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PubMed1996

Use of excretory/secretory antigens for the serodiagnosis of Anoplocephala perfoliata cestodosis.

Whole worm extract (WWE) and excretory/secretory (E/S) antigens of Anoplocephala perfoliata were characterised by SDS-PAGE and their use in the serodiagnosis of equine cestodosis was evaluated. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to compare WWE and E/S antigen as the capture layer in an antibody capture ELISA. E/S antigen gave the best differentiation between sera from tapeworm-positive and tapeworm-negative horses. The E/S-ELISA was optimised and validated against sera from horses of known tapeworm status. This assay gave a diagnostic sensitivity of 68% (n = 38) and a specificity in helminth-naive horses of 95% (n = 20). Western blot analysis of tapeworm-positive and tapeworm-negative sera revealed the immunoreactive proteins of E/S antigen to be those of 12 and 13 kDa.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Vaccination against worm parasites of animals.

The 1990s have seen the culmination of decades of painstaking research with the registration and launch of Tickgard (Hoechst), a recombinant vaccine against Boophilus microplus, and the provisional registration of a Taenia ovis vaccine. Research continues to hold promise for immunological control of Echinococcus, Fasciola, Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Ostertagia. Blood-sucking parasites (e.g. ticks and H. contortus) are susceptible to control by vaccines containing 'novel' or 'concealed' antigens where serum antibodies in blood meals attack targets in the gut. Antibodies also provide protection in taeniid models, whereas the protective response to be sought in Fasciola remains unclear. More problematic are formulations and delivery strategies to induce expulsion of gastrointestinal nematodes, using vaccines containing recombinant 'conventional' antigens. The use of computer models to simulate vaccine efficacy in worm control and challenges to the concept of 'hypo-responsiveness' of young lambs will encourage cautious optimism and lively debate as to the prospects for integrated worm control using parasite vaccines. This review covers the aspirations, current success and problems faced by researchers in the parasite arena.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Humoral immune factors modulated by copper and chitosan in healthy or parasitised carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) by Ptychobothrium sp. (Cestoda).

As an environmental protection point of view, the potential toxicity of chitosan on aquatic animal health, alone or associated with copper must be investigated. Fish possess defence mechanisms to counteract the impact of toxics. The non-cellular and non-specific immune defences (total immunoglobulin, ceruloplasmin, lysozyme and potential killing activity of phagocytic cells) can be modulated by the potential environmental pollutants but also by natural stimulants such as bacteria, viruses or parasites. In this study, we investigate the potential toxicity of copper (0.1 and 0.25 mg/L) or chitosan (75 and 150 mg/L) and the combination copper and chitosan (0.1 and 75 mg/L, respectively) on two groups of carp: healthy or parasitised by Ptychobothrium sp. Fish exposed to water-soluble chitosan for 96 h had significantly high levels of natural antibodies in plasma. Moreover, activities of lysozyme and ceruloplasmin were also increased in plasma after the same treatment. The exposition of fish to copper have shown apparently contradictory effects on the immune parameters measured but, significant increase of this bacteriolytic activity was observed, particularly in head kidney after 4 days of treatment of fish with copper. The two products may induce separately an acute, short and local inflammatory acute phase response by stimulating some components of the innate immune response of healthy fish. The mixture seems to reduce the impact of the each product due to the physical and chemical properties of chitosan to complex with copper. The responses of humoral immune factors of treated carp was modulated by the presence of the parasite, as shown by the high elevation of lysozyme activity observed in parasitised carps after exposition to copper and by increases in natural antibodies levels observed in parasitised carp treated with the copper-chitosan mixture. This could indicate an additive effect on the stress response mediated by parasite. It occurred a greater stress response in the parasitised group than healthy group exposed to the same treatment evoking an additive effect. So, it is important to specify the health status of organisms to understand responses of immunological markers in fish.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Australian ecosystems, capricious food chains and parasitic consequences for people.

Characteristic Australian ecosystems or environments contain numerous food chains some of which may become capriciously side-tracked or appropriated by humans, with parasitic consequences for people in Australia and overseas. Twelve of 13 arboviruses affecting humans are of wildlife origin and all are transmitted by mosquitoes. In this case, transmission is thus associated with aquatic environments, many artificial. Zoonotic trematode (brachylaimiasis) and cestode (rodentoleposis) infections have been reported from semi-arid environments. Scabies and angiostrongylosis are associated with work, recreational and home environments. Four species of Rickettsia endemic in wildlife are acquired by humans from fleas, mites and ticks in bush and semi-urban environments. The enigmatic and life-threatening muspiceoid nematode, Haycocknema perplexum, is known from people associated with the natural environment in Tasmania; whether it comes from vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, soil or water is unknown. Food chains occurring in a range of Australian ecosystems and environments, some associated with feeding arthropods, others with accidental ingestion of invertebrates, may result in human exposure and infection. A range of organisms normally occurring in wildlife, domestic animals or the environment may be involved in causing human disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Anthelmintic efficacy of Flemingia vestita (Fabaceae): alterations in glucose metabolism of the cestode, Raillietina echinobothrida.

