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PubMed1985

Validation of attenuation-corrected equilibrium radionuclide angiographic determinations of right ventricular volume: comparison with cast-validated biplane cineventriculography.

To determine the accuracy of attenuation-corrected equilibrium radionuclide angiographic determinations of right ventricular volumes, we initially studied 14 postmortem human right ventricular casts by water displacement and biplane cineventriculography. Biplane cineventriculographic right ventricular cast volumes, calculated by a modification of Simpson's rule algorithm, correlated well with right ventricular cast volumes measured by water displacement (r = .97, y = 8 + 0.88x, SEE = 6 ml). Moreover, the mean volumes obtained by both methods were no different (73 +/- 28 vs 73 +/- 25 ml). Subsequently, we studied 16 patients by both biplane cineventriculography and equilibrium radionuclide angiography. The uncorrected radionuclide right ventricular volumes were calculated by normalizing background corrected end-diastolic and end-systolic counts from hand-drawn regions of interest obtained by phase analysis for cardiac cycles processed, frame rate, and blood sample counts. Attenuation correction was performed by a simple geometric method. The attenuation-corrected radionuclide right ventricular end-diastolic volumes correlated with the cineventriculographic end-diastolic volumes (r = .91, y = 3 + 0.92x, SEE = 27 ml). Similarly, the attenuation-corrected radionuclide right ventricular end-systolic volumes correlated with the cineventriculographic end-systolic volumes (r = .93, y = - 1 + 0.91x, SEE = 16 ml). Also, the mean attenuation-corrected radionuclide end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were no different than the average cineventriculographic end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (160 +/- 61 and 83 +/- 44 vs 170 +/- 61 and 86 +/- 43 ml, respectively). Comparison of the uncorrected and attenuation-corrected radionuclide right ventricular volumes demonstrated narrower 95% confidence intervals for the attentuation-corrected right ventricular volume determinations over a wide range of cineventriculographic volumes. Thus we conclude that: (1) attenuation-corrected radionuclide right ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes compare closely with those obtained by a cast-validated biplane cineventriculographic method and (2) attenuation-corrected radionuclide right ventricular volumes correspond more closely to determinations of biplane cineventriculographic right ventricular volumes and are thus likely to be more accurate than uncorrected radionuclide right ventricular volumes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Difference in the attachment of hepatocytes between a poly(gamma-benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG)/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) diblock copolymer cast surface and a PBlg/PNIPAAm Langmuir-Blodgett one.

The effects of temperature on the monolayer behavior of the poly(gamma-benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG)/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) diblock copolymer at the air-water interface were examined. Differences in the adhesion and morphology of hepatocytes between Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films and cast surfaces of the PBLG/PNIPAAm diblock copolymer were investigated. The surface pressure (pi)-area (A) curve of the block copolymer had a tendency to expand with the temperature, due to a change in the conformation of PNIPAAm with the temperature change. Attachment of hepatocytes onto the PBLG/PNIPAAm block copolymer LB surface decreased slightly with an increase of the PNIPAAm content in the block copolymer, whereas that onto the cast surface decreased rapidly with an increase of the PNIPAAm content, due to the hydrophilic property of PNIPAAm in the microphase-separated structure. Rapid morphological changes of the hepatocytes adhered to the LB surfaces, from round shapes to spreading ones, were observed, compared with the cast films. The hepatocytes that adhered to the block copolymer LB surfaces showed less flattened and spread shapes than those that adhered to the PBLG one. Also, the spheroid formation of the hepatocytes increased with an increase of the PNIPAAm content in the block copolymer cast films.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1989

Pulmonary capillary density in rats given monocrotaline. A cast corrosion study.

A mechanism for monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in experimental animals may be the loss of small blood vessels, but when pulmonary arteries have been studied, the results have been controversial. In this report, the density of the entire lung microvasculature as measured by gray-scale analysis of scanning electron microscopic images of corrosion casts is reported. In the first experiment, monocrotaline, 60 mg/kg, was injected intraperitoneally into Sprague-Dawley rats. After 16 days, the pulmonary vascular tree was cast with methylmethacrylate. The vascular density index of the casts at a magnification x 100 on the alveolar surface was 0.40 for the monocrotaline-treated animals and 0.48 for the saline-treated control animals (p less than 0.01). On the pleural surface, it was 0.51 for the monocrotaline animals and 0.67 for the saline animals (p less than 0.001). A second experiment found no significant difference in vascular density index between different doses of monocrotaline. Light and scanning electron microscopy suggest that capillary and small vessel thrombosis may account for the decrease in the density of vessels in pulmonary microvascular casts that occurs in response to monocrotaline.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Tracheobronchial airway structure as revealed by casting techniques.

