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PubMed1993

Peer group interactions and the student-perceived climate for caring.

Using the descriptive mode of qualitative inquiry, this study was conducted with 10 junior nursing students at five baccalaureate schools of nursing to describe a climate for caring as it is experienced within the context of peer group interactions. The findings from this study indicate that a climate for caring is experienced through peer group behaviors that are perceived as caring, and during peer group interactional episodes that are characterized by giving assistance. Based on the data from these participants, student vulnerability and personal knowledge of peers are suggested as factors that mediate the ability of junior nursing students to experience a climate for caring during peer group interactions.

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗
PubMed1997

Potential changes in the distribution of dengue transmission under climate warming.

The purpose of the present paper is to document an initial attempt to quantify the influence of warming temperatures on the intensity and distribution of dengue transmission throughout the world using an expression of vectorial capacity modified to reflect the role of temperature on development and survival of the vector and virus. We rearranged the traditional vectorial capacity expression (the mean number of potentially infective contacts made by a mosquito population per infectious person per unit time) to develop an equation for the critical density threshold, an estimate of the number of adult female vectors required to just maintain the virus in a susceptible human population. In this expression, temperature influences adult survival, the lengths of the gonotrophic cycle and the extrinsic incubation period of the virus in the vector, and vector size, a factor that indirectly influences the biting rate. Before making projections for warming scenarios of current climate plus 2 or 4 degrees C, we validate our technique by successfully comparing model projections and the observed spatial, temporal, and altitudinal distribution of dengue using current climate in five cities that are endemic or have had epidemics in the past. Our results indicate that the current warming projection of the International Council of Scientific Unions and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change of 2 degrees C by the end of the next century can be expected to result in a potential increase in the latitudinal and altitudinal range of dengue; the potential duration of the transmission season will also increase in temperate locations as well. We discuss how an increase in temperature-related transmission intensity can be expected to lower the average ages of primary and secondary infections and thereby significantly increase the proportion of secondary infections occurring among infants and adolescents, the ages especially susceptible to dengue hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measurement of perceived school climate for active travel in children.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the development of an original scale that measures perceived school climate for active travel in fourth- and fifth-grade girls and boys. METHODS: The data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to provide evidence of factorial validity, factorial invariance, and construct validity. RESULTS: The CFA supported the fit of a 3-factor (encouragement, praise, and importance) correlated model for the school climate for active travel measure. This hierarchical model was invariant between sex and across a 7-month time period, and initial evidence for construct validity was provided. CONCLUSIONS: School climate for active travel is a measurable construct, and preliminary evidence suggests relationships with more support for active travel from friends and family.

Attitude↗
PubMed1994

Supervisors matter more than you think: components of a mission-centered organizational climate.

A study was conducted in a medical center among a diverse sample of employees to examine whether components of organizational climate related to workers' knowledge of the organization's mission and mission-centered values. Findings supported a mediated relationship between supervisor behaviors, mission knowledge, and customer service orientation (the organization's key mission value). Employee perceptions of coworker and organizational support and knowledge of their own performance expectations also related positively to customer service orientation. Results suggest that supervisors are in an ideal position to disseminate a mission-centered climate. Practical applications of these findings for management wishing to develop mission-centered climates in health care organizations are discussed.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1999

Adolescent depression: social network and family climate--a case-control study.

In a study of a total high-school population, 2300 students aged 16-17 years were screened for depression (BDI, CES-DC). Those with a self-evaluation indicating depression, together with controls matched for sex, age, and class were interviewed (DICA-R-A). The 177 pairs, where both individuals were interviewed and the control had no lifetime diagnosis of depression, were analysed in the form of paired differences for psychosocial factors and compared within diagnostic groups. The psychosocial factors were measured with the ISSI subscales and six attitude questions about family climate (KSP). Adolescents with an episode of major depression during part of the last year did not differ from their controls. Those with long-lasting depressive symptoms, i.e. dysthymia with or without episodes of major depression, had a more limited social interaction and were not satisfied with it. They also evaluated their family climate and attachment network as being more inadequate than did their controls. Depressed adolescents with comorbid conduct disorder had a more negative evaluation of availability and adequacy of both social interaction and attachment network than their controls. This group had a very negative view of their family climate. Since this is a case-control study conclusions cannot be drawn about cause and effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of organisational climates of public and private hospitals abroad.

