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PubMed2003

Esophageal emergencies: things that will wake you from a sound sleep.

Esophageal emergencies are a common problem facing practicing gastroenterologists and it is important to know what therapies are indicated for different situations. Patients ingesting caustic agents should be monitored intensively for signs of perforation and ultimately for signs of stricture development. Foreign bodies impacted in the esophagus should be removed promptly to prevent perforation. Although esophageal perforations are generally managed surgically, conservative management of localized perforations has become more common especially with improved antibiotics and the use of nonsurgical interventional drainage techniques. In either elected course the gastroenterologist should work closely with the surgical team.

Burns, Chemical↗
PubMed2003

Skin diseases associated with the cosmetic use of bleaching products in women from Dakar, Senegal.

BACKGROUND: The cosmetic use of bleaching products is considered a common practice in dark-skinned women from sub-Saharan Africa. However, there are few studies on this subject. OBJECTIVES: To increase the knowledge about the dermatological consequences of this practice in Dakar, the capital of Senegal. METHODS: A representative sample of 368 adult women presenting at our dermatological centre was selected. Each woman was questioned about her cosmetic use of bleaching products. Next, the following data were recorded in 425 women who used bleaching products: names and types of products used; modalities of the skin bleaching practice; skin diseases motivating the dermatological visit, with recording of their clinical features; and results of a full skin examination. The active substances of the bleaching products were determined mainly by reading the indications on their packages; with products of unknown composition, a pharmacological analysis of samples was done. A statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: Of the 368 women questioned, 194 (52.7%) were current users of bleaching products. Concerning the 425 users enrolled, products were applied on the whole body in 92% of users, with a median duration of use of 4 years. The active principles used included hydroquinone (used by 89% of users), glucocorticoids (70%), mercury iodide (10%) and caustic agents (17%); 13% of users used products of unknown composition. In the samples that were analysed, hydroquinone was found at concentrations of between 4% and 8.7%. Concerning steroids, superpotent (class 1) glucocorticoids predominated. The main skin complaints in bleaching products users included dermatophyte infections (n = 105) and scabies (n = 69), both often unusually extensive and severe; acne (n = 42), often severe; eczema (n = 41); irritant dermatitis (n = 14); and dyschromia (n = 26, including 14 cases of exogenous ochronosis). The skin examination noted features apparently disregarded by users: striae (noticed in 39% of users), and macular hyperchromia involving the face, mainly the periocular area (33%). The statistical analysis showed that glucocorticoid use was associated with the presence and severity of infectious skin diseases, and of acne. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the adult women presenting at our dermatology centre were using bleaching products. Most skin diseases observed in bleaching products users appeared to be induced, aggravated or modified by this practice. Superpotent topical glucocorticoids appeared to be the main agents responsible for the observed complications. The cosmetic use of bleaching products therefore has a major impact on our current dermatological practice.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed2003

Endodontic treatment performed by Flemish dentists. Part 2. Canal filling and decision making for referrals and treatment of apical periodontitis.

AIM: To gather information on root-canal treatment carried out by dentists working in Flanders (Belgium). METHODOLOGY: A questionnaire reported in a previous study was also used to gather information on canal medicaments, canal filling, and in decision making for referrals and treatment of apical periodontitis. RESULTS: Calcium hydroxide as an interappointment dressing was used by 69.7% of the respondents. Approximately one-third of the respondents did not use any intracanal medicament. Caustic products used for pulp tissue fixation were used by 66.8% of the respondents. Cavit (48.2%) and glass-ionomer (31.3%) were the temporary coronal-filling materials used most often, followed by zinc oxide-eugenol and IRM(R). Cold lateral condensation of gutta-percha was the filling technique most used by the respondents (65.8%). Single-cone gutta-percha placement (16%), paste techniques (4.9%) and silver points (3.9%) were still used. Resin-based sealers were used most often (88.6%). Paraformaldehyde containing sealers such as Endomethasone and N2 were used infrequently. Approximately half of the practitioners were satisfied with their canal-filling technique, others felt that they could do better (43.0%); 0.7% were not satisfied. In cases with apical periodontitis, the size of periapical lesions and/or the presence of a root filling influenced the choice of endodontic treatment. The most common reasons for referral of endodontic cases were: retrieval of silver points, surgery, and post removal. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that techniques and methods used for canal medication and canal filling were acceptable for the majority of the respondents. Re-treatment was underestimated as a treatment option.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2001