The root-tuber peel of Flemingia vestita and its active component, genistein, were tested in respect of glucose metabolism in the cestode, Raillietina echinobothrida. Live R. echinobothrida, collected from the intestine of freshly slaughtered domestic fowl, were incubated at 39+/-1 degrees C in defined concentrations of the root-peel crude extract (5 mg/ml), genistein (0.2 mg/ml) and praziquantel (1 microg/ml) in phosphate buffered saline with 1% of dimethyl sulphoxide with simultaneous maintenance of controls. In the treated worms, there was a significant decrease in the glycogen concentration accompanied with the decrease of glucose by 14-32%, whereas the malate concentration increased by 49-134% as compared to controls. Both in controls and treated parasites, however, the pyruvate content was not measurable. While alanine and lactate contents showed a decline by 7-25% in the parasites exposed to all test materials, the lactate efflux into the incubation medium showed 37-71% increase in treatments indicating an overall increase of lactate production in comparison to controls. The results showing a decline in the glycogen and glucose contents and a significant rise in the malate content and lactate efflux under treatment conditions suggest that the energy demand in the parasites possibly got enhanced under stress, though it did not influence a switch over towards aerobic degradation of glucose in the parasites.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Morphometric analysis of four species of Eubothrium (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) parasites of salmonid fish: an interspecific and intraspecific comparison.

Four species of the genus Eubothrium (E. crassum, E. fragile, E. rugosum and E. salvelini) were subjected to morphometric comparison. Discriminant analysis was conducted utilising 17 characters measured on the scolex and strobila of 101 specimens. Univariate statistics were first used to detect features that were useful for separating individual Eubothrium species and two different host populations of E. salvelini. Subsequent multivariate discriminant analysis, combining all the measured variables, made it possible to separate all four species. A comparison of the four taxa revealed that (1) E. fragile is the most distinct species, possessing a much smaller scolex than the other congeners, and its similarity with the other marine species E. crassum is not proven; (2) the two freshwater taxa, E. rugosum and E. salvelini are the most similar; (3) the characters most suitable for species differentiation are the length of the scolex, the width of the apical disc, the width of the neck and its area, the width of eggs and the number of testes; (4) the width of the apical disc was confirmed to be the most stable character at the intraspecific level (within E. salvelini host populations) and is therefore considered to be a trait of the highest discriminative power in the subset of four Eubothrium species.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effect of isoflavone from Flemingia vestita (Fabaceae) on the Ca2+ homeostasis in Raillietina echinobothrida, the cestode of domestic fowl.

The alcoholic crude root-peel extract of Flemingia vestita and its major isoflavone, genistein, have been shown to have a vermifugal/vermicidal effect by causing a flaccid paralysis accompanied by alterations in the structural architecture of the tegumental interface and metabolic activity in Raillietina echinobothrida, the cestode of domestic fowl. In the present study, the crude root-peel extract and pure genistein were tested in vitro with respect to Ca2+ homeostasis and the occurrence of some metal ions was detected in the parasite. Live cestodes were incubated in pre-defined concentrations of the crude root-peel extract, genistein and praziquantel (as reference drug), till the paralysis time with simultaneous maintenance of respective controls. In the parasite tissue, a significant amount of Ca2+ (approximately 400 microg/g dry tissue wt) was found to be present besides magnesium, iron, zinc, lead and chromium, whilst manganese, cadmium and nickel were below the level of detection. The Ca2+ concentration was decreased significantly by 39%-49%, in the parasite tissue exposed to the test materials in comparison to the respective controls. There was also an increase in Ca2+ efflux by 91%-160% into the culture medium under similar treatments. The changes in Ca2+ homeostasis may be related to the rapid muscular contraction and consequent paralysis in the parasite due to the anthelmintic stress caused by the phytochemicals of F. vestita.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Concentration of some toxic elements in Oryctolagus cuniculus and in its intestinal cestode Mosgovoyia ctenoides, in Dunas de Mira (Portugal).