Are organisational climates in private hospitals compared to public hospitals, more favourable? To assess the differences, motivational orientations, perceived satisfaction with intrinsic aspects of the job, professional commitment orientations and perceived organisational climates by the medical professionals, senior administrative and professional nursing personnel are compared. All the groups in the public hospital tended to be higher in motivational orientations. On the other hand, all the groups in private hospital showed higher satisfaction with intrinsic aspects of the job, professional commitment orientations, and perceived favourableness of the organisational climate. The differences were found to be not significant.

Hospital Administration↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Simulating interactive effects of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, carbon dioxide elevation, and climatic change on legume growth.

The underlying mechanisms of interaction between the symbiotic nitrogen-fixation process and main physiological processes, such as assimilation, nutrient allocation, and structural growth, as well as effects of nitrogen fixation on plant responses to global change, are important and still open to more investigation. Appropriate models have not been adequately developed. A dynamic ecophysiological model was developed in this study for a legume plant [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growing in northern China. The model synthesized symbiotic nitrogen fixation and the main physiological processes under variable atmospheric CO2 concentration and climatic conditions, and emphasized the interactive effects of these processes on seasonal biomass dynamics of the plant. Experimental measurements of ecophysiological quantities obtained in a CO2 enrichment experiment on soybean plants, were used to parameterize and validate the model. The results indicated that the model simulated the experiments with reasonable accuracy. The R2 values between simulations and observations are 0.94, 0.95, and 0.86 for total biomass, green biomass, and nodule biomass, respectively. The simulations for various combinations of atmospheric CO2 concentration, precipitation, and temperature, with or without nitrogen fixation, showed that increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, precipitation, and efficiency of nitrogen fixation all have positive effects on biomass accumulation. On the other hand, an increased temperature induced lower rates of biomass accumulation under semi-arid conditions. In general, factors with positive effects on plant growth tended to promote each other in the simulation range, except the relationship between CO2 concentration and climatic factors. Because of the enhanced water use efficiency with a higher CO2 concentration, more significant effects of CO2 concentration were associated with a worse (dryer and warmer in this study) climate.

Biomass↗
PubMed1999

The impact of organizational climate on nurse satisfaction. Management implications.

The stresses and demands on nurses currently in practice and those who manage nursing environments are far greater than they were just a few years ago and will only escalate in the future. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of organizational climate dimensions on registered nurse job satisfaction. The sample consisted of 232 pediatric registered nurses who worked in all pediatric specialties. There was a statistically significant relationship between five climate dimensions and job satisfaction (p < .01-.001). Emphasis is placed on implications for nurse administrators and managers who can greatly impact the climate of the nursing unit and department. It is essential for nurse administrators and managers to plan and implement approaches that will meet the unique needs of their staff and institution in these particularly challenging times.

Hospitals, Pediatric↗
PubMed2002

Beneficial effect of climatic therapy on inflammatory arthritis at Tiberias Hot Springs.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the beneficial effect of climatic therapy at the Tiberias Hot Springs on patients with inflammatory arthritis. METHODS: Patients from Sweden with inflammatory arthritis underwent climatic therapy for 4 weeks at the Tiberias Hot Springs in Israel. Patients were examined at the beginning and end of the therapy and were evaluated as responders according to internationally validated criteria. RESULTS: One hundred-thirty-six patients were evaluated, 83 with a clinical course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 53 with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Forty-seven (57%) of the RA patients and 32 (60%) of the AS patients were considered responders. Shorter disease duration and more active disease were associated with a greater response in RA, while in AS males responded more often than females. CONCLUSION: Most patients benefited significantly from climatic therapy. Long-term follow-up is necessary to see whether improvement is sustained and if work ability and hospitalizations are also improved.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Organizational culture, climate and person-environment fit: Relationships with employment outcomes for mental health consumers.