Thoracoscopic esophagectomy in children.

Minimal access surgery is an alternative to open surgery in esophageal resections. Thoracoscopic surgery has been utilized for both benign and malignant esophageal lesions and is a complex and challenging surgical procedure that can provide some benefits in comparison with open thoracotomy. Many studies have described laparoscopic or thoracoscopic-assisted esophagectomy in adults. So far, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study about thoracoscopic esophagectomy in children. This report describes 2 pediatric cases of benign esophageal lesions: one stricture after accidental ingestion of caustic soda and one esophageal stenosis after thyroglossal duct complication. Both patients were submitted to thoracoscopic esophagectomy combined with laparotomy and open cervical exploration with success. This procedure presents some potential advantages when compared with open esophagectomy: shorter hospital stay, precise dissection of mediastinal structures, less postoperative pain, less blood loss during surgery and less long-term discomfort. In our cases, thoracoscopic surgery for children showed the same benefits as in adults. Although very feasible, it should not be attempted without sufficient training and should be carried out only in specialized medical centers and by surgeons with adequate experience with open esophagectomy.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed2000

The use of the prepuce for reconstruction of an intraoral burn.

Intraoral and commissural burns present a complex challenge for the reconstructive surgeon, with contractures being the main sequela encountered. Various reconstructive techniques have been described, none of which offers an ideal solution. A case of a severe intraoral contracture due to a caustic burn, and the modality of treatment is described. Once the contractures were released, a full-thickness preputial graft was used to cover the resultant buccal mucosal defect, with a satisfactory result. Due to its unique properties, the prepuce should be included as an additional tool in the reconstructive surgeon's armamentarium.

Burns, Chemical↗
PubMed1995

Reconsidering the diagnosis and treatment of patients following ingestion of liquid lye.

Concentrated lye rapidly produces liquefaction necrosis, which can completely dissolve organs of the upper gastrointestinal tract, damaging adjacent structures including, in rare instances, even the transverse colon. Patients so afflicted will survive only if the injury is promptly detected and treated by radical surgical extirpation of all necrotic tissue. Symptoms are unreliable, and definitive diagnosis requires endoscopic evaluation. For years endoscopists were warned to stop at the first site of injury to avoid perforation of the damaged esophagus, but fiberoptic instruments now allow panendoscopy to be safely performed in almost all cases. Endoscopy alone, however, cannot detect extraluminal injury. If there is visual evidence of injury to the duodenum, computed tomography should be routine to search for injury to adjacent structures. Even in the absence of duodenal injury, computed tomography may prove valuable in assessing and managing patients with extensive damage to the esophagus or stomach. In cases of mediastinal or intraabdominal visceral necrosis, steroid therapy, by depressing the patient's ability to mount an inflammatory response, might worsen the injury and lead to life-threatening sepsis. The use of corticosteroids to treat patients following ingestion of caustic substances should therefore be abandoned as both ineffective and potentially dangerous.

Burns, Chemical↗
PubMed1988

Management of injuries from liquid lye ingestion.