The need for sentinel organisms reflecting small-scale changes in heavy metal pollution of different habitats has been previously stated and the role of terrestrial mammalian parasites has been pointed out as an important field of research aiming at the potential use of parasitic models as bioindicators. The scope of the present study was to assess the concentration of some toxic (Cd, Pb, As and Hg) elements in Dunas de Mira (Natura 2000 PTCON055) while testing the model constituted by the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus Linnaeus, 1758) and its intestinal cestode parasite Mosgovoyia ctenoides Railliet, 1890 as potential bioindicators. Wild rabbits were harvested by hunters and analysed for intestinal cestodes. Samples of kidney, liver, intestinal mucosa, muscle of host and also M. ctenoides were taken and deep-frozen for posterior element analysis by ICP-MS. In general, levels of contamination in rabbit tissues were found to be low although some of the elements were detected in higher quantities when compared to other previous reports for wildlife in Europe. The highest quantity of Pb was found in rabbit muscle (3.81 ppm) while highest Cd and Hg values were found in kidney (1.02 and 0.08 ppm). Significant linear relationships were found between Pb concentration in the parasite and Pb concentration in kidney (P=0.0047), muscle (P=0.0002) and intestinal mucosa (P=0.0181) and between As concentration in the parasite and As concentration in liver (P=0.0024), kidney (P=0.0010), muscle (P=0.0003) and intestinal mucosa (P=0.0047). The most significant relationships for Pb and As were detected between element concentration in the cestode and in host muscle. However, maximum Pb and As concentrations in M. ctenoides were only twice as high as those found for rabbit kidney and therefore it is not possible to confirm the role of the model O. cuniculus/M. ctenoides as a promising bioindicator system unlike other mammalian host/cestode models tested in other studies. The contrasting results might be due to differences in the absorption processes in the tegument of different cestode families. Furthermore, the large size of the cestodes used in the present study might also explain the relatively low element concentration values obtained.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Gastrointestinal parasitic worms in equines in the Paraíba Valley, State of São Paulo, Brazil.

Over a period of 12 years, from 1988 to 2000, a total of 20 individual equines (16 horses and 4 mules) were selected at random, from 10 municipalities in the Paraíba Valley, in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, and then subjected to necropsy for collection of gastrointestinal worms. Individual samples of 10% of the intestinal contents were also taken for counting and identifying the species present, and to establish the prevalence of worms in equine species in the Paraíba Valley. In the sample considered, the presence of parasites ranged from 155 to 1249 worms. Tapeworms (Cestoidea) were present in about 85% of the animals studied, and roundworms (Nematoda) in 100% of the individuals. All the tapeworms collected were of one single species, Anoplocephala perfoliata. In the case of the roundworms, the prevalence of individual species was: 100% for Cyathostomineae, 90% for Oxyuris equi, 70% for Strongylus vulgaris, 45% for S. edentatus, 15% for Strongylus equinus, 60% for Triodontophorus sp., 50% for Gyalocephalus capitatus, 15% for Oesophagodontus robustus and Craterostomum acuticaudatum, and 5% each for Parascaris equorum, Probstimayria vivipara, Habronema muscae, and Trichostrongylus axei. No specimens of flukes (Trematoda) were found in any of the animals studied.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Field evaluation of the efficacy and the safety of a combination of oxantel/pyrantel/praziquantel in the treatment of naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode and/or cestode infestations in dogs in Europe.

In five multicentre field trials, the efficacy and safety of a combination of oxantel/pyrantel/praziquantel (Dolpac), Vetoquinol SA) in the treatment of naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode and/or cestode infestation in dogs was evaluated in northern and southern Europe. Forty-eight investigators from France, Belgium, Germany, Italy and Spain enrolled 329 dogs to be treated with the tested combination; 235 of these dogs complied with the inclusion criteria of the protocol and had a tested helminth identified on Day 0. A pooled analysis was performed on each of the following helminth species: Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma caninum, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis, Uncinaria stenocephala, Taenia spp. and Dipylidium caninum, which were isolated on Day 0. The main efficacy criterion was the egg per gram (epg) percent reduction of the nematodes and the absence of proglottids and or eggs for the cestodes. After treatment, dogs were examined on Day 7, Day 14 and Day 21. The efficacy of the combination against Toxocara canis was 99.1%, 98.8% and 98.9% on Day 7, Day 14 and Day 21, respectively. At the same occasions the efficacy was, respectively, 99.2%, 99.2% and 99.3% against Ancylostoma caninum, 97.3%, 97.2% and 98.4% against Trichuris vulpis, 98.4%, 98.8% and 98.8% against Uncinaria stenocephala, 98.9%, 99.5% and 99.9% against Toxascaris leonina, 97.1%, 100% and 100% against Dipylidium caninum and 100% against Taenia spp.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Neurocysticercosis: regional status, epidemiology, impact and control measures in the Americas.