Although the effects of organizational culture, climate and person-environment fit have been widely studied in the general population, little research exists in this area regarding consumers of mental health services. This research focuses on organizational culture, climate and person-environment fit and their relationship to employment outcomes for mental health consumers. It also examines specific components of organizational culture which are both desired and perceived by mental health consumers. Thirty-six (N=36) consumers were recruited into one of two groups: individuals who were employed at the time of the study and those who had recently left their jobs. Instruments used were the Workplace Climate Questionnaire (WCQ) and the Organizational Culture Profile (OCP). Significant differences were found between groups along the dimensions of organizational culture/climate and person-environment fit. Although few differences were found between groups with regards to desired workplace characteristics, many differences in perceived characteristics were found. The findings point to the importance of assessing the organizational culture/climate and its congruence with individuals' value systems as part of the work integration process.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Organizational climate as a precondition of effective work of a therapeutic team.

Organizational climate among members of a group is a significant precondition of an effectively working team. The work of a therapeutic team remains on a higher organizational level in hospitals with accreditation, compared to units without the Quality Certificate. The study was undertaken to discover whether there are any differences in the evaluation of organizational climate among the staff of hospital wards in hospitals with and without the Quality Certificate. The study covered 161 physicians and 339 nurses from 4 hospitals with accreditation and 17 units without the Quality Certificate. The study was carried out by the method of a diagnostic survey; the technique was a questionnaire form. The results of the study showed that physicians and nurses from hospitals with accreditation significantly more often evaluated the organizational climate in their wards in positive terms. The staff from hospitals without the Quality Certificate evaluated the atmosphere in their wards in more negative terms, mainly due to low salaries, lack of physician - nurse co-operation and frustration as a reaction to poor results of the health care system reform.

Accreditation↗
PubMed2004

[Effects of climate change on the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis in the Czech Republic in the past two decades].

The study objective was an attempt to explain uneven distribution of the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) throughout the past two decades. A sharp rise was recorded in the last decade: while 2596 TBE cases were reported in the decade 1983-1992, as many as 5892 TBE cases were reported in the decade 1993-2002, with high rates persisting also in the following years (606 TBE cases reported in 2003). Data from the database TBE EPIDAT of the National Institute of Public Health, Prague, and that of the Communicable Diseases Information System, Ostrava, were used for analysis. Meteorological data were taken from the database of the Czech Institute of Hydrometeorology, Prague. In 1971 to 2003, 13 231 laboratory confirmed TBE cases were reported in the Czech Republic. Uneven distribution of these TBE cases in time is consistent with the observations of climate variation made between 1931 and 2000. The increase in the TBE incidence in the Czech Republic in the last decade was characterized by the following features: 1) higher rates of TBE cases manifested in regular TBE natural focuses, 2) reemergence of TBE in the same localities after 20 and more year intervals and 3) emergence of TBE in localities where it was not reported before. At the same time shifts in TBE seasonal trends (i.e. to March and October-November) were observed, associated with a TBE incidence peak in autumn. Field research revealed that the major factor are the climate-related changes in ecology of the TBE vector Ixodes ricinus and resulting variation in its population density. TBE emergence in new areas is linked to the occurrence of ticks Ixodes ricinus at higher altitudes (previously found at 700 m and currently spreading to 1200 m) as well as to a coming warm climate era.

Czech Republic↗
PubMed2005

Climate change and drinking water production in The Netherlands: a flexible approach.

Climate change increases water system dynamics through temperature changes, changes in precipitation patterns, evaporation, water quality and water storage in ice packs. Water system dependent economical stakeholders, such as drinking water companies in The Netherlands, have to cope with consequences of climate change, e.g. floods and water shortages in river systems, upconing brackish ground water, salt water intrusion, increasing peak demands and microbiological activity. In the past decades, however, both water systems and drinking water production have become more and more inflexible; water systems have been heavily regulated and the drinking water supply has grown into an inflexible, but cheap and reliable, system. Flexibility and adaptivity are solutions to overcome climate change related consequences. Flexible adaptive strategies for drinking water production comprise new sources for drinking water production, application of storage concepts in the short term, and a redesign of large centralised systems, including flexible treatment plants, in the long term. Transition to flexible concepts will take decades because investment depreciation periods of assets are long. This implies that long-term strategies within an indicated time path have to be developed. These strategies must be based on thorough knowledge of current assets to seize opportunities for change.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2005

The ethical climate in academic dentistry in India: faculty and student perceptions.

