffee consumption lead to changes in food habits and leisure-time physical activity. Healthy, non-smoking coffee-drinkers (n 214) were asked to change their coffee habits in a controlled clinical trial on the metabolic effects of coffee. The participants were asked to maintain their usual dietary habits. Self-perceived changes in diet and physical activity during the 6-week intervention period were assessed at the end. In the analyses, the participants were rearranged into groups reflecting the difference in coffee intake during the trial as compared with habitual intake. Associations with changes in food intake or physical activity were analysed by Spearman rank correlation. Changes in intake of 'chocolate, sweets' (r 0.179, P<0.05), 'cakes, sweet biscuits, pastry' (r 0.306, P<0.001), and 'jam' r 0.198, P<0.05) showed positive associations with change in coffee intake during the trial. Negative associations were found for 'dishes with fish' (r -0.204, P<0.01) and many of the drinks as well as with physical activity (r -0.164, P<0.05). Induced changes in coffee intake seem to alter ad libitum intake of several foods. The recognized associations between health behaviours may have physiological explanations.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Meal patterns and food use in 10- to 11-year-old Finnish children.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the meal patterns and food use on weekdays among 10- to 11-year-old Finnish children and to analyse these in relation to family's socio-economic status and the child's behaviour. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study on a cohort of 404 children aged 10-11 years in the rural town of Ylivieska, mid-western Finland. METHODS: A food-frequency questionnaire including questions on meal patterns and food use and the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) completed by the parents and the child together. RESULTS: Practically all children (99%) ate breakfast regularly, 94% had a daily school lunch and 80% had dinner at home daily. Vegetables were consumed daily at home by 26% and fruits or berries by 21%, while 46% of the children had salad daily at school. Twenty-four per cent ate sweets daily or nearly so on weekdays. The children from families of high socio-economic status ate vegetables more often, and fewer of them used butter or high-fat milk. The children with no regular family dinner ate sweets and fast foods more often, and had higher total CBCL problem scores than those with a regular family dinner. CONCLUSION: Skipping meals appears not to be common among Finnish children aged 10-11 years, but a considerable proportion consume sweets frequently and vegetables infrequently. High family socio-economic status and a tendency to eat together are associated with healthy food choices among schoolchildren.

Candy↗
PubMed2006

Television viewing behaviour and associations with food habits in different countries.

OBJECTIVE: Several environmental factors influence adolescents' food habits and television (TV) viewing is thought to be one of these factors. The purpose of the present study was to describe sociodemographic differences in TV viewing and to examine associations of TV viewing with the consumption of sweets, soft drinks, fruit and vegetables in different countries. METHODS: Data were collected from 162,305 young people completing the 2001/02 Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children survey, a World Health Organization cross-national study on health and health behaviours among 11-, 13- and 15-year-old school pupils. Analyses of variance were used to examine sociodemographic differences in TV viewing and logistic regression analyses to examine associations between TV viewing and food habits. RESULTS: Large differences were found between countries in reported daily TV viewing time, from an average of 2.0 h in Switzerland to 3.7 h in Ukraine. The results indicate that those most likely to watch TV are boys, 13-year-olds and pupils of lower socio-economic status. Those who watched more TV were more likely to consume sweets and soft drinks on a daily basis and less likely to consume fruit and vegetables daily, although the latter associations were not so apparent among Central and Eastern European countries. CONCLUSIONS: Given the high TV viewing rates among adolescents and the association with less healthy food options, many young people are at increased risk of overweight or obesity. Interventions to modify TV viewing behaviour are needed. The findings underscore the importance of tackling socio-economic differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Time trends in oral health behaviors among Norwegian adolescents: 1985-97.