Research quality tracheobronchial airway casts, prepared in the intact thorax, have proved to be useful in comparative mammalian anatomic studies. Grossly, casts trimmed free of alveoli are quite different in appearance for different species. Overall organ shape, tracheal length/diameter ratio, presence or absence of a tracheal bronchus, and degree of branching symmetry constitute the major gross characteristics. Detailed morphometric measurements performed on such casts reveal important species differences in branch shape, number of divisions in the tree, and variations in such structure as a function of airway generation number. Of the mammalian tracheobronchial casts examined to date, those of humans have several distinctive characteristics. Their overall shape is the most nearly spherical; most other mammals have lungs that are significantly longer along the tracheal axis in relation to their width or thickness. Human branches are typically relatively symmetric with respect to both daughter tube diameter ratio and daughter branch angle ratio. In short, of all of the studied mammalian lungs those of humans appear to be the least heterogeneous.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bronchial casts in children.

Bronchial casts were found in four children during a 2-year period at the Children's Memorial Hospital. These four children represent 0.2% of the 1,943 endoscopic cases during that time. Thirty other cases of bronchial casts have been reported previously in children 9 years of age or younger, only 12 of which were not associated with cystic fibrosis. Casts may be a complication of many diseases; cystic fibrosis, asthma, bronchitis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, and bronchocentric granulomatosis are the most common. With the exception of cystic fibrosis, these diseases may all have an allergic pulmonary reaction as the underlying cause. In all four cases reported here, the diagnosis was made at endoscopy because the clinical picture is not dissimilar from that of bronchial foreign bodies. Management includes endoscopic removal of the cast, chest physical therapy with nebulized acetylcysteine, and an evaluation to determine the underlying condition.

Bronchi↗
PubMed2006

The Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test (CAST): test-retest reliability.

The Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test (CAST) is a 37-item parental self-completion questionnaire to screen for autism spectrum conditions in research. Good test accuracy was demonstrated in studies with primary school aged children in mainstream schools. The aim of this study was to investigate the test-retest reliability of the CAST. Parents of 1000 children in years 1-6 in five mainstream primary schools in Cambridgeshire received the CAST. A second identical questionnaire was posted to respondents after approximately 2 weeks. Both mailings generated 136 responses. Agreement above and below a screening cut-point of 15 was investigated. The kappa statistic for agreement (< 15 versus > or = 15) was 0.70, and 97 percent (95 percent CI: 93-99 percent) of children did not move across the cut-point of 15. The correlation between the two test scores was 0.83 (Spearman's rho). The CAST has shown good test-retest reliability, and now requires further investigation in a high-scoring sample.

Asperger Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

Lysis of intraventricular blood clot with urokinase in a canine model: Part 1. Canine intraventricular blood cast model.

To test the safety and feasibility of using direct instillation of urokinase to induce rapid lysis of intraventricular clots, an animal model of intraventricular blood cast is required. Injections of 11 ml of fresh, unclotted autologous blood into the ventricles of adult mongrel dogs did not produce a solid blood cast in the ventricular system, suggesting that the adult dogs have an unusual ability to clear uncoagulated whole blood from the ventricles and subarachnoid space. Injection of 9 ml of preclotted blood resulted in a subtotal cast of the ventricles, leaving only portions of the occipital horns free of solid clots. This volume of injected clots incurred no mortality and minimal morbidity, whereas injection of 10 to 12 ml resulted in a mortality of 42% and formidable morbidity. The technique of producing this intraventricular blood cast model, as well as that of implanting an indwelling ventricular catheter-reservoir system useful in chronic urokinase administration, is described.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Genomic diversity at thirteen short tandem repeat loci in a substructured caste population, Golla, of southern Andhra Pradesh, India.

Genomic diversity based on 13 short tandem repeat (STR) loci was studied in seven population groups of a substructured Golla caste from Chittoor district in southern Andhra Pradesh, India. These groups are traditionally pastoral, culturally homogeneous, and strictly endogamous. Blood samples were drawn from 317 individuals from 30 Golla villages. The 13 STR loci analyzed in five standard multiplex polymerase chain reactions were: (1) CSF1R, TH01, and PLA2A; (2) F13A1, CYP19, and LPL; (3) D21S1446 and D21S1435; (4) D20S481, D20S473, and D20S604; and (5) D5S1453 and D6S1006. The average heterozygosity was found to be low among the Golla subgroups (0.64-0.70) in comparison to that of groups at the upper levels of the hierarchy. The coefficient of gene differentiation was found to be moderate (average GST = 0.031; range between 0.018 and 0.049 among the loci) when compared to that observed for a similar class of markers among populations with relatively higher levels of hierarchy, for example, among castes. It is, however, much higher when compared to the average observed for Indian caste and tribal populations, based on classical markers. Genetic distance measures revealed clusters of populations that are consistent with the known ethnohistorical and geographical backgrounds of the groups. We claim that these hypervariable markers are quite useful in understanding the process of substructuring within the Indian castes, leading to the formation of smaller breeding isolates, the basic Mendelian units within which microevolutionary forces operate.