The aims of this study were to describe both the ethical climate in a private dental institution in India and the possible influence of selected factors in influencing faculty and students' perception of their institution's ethical environment. The Ethical-Climate Questionnaire and the General-Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) were completed by twenty-eight full-time faculty and forty-seven final-year undergraduate students. Results showed that, overall, the study population had a mixed opinion about the ethical climate in their institution. Psychological distress and academic experience played an important role in shaping the perception of institutional ethics among the study population. The results showed that there is a need for better communication of the institution's ethical policies and better ethical training to help the faculty and students recognize their institution's commitment to ethics.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A potential impact of climate change and water resource development on the transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China.

There is growing consensus among climate modellers that the unusual global warming observed in the last decades of the 20th century is primarily forced by human activities, namely greenhouse gas increases in the atmosphere. Global warming will trigger alterations in physical and biological systems, including shifts in the spatio-temporal distribution of disease vectors, but the nature and extent of these changes are poorly understood. The purpose of the present study was to assess the potential impact of climate change and water resource development on the distribution of Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host snail of Schistosoma japonicum. We employed two 30-year composite datasets comprising average monthly temperatures collected at 623 observing stations throughout China, spanning the periods 1961-1990 and 1971-2000. Temperature changes were assessed spatially between the 1960s and 1990s for January, as this is the critical month for survival of O. hupensis. Our database shows that January temperatures increased at 590 stations (94.7%), and that China's average January temperature in the 1990s was 0.96 degrees C higher than 30 years earlier. The historical 0-1 degrees C January isotherm, which was considered the approximate northern limit of S. japonicum transmission, has shifted from 33 degrees 15' N to 33 degrees 41' N, expanding the potential transmission area by 41,335 km2. This translates to an additional 20.7 million people at risk of schistosomiasis. Two lakes are located in this new transmission area that form part of the proposed South-North water transfer project. Climate change, coupled with water resource developments in China, may pose additional challenges for the control of schistosomiasis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Uncertainty, imprecision, and the precautionary principle in climate change assessment.

Statistical decision theory can provide useful support for climate change decisions made under conditions of uncertainty. However, the probability distributions used to calculate expected costs in decision theory are themselves subject to uncertainty, disagreement, or ambiguity in their specification. This imprecision can be described using sets of probability measures, from which upper and lower bounds on expectations can be calculated. However, many representations, or classes, of probability measures are possible. We describe six of the more useful classes and demonstrate how each may be used to represent climate change uncertainties. When expected costs are specified by bounds, rather than precise values, the conventional decision criterion of minimum expected cost is insufficient to reach a unique decision. Alternative criteria are required, and the criterion of minimum upper expected cost may be desirable because it is consistent with the precautionary principle. Using simple climate and economics models as an example, we determine the carbon dioxide emissions levels that have minimum upper expected cost for each of the selected classes. There can be wide differences in these emissions levels and their associated costs, emphasizing the need for care when selecting an appropriate class.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed2006

Toward a safer moral climate.

The authors define moral climate in the context of health care as the implicit and explicit values that drive health-care delivery and shape the workplaces in which care is delivered. Over the past six years, their research has focused on describing the moral climates of nurses' workplaces and improving them. In this article, the authors argue that nurses in direct care delivery roles have the insights, expertise and interpersonal skills required to create a much safer moral climate for practice. To make this happen, nurses require opportunities for self-reflection and for true collaboration with their colleagues in management and administration and other health-care disciplines.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1990

[Indoor climate and occupational health--experiences from Hedmark and Oppland].

We discuss investigations of 22 buildings where users had complained about indoor air and climate. Complaints about "dry air" were the most frequent. Insufficient care and cleaning of the furnishings and technical installations were demonstrated in 17 buildings. Proper documentation and instruction manuals for the maintenance of the installations were not found in any of the buildings. The personnel responsible for the installations had not received adequate instructions. Free man - made mineral fibres (MMMF) were found in the indoor environments in 12-15 of the buildings, originating from the furnishings or the technical climate-installations. Ten of the premises had filted carpets. In at least 13 of the buildings the indoor air temperature was too high, which exacerbated the problems. Better information and a higher level of understanding of problems relating to the indoor climate seems to be needed for all persons involved with these problems.

Air Conditioning↗