The simultaneous admission of nine youths to our institution following their ingestion of concentrated sodium hydroxide (which had been mistaken for wine) provided us with a unique opportunity to manage corrosive esophageal injuries ranging in severity from second-degree oral mucosal injury alone to full-thickness hypopharyngeal, esophageal, and gastric injury. The severity of injury was graded first on the basis of symptoms and physical examination of the mouth, and then in the operating room by rigid esophagoscopy. This procedure provided a logical approach to management. Three patients with second-degree oral burns required no surgery. Six patients required laparotomy with gastrostomy and/or chimney feeding jejunostomy, one required immediate esophagogastrectomy, and three required immediate total or subtotal gastrectomy. There were no deaths. Three patients have subsequently required esophageal replacement and three others have required repeated dilatations. At 2-year followup, all nine maintain their nutritional status orally, and all except for the previously mute patient can phonate. Ingestion of liquid lye requires a much more aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic approach than is currently recommended for ingestion of caustics in general. On the basis of our experience with these nine patients, we suggest the following for esophageal liquid lye injury: 1) early evaluation of the esophagus by esophagoscopy; 2) with esophageal burns, urgent laparotomy to assess gastric damage and gastrostomy to pass a string for subsequent retrograde dilatations; 3) adequate resection of stomach for gastric burns; 4) with deep esophageal burns, early esophagectomy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Hair relaxer ingestion: a new trend.

Although the health care system has done much to reduce the incidence of ingestion of such alkalis as drain and oven cleaners, in recent years we have seen an overwhelming increase in the incidence of hair relaxer ingestion. In a 5-year review (1987 to 1992) of 48 cases of caustic ingestion, 15 cases involved alkaline hair-relaxing agents. This retrospective study was undertaken to evaluate the agents ingested, the presenting signs and symptoms, the diagnostic procedures, and the outcomes in those 15 cases. Oral cavity and lip burns were common in these children, but none of the 15 had significant esophageal burns. Education of the medical and lay community about the risk of hair relaxer ingestion should be undertaken to reverse this worrisome trend.

Burns, Chemical↗
PubMed1980

Cervical esophageal strictures - a surgical approach.

Seven patients have successfully undergone surgical correction of their cervical esophageal strictures. The strictures are secondary to caustic ingestion or follow the repair for Zenker's diverticulum. In the first stage the stricture is exteriorized with an extended cervical esophagostomy. The second stage follows in four or six weeks, at which time the adjacent skin to the stoma is trap-doored over the defect and provides a significant amount of skin to augment the esophageal lumen. All of these patients are eating normally.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Acid corrosive esophagitis: radiographic findings.

Thirty-nine esophagograms of 24 patients after ingestion of muriatic acid (27% HCI) in suicide attempts were reviewed. All esophagograms were obtained in the acute, subacute, and chronic phases. In the acute and subacute phases, the radiographic findings consisted of mucosal edema, submucosal edema or hemorrhage, ulcerations, sloughing of the mucosa, atony, and dilatation. Strictures of the esophagus were present in the chronic phase. These radiographic findings were not different from those found in alkaline corrosive esophagitis. The severity of the corrosive esophagitis is considered related to the concentration, amount, viscosity, and duration of contact between the caustic agent and the esophageal mucosa.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

[Esophageal reconstruction for esophageal stricture after corrosive injury].

Swallowing a corrosive agent (alkali or acid) often causes severe pharyngeal, laryngeal or esophageal stricture (caustic stenosis), which is usually very difficult to treat. This paper reports two cases of esophageal stricture treated by esophagoplasty. Both cases had attempted suicide by swallowing a sodium hydroxide solution or acid. Case 1 was a 66-year-old man found to have severe hypopharynx and thoracic esophagus stenosis with supraglottic stricture. The supraglottic stricture was reconstructed with an ileocolon graft and laryngectomy. The intestinal anastomosis was patent, but the peristaltic motion in the ileocolon was not good. The patient continues to have difficulty achieving sufficient oral feeding and to receive supplemental feeding via a jejunostomy. Case 2 was a 81-year-old woman with severe thoracic esophagus stenosis after gastrectomy. The lesion was reconstructed with a jejenum graft. The intestinal anastomosis was patent. She achieved oral alimentation of both liquids and solids without aspiration after surgery. Esophagectomy in these cases can be difficult and hazardous due to extensive fibrosis and many adhesions to adjacent structures. In both cases, the reconstructed intestine passed through the ante-sternal route, so there was severe scar formation in the mediastinum, and an esophago-skin fistula formed in the cervical skin. Cervical vessels and intestinal vessels were anastomosed for blood supply to the reconstructed intestinal tract. This method is useful because it is safe and results in good deglution.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Endoscopic diagnosis of chemical burns of the esophagus].