The purpose of this study was to investigate 1) the temporal changes in oral health behaviors and 2) the development of the distribution of oral health behaviors on the basis of socioeconomic factors among Norwegian adolescents from 1985 to 1997. Large-scale national surveys to assess smoking, intake of sweets, soft drink consumption, and toothbrushing among Norwegian adolescents were conducted in November 1985, 1989, 1993, and 1997. The surveys were part of the World Health Organisation (WHO) international study, Health Behaviour in School-aged Children. A total of 3955 (1985), 5037 (1989), 4952 (1993), and 5026 (1997) 11-, 13-, and 15-year-old students completed anonymous questionnaires at school. The response rates varied from 79% to 90%. The results showed a strong increase in the percentages reporting ever smoking and daily intake of soft drinks and sweets with age from 11 to 15 years in each survey year. In 1997, at the age of 15 years, most students reported toothbrushing more than once a day (94% boys, 97% girls) and ever smoking (39% boys, 36% girls), whereas moderate proportions confirmed daily intake of soft drinks (28% boys, 19% girls). Comparison of the results across the survey years, from 1985 to 1997, showed an overall decrease in ever smoking (boys, 59% versus 39%; girls, 52%, versus 36%) and toothbrushing more than once a day (boys, 95% versus 94%; girls, 99% versus 97%). Contemporary increases occurred with regard to daily soft drink consumption. Inequalities in ever smoking and daily soft drink consumption between socioeconomic status groups decreased and increased, respectively, from 1983 to 1997. The sex disparities observed in 1985, with boys being more likely than girls to report ever smoking and daily soft drink consumption, leveled off in 1997.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

An improved method for the measurement of added vegetable fats in chocolate.

A method for identifying refined vegetable fats added to chocolate (cocoa butter equivalents, CBEs) was combined with established quantitative methods for determining the level of vegetable fat added to cocoa butter with the aim of providing improved precision. The identification of fats was based on the analysis of sterol and triterpene alcohol degradation products formed during the processing of the fat. The procedure was able to successfully discriminate between 95% of pairs of fats from a set (33) of CBE-type vegetable fats. Subsequent analysis of 80 mixtures of four CBEs with chocolate successfully identified, on cross-validation, 94% of the samples. Combining the qualitative procedure with established quantitative methodology, based on the analysis of triacylglycerols, improved the method precision from +/- 2.1% to +/- 0.3% (5% addition of CBE at 95% confidence). Identifying the fat analytically permits the use of quantitative methods for determining the level of added fat in chocolate that have improved precision in comparison with the measurement of an unidentified fat. This may obviate the need to use factory inspection as a means to identify the ingredients of a product and monitor compliance with proposed legislation.

Cacao↗
PubMed2003

Method development and analysis of retail foods and beverages for carotenoid food colouring materials E160a(ii) and E160e.

An analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection was developed and applied to the determination of the permitted food colour additives beta-carotene(E160a(ii)) and beta-apo-8'-carotenal (E160e) in foods and beverages. The scope of previously reported methods has been broadened to cover a wide range of retail foods and enzymatic hydrolysis has been used in place of saponification for high-fat samples. Quantitative results (greater then 0.1 mg kg(-1)) are given for the major colour principals trans-beta-apo-8'-carotenal and trans-beta-carotene. Semiquantitative results are given for the various cis-isomers of each colorant for which authentic reference standards were not available. The method has been used successfully for the analysis of a wide range of foodstuffs with differing fat content without the need for saponification, except for moderate- to high-fat foodstuffs containing significant levels of emulsifiers, for which it was limited. The results suggest that beta-apo-8'-carotenal (E160e) does not have widespread use in the UK. None of the samples exhibited a total beta-carotene content greater than 20 mg kg(-1) and none of the high-fat samples and only one of the 17 low-fat/beverage samples contained total beta-carotene at levels less than 0.1 mg kg(-1). The total beta-carotene contents of the low-fat/beverage samples ranged from 0.4 +/- 0.03 to 8.4 i 0.71 mg kg(-1), and the total beta-carotene contents of the high-fat samples ranged from 0.1 +/- 0.01 (jelly confectionery) to 18.5 +/- 0.98 mg kg(-1) (processed cheese).

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2004

Total and acid-soluble fluoride content of infant cereals, beverages and biscuits from Brazil.