The analysis of epidemiological data concerning human cysticercosis point to important advances in understanding the magnitude and distribution of this parasitic disease in Latin America, as well as the relationship of the elements that conform the life cycle of Taenia solium. The data indicate that the main risk factor for acquiring human neurocysticercosis and swine cysticercosis is the presence of the tapeworm carrier in the household. Therefore, several intervention measures for the control of cysticercosis have been evaluated: mass treatment in order to cure tapeworm carriers, health education towards understanding the risk factors, pig control by restraining them, experimental vaccination of pigs and treatment of swine cysticercosis. In this paper, we review the information obtained in these areas. We hope it will be useful in other endemic countries that wish to elaborate an action plan for the control and ultimate eradication of T. solium.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1975

Tapeworm cyst infestations of the brain.

Tapeworm cyst infestations of the brain often present as diagnostic problems. The radiological appearances in proven cases are discussed with a brief review of the life cycle and clinical presentations.

Angiography↗
PubMed2001

An investigation of the co-evolutionary relationships between onchobothriid tapeworms and their elasmobranch hosts.

There is general consensus that the living elasmobranchs comprise a monophyletic taxon. There is evidence that, among tetraphyllidean tapeworms, the approximately 201 hooked species (Onchobothriidae) may also comprise a monophyletic group. Determinations of host specificity are contingent upon correct specific identifications. Since 1960, over 200 new elasmobranch species and over 100 new onchobothriid species have been described. Some confidence can be placed in host and parasite identifications of recent studies, but specific identifications provided in older literature in many cases are suspect. There is some consensus among published works on the phylogenetic relationships among elasmobranchs. Phylogenetic relationships among onchobothriids remain largely unresolved. Elasmobranchs have been poorly sampled for onchobothriids; records exist for approximately 20% of the 911 species and approximately 44% of the 170 elasmobranch genera. Onchobothriids are remarkably host specific, exhibiting essentially oioxenous specificity for their definitive hosts. Multiple onchobothriid species commonly parasitise the same host species; in some cases these are congeners, in other cases these are members of two different onchobothriid genera. There is substantial incongruence between available host and parasite phylogenies. For example, Acanthobothrium is by far the most ubiquitous onchobothriid genus, parasitising almost all orders of elasmobranchs known to host onchobothriids, yet, there is no evidence of major clades of Acanthobothrium corresponding to postulated major subgroupings of elasmobranchs (e.g. Galea and Squalea or sharks and rays). Potamotrygonocestus appears to be among the most basal onchobothriid groups, yet it parasitises one of the most derived elasmobranch groups (the freshwater stingray genus Potamotrygon). It appears that congeners parasitising the same host species are not necessarily each other's closest relatives. At this point the preliminary and limited available data suggest that, at least in this system, strict host specificity is not necessarily indicative of strict co-evolution. This study was extremely limited by the lack of available robust phylogenies for onchobothriids and elasmobranchs.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Patterns of parasite aggregation in the wild European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

Understanding the factors controlling the distribution of parasites within their host population is fundamental to the wider understanding of parasite epidemiology and ecology. To explore changes in parasite aggregation, Taylor's power law was used to examine the distributions of five gut helminths of the wild rabbit. Aggregation was found to be a dynamic process that varied with year, season, host sex, age class, and myxomatosis. Yearly and seasonal changes are thought, in the main, to be the result of variations in weather conditions acting upon infectious stages (or intermediate hosts). Evidence in support of this was the comparatively low degree of fluctuation in the aggregation of the pinworm, Passalurus ambiguus, as the infectious stage of this parasite is likely to be less susceptible to environmental variation. Host age had a marked effect on the level of aggregation of all parasites, but this effect varied between parasite species. P. ambiguus, Trichostrongylus retortaeformis and Cittotaenia denticulata aggregation were lower in adult than juvenile rabbits whilst Graphidium strigosum and Mosgovoyia pectinata aggregation tended to increase with age. Host immunity is thought to be responsible for these differences. Differences in aggregation for different parasites were also seen when the rabbit population was split into males and females. Myxomatosis had a marked effect on helminth distribution with substantially less aggregation in rabbits showing clinical signs of the disease.

Age Factors↗