Analysis of endoscopic diagnosis of chemical burns of the esophagus permitted the authors to define the direct and indirect signs of esophageal involvement in chemical burns and to assess the severity of involvement. The accuracy of diagnosing the degree of chemical burn from direct signs is rather low during the first three days after caustic injury. Deep necrotic and necrobiotic changes in the esophageal wall can be assessed from indirect signs of chemical injury to the esophagus.

Burns, Chemical↗
PubMed1999

Management of corrosive injuries of the esophagus.

During a 5-year period from 1993 to 1998, 22 cases of caustic esophageal injuries were referred to our clinic, caused by acid consumption as suicidal intentions or as an accident. Four out of 10 cases where acute exploration was performed the corrosion was so extended that no further intervention could be done, and all of them died within 24 hours. In the remaining 6 cases acute esophagogastrectomy, or total gastrectomy with esophageal exclusion was performed. Three out of 6 patients survived primary surgery, who later underwent esophageal reconstruction with a colon substitute. In 12 patients no indication for acute surgery arose, but later during the follow-up in 5 of them dysphagia and corrosive stricture developed. All underwent successful esophageal reconstruction with colon substitute. Case reports, acute management, indications for surgery and prognostic factors are also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Pulmonary actinomycosis as a complication of foreign body aspiration].

This first polish paper presents respiratory actinomycosis as a complication caused by aspiration of a foreign body. Aspiration of a citrus fruit stone occurred as a result of esophagus stenosis and dysphagia caused by a mistake made by a blind person of drinking a caustic substance. Clinical and bronchoscopic features suggested bronchogenic carcinoma but it's not confirmed by two histopathologic examinations of section from pathological bronchial changes. Diagnosis was based on the morphological picture of sections taken during third fibreoptic bronchoscopy and on cytological sputum examination. Removing the aspired foreign body from bronchus and prolonged penicillin treatment resulted in clinical and radiological amelioration.

Actinomycosis↗
PubMed2002

Is there a difference between the management of grade 2b and 3 corrosive gastric injuries?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the differences between treatment of patients with grade 2b or grade 3 gastric injuries. SETTING: A University Hospital. DESIGN: Retrospective review. PATIENTS: Thirty patients who ingested caustic agents over a 5 year period were examined by endoscope within 48 hours of injury. RESULT: Twenty one patients ingested strong acid or alkali. Among these patients, five had grade 2b, and two had grade 3 injuries. In both cases of grade 3 injuries, extensive surgical approach was initially performed, then delayed jejunal and colonic interpositions were done. On the other hand, one 2b patient had exploratory laparotomy, while others were treated conservatively. All 2b patients had satisfactory conditions during the initial follow-ups. Three patients were healthy during the 11, 16, and 44 months follow-up, one developed chronic gastritis at 5 months and one patient failed to follow-up. CONCLUSION: Early and aggressive extensive removal of necrotic tissue is necessary and can certainly increase the survival. There is on going controversy in the management of injuries less than grade 3. Grade 2b gastric injury patients can be managed conservatively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Concentrated bleach burns in a child.

After a review of the literature on inflicted burns in children, we present a case of caustic burns in a child aged 6 months. Its interest lies in the causative agent (concentrated bleach) and in discussion of the intentional nature of the burn.

Burns, Chemical↗