Total fluoride (TF) and HCl 0.01 M ('gastric juice')-soluble fluoride (SF) were analysed in infant foods, beverages and calcium-rich biscuits. Samples were divided into seven categories: children cereals (A), chocolate-flavoured milk (B), soy beverages (C), filled biscuits (D), non-filled biscuits (E), wafer biscuits (F) and corn starch biscuits (G). Mean TF concentrations +/- SD (amplitude, unit microgram F ml-1 or microgram F g-1) were: (A) 4.25 +/- 3.04 (0.20-7.84, n = 6); (B) 0.34 +/- 0.47 (0.05-1.27, n = 6); (C) 0.15 +/- 0.07 (0.09-0.29, n = 8); (D) 8.44 +/- 1.76 (7.65-10.47, n = 4); (E) 12.41 +/- 1.15 (10.69-13.68, n = 4); (F) 0.35 +/- 0 (0.34-0.36, n = 4) and (G) 7.77 +/- 1.12 (6.86-8.68, n = 2). Five samples of cereals, one sample of chocolate-flavoured milk and 10 samples of biscuits were analysed for SF. In cereals analysed for SF, all fluoride was soluble, while for the chocolate-flavoured milk, approximately 50% of TF was soluble. Regarding the biscuits analysed for SF approximately 20% of TF was soluble. It was observed that some of the cereals and beverages, and most of the biscuits analysed, might be important contributors to total daily fluoride intake. When consumed just once per day, cereals and beverages might supply up to 25% of the maximum recommended daily fluoride intake (0.07 mg F kg-1 body weight) for a 2-year-old child (12 kg). For the filled, non-filled and corn starch biscuits, when 3, 32 or 20 units of them, respectively, are consumed just once per day, they may supply up to 16% of the maximum recommended daily fluoride intake. However, only approximately 25% of fluoride absorption occurs from the stomach and 75% from the small intestine. Therefore, a higher fluoride bioavailability is possible.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Inter-laboratory validation study of five commercial ELISA test kits for the determination of peanut proteins in biscuits and dark chocolate.

The results of an inter-laboratory study with five commercially available peanut ELISA test kits to detect and quantify peanut residues in two food matrices (biscuit and dark chocolate) at four different concentrations (0-10 mg peanut kg(-1) matrix corresponding to about 0-2.5 mg peanut protein kg(-1) matrix) are reported. In general the five ELISA test kits evaluated could detect peanut protein in the two food matrices. In three cases, the study challenged the test kits beyond their intended use for quantification below the manufacturers' defined cut-off limits. Generally, all five ELISA test kits performed well in the concentration range 5-10 mg kg(-1) rather than in the low concentration range (2.0 or 2.5 mg kg(-1)). The variation in the found recoveries of peanut between the different test kits had a spread of 44-191% across all concentrations. The quantification characteristics between test kits differed significantly at the very low mg kg(-1) level. Two test kits performed well even at concentrations below 5 mg kg(-1) with reproducibilities of 27-36% for biscuits and 45-57% for chocolate.

Arachis↗
PubMed2005

Migration of contaminants by gas phase transfer from carton board and corrugated board box secondary packaging into foods.

The gas phase transfer of substances from carton board (CB) and corrugated box board (CBB) through intervening layers to foods was studied. Substances covering a boiling point range of 252-425 degrees C and a range of polarities were incorporated into CB and CBB secondary packaging. Benzophenone was present in some CB materials. Where it was not already present in CB or CBB secondary packaging, it was deliberately incorporated for transfer studies. Transfer of substances was measured in nine foodstuff types stored in the secondary packaging at ambient and sub-ambient temperature. The foods were packaged in primary packaging materials that would be used in retail. Two food types were packed and stored in both single- and multipack formats. Foods were sampled at 0, 10, 30, 90 and 200 days and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after high-performance size exclusion chromatography clean-up. Percentage transfer was between 0 and 100%. The overall trends were increased transfer of substances with increased storage time; a more rapid transfer of the more volatile substances compared with the less volatile ones and higher levels of transfer of the more volatile substances. No transfer of diheptyl phthalate (DHP) (bp 425 degrees C) as an incorporated substance was detected to any foods over the test period. The presence of an additional layer of packaging (multipack versus single pack) was shown to reduce transfer up to fourfold over 200 days and to increase the lag period for transfer. In terms of slowing transfer, metallized PP/PP laminate proved a more effective barrier than PP which was more effective than paper. It is postulated that there is a cut-off threshold for transfer at ambient and sub-ambient temperatures. Substances that are less volatile than the cut-off are anticipated not to transfer from secondary packaging to foods stored for up to 200 days, where the substances are present in the packaging at or below the levels tested in this study (up to 1 mg dm-2). In this study the volatility cut-off threshold lay between that of 2,2-dimethoxyphenylacetophenone (2,2-DMPAP) (an incorporated substance with bp 352 degrees C) and DHP. Ideally, the cut-off threshold should be expressed in terms of vapour pressure in the packaging material. In practical terms, it may be more appropriate to express as partition coefficient as this is simpler to determine experimentally.

Acetophenones↗
PubMed2005

Multi-allergen screening immunoassay for the detection of protein markers of peanut and four tree nuts in chocolate.

A multiresidue enzyme immunoassay was developed to check for the presence of markers of peanut, hazelnut, almond, cashew and Brazil nuts in a single run. The assay was designed under the competitive indirect format and adapted for screening purposes applied to chocolate samples. The limit of detection for this assay was below 1 microg g-1 protein for each allergenic food. In most cases, the high specificity of the antibodies used allowed the identification of each particular allergenic food with no possible confusion. This assay was proven to be useful as part of an analytical procedure involving the identification of the unknown allergenic food among peanut and other tree nuts in recalled samples before the application of a quantitative technique to determine the level of cross-contamination.

Allergens↗
PubMed2006

The determination of lead in sugar and sweets without digestion by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) with a rhodium chemical modifier.

Reference methods for determining lead in food are usually time-consuming. This paper reports a straightforward procedure using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), to determine lead (Pb) in fat-free sweets. Several chemical modifiers were examined and results showed that it is not necessary to digest the samples, when a rhodium (Rh) modifier was used. The samples were dissolved in nitric acid and the determination of Pb was performed by ETAAS, using Rh chemical modifier at a pyrolysis temperature of 900 degrees C and an atomization temperature of 1,500 degrees C. No ashing step was employed and aqueous standards were used, in the range 2-10 microg l(-1). The limit of quantification was 0.095 mg kg(-1), and the accuracy of the method was verified by analysing certified reference materials.

Calibration↗
PubMed2006

Sensitive isotope dilution liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of acrylamide in chocolate.

Isotope dilution liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was applied to the quantification of acrylamide in chocolate matrixes (dark chocolate, milk chocolate, chocolate with nuts, chocolate with almonds, and chocolate with wheat best element). The method included defatting with petroleum ether, extracting with aqueous solution of 2 mol l(-1) sodium chloride and clean-up by solid-phase (SPE) with OASIS HLB 6 cm3 cartridges. Acrylamide was detected with an Atlantis dC18 5 microm 210 x 1.5 mm column using 10% methanol/0.1% formic acid in water as the mobile phase. The analytical method was in-house validated and good results were obtained with respect to repeatability (RSD < 3.5%) and recovery (86-93%), which fulfilled the requirements defined by European Union legislation. The acrylamide levels in chocolate were 23-537 microg kg(-1). Therefore, the method was successfully used for the quantitative analysis of acrlyamide in various chocolate products.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed2006

Determination of acrylamide in foods by pressurized fluid extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry used for a survey of Spanish cereal-based foods.

An automated and rapid method for the determination of acrylamide in different food products is presented. The method involves pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) of foods with acetonitrile and precipitation with Carrez reagents. The final extract is analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS-MS). The main parameters affecting the performance of ESI-MS-MS and PFE were optimized using a design of experiments approach. The limit of quantification of the method was 5 microg kg(-1), and recoveries from incurred samples ranged between 93 and 101%. The accuracy was evaluated using the reference test materials FAPAS T3002, T3005 and T3011. Using the optimized method, 62 food samples of potato chips, snacks, biscuits, breakfast cereals and crisp bread sampled from Valencia, Spain, supermarkets were surveyed for acrylamide levels. The levels were similar to those reported in the European Union and USA.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed2006

Estimation of sucrose esters (E473) in foods using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

A method was developed for estimating the content in foods of the emulsifying additive E473, sucrose esters of fatty acids. The analytical approach taken to estimate the complex mixtures that comprise this additive involved, selective solvent extraction of the intact esters using a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and ethyl acetate, alkaline hydrolysis of the esters to liberate sucrose, and then GC-MS measurement of the liberated sucrose using GC-MS after acidic hydrolysis to glucose and fructose and then silylation. The method was developed to aid future estimates of intake of this food additive. The method determines the total sucrose esters content of a food sample and does not attempt to discrimination between individual sucrose esters when present as a mixture in a food sample. A single (average) factor is used to convert the liberated sucrose content into sucrose ester content. The method was applied to analysis of eight different food types (including bakery wares, sugar confectionery, dairy product, margarine, meat pies and a sauce) spiked with 0.5-1% of a mixture of three sucrose esters that spanned the hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB) range 1-16. The limit of quantification was around 50 mg kg-1, which is more than adequate for these additives. The analytical recovery rate was 73-106% with an average of 91%. The precision of the method (RSD) was 6-18% (n = 3-20 for each food type) with an average RSD of 11%. The main analytical uncertainty is the conversion factor used to express sucrose ester content from the amount of sucrose liberated. The method is also applicable to sucroglycerides (E474).

Animals↗