Consanguinity↗
PubMed1995

A psychometric assessment of the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST).

OBJECTIVE: Children of alcoholics have been identified as an at-risk population for a number of physical, emotional and behavioral problems. Therefore, accurate identification of this potential client group is important for both prevention and intervention programming. The current study investigated the psychometric properties of the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST), which was developed as an assessment tool for identifying latency-age, adolescent and adult children of alcoholics. METHOD: Respondents were recruited through the use of nominational sampling methods for participation in this cross-sectional study. The study sample was composed of 65 male and 149 female respondents, including both adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs) and adults reared in non-substance-abusing homes (non-ACOAs). Both ACOA (n = 140) and non-ACOA (n = 74) groups included clinical and nonclinical subjects. Respondents completed a mailed, self-report survey that included the CAST, five other standardized instruments measuring family and personal functioning, and sociodemographic questions. RESULTS: Study findings indicated that the CAST is unidimensional, possesses excellent reliability (alpha = .98) and has a low standard error of measurement. Support was also shown for several types of measurement validity, including discrimination validity, factorial validity and construct validity. CONCLUSIONS: Data from the current study support use of the CAST as a reliable and valid instrument that may be employed in both research and clinical practice.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Distribution and evolution of genetic caste determination in Pogonomyrmex seed-harvester ants.

We examined the distribution and ancestral relationships of genetic caste determination (GCD) in 46 populations of the seed-harvester ants Pogonomyrmex barbatus and P. rugosus across the east-to-west range of their distributions. Using a mtDNA sequence and two nuclear markers diagnostic for GCD, we distinguished three classes of population phenotypes: those with GCD, no evidence of GCD, and mixed (both GCD and non-GCD colonies present). The GCD phenotype was geographically widespread across the range of both morphospecies, occurring in 20 of 46 sampled populations. Molecular data suggest three reproductively isolated and cryptic lineages within each morphospecies, and no present hybridization. Mapping the GCD phenotype onto a mtDNA phylogeny indicates that GCD in P. rugosus was acquired from P. barbatus, suggesting that interspecific hybridization may not be the causal agent of GCD, but may simply provide an avenue for GCD to spread from one species (or subspecies) to another. We hypothesize that the origin of GCD involved a genetic mutation with a major effect on caste determination. This mutation generates genetic conflict and results in the partitioning and maintenance of distinct allele (or gene set) combinations that confer differences in developmental caste fate. The outcome is two dependent lineages within each population; inter-lineage matings produce workers, while intra-lineage matings produce reproductives. Both lineages are needed to produce a caste-functional colony, resulting in two reproductively isolated yet interdependent lineages. Pogonomyrmex populations composed of dependent lineages provide a unique opportunity to investigate genetic variation underlying phenotypic plasticity and its impact on the evolution of social structure.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The mortality divide in India: the differential contributions of gender, caste, and standard of living across the life course.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the contributions of gender, caste, and standard of living to inequalities in mortality across the life course in India. METHODS: We conducted a multilevel cross-sectional analysis of individual mortality, using the 1998-1999 Indian National Family Health Survey data for 529321 individuals from 26 states. RESULTS: Substantial mortality differentials were observed between the lowest and highest standard-of-living quintiles across all age groups, ranging from an odds ratio (OR) of 4.61 (95% confidence interval [CI]=2.98, 7.13) in the age group 2 to 5 years to an OR of 1.97 (95% CI=1.68, 2.32) in the age group 45 to 64 years. Excess mortality for girls was evident only for the age group 2 to 5 years (OR=1.33, 95% CI=1.13, 1.58). Substantial caste differentials were observed at the beginning and end stages of life. Area variation in mortality is partially a result of the compositional effects of household standard of living and caste. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality burden, across the life course in India, falls disproportionately on economically disadvantaged and lower-caste groups. Residual state-level variation in mortality suggests an underlying ecology to the mortality divide in India.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Property variations of stone casts following high-temperature sterilization.

The effects of high-temperature sterilization methods (boiling, dry-heating, autoclaving and chemiclaving) on the properties of four types of stone cast were determined. SEM observations were made of the cast surface before and after sterilization. High-temperature sterilization affected the properties of the stone casts. Boiling, dry-heating and autoclaving were considered to be unacceptable methods for sterilizing stone casts before making prosthetic restorations.

Calcium Sulfate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aerosol tracer study of gas convective transport to 0.1-cm airways by high-frequency ventilation in a human lung airway cast.

A cast of human tracheobronchial airways, which is complete to airways less than 0.1 cm in diameter, was employed for experimental studies of gas convective transport by high-frequency ventilation (HFV). The cast was ventilated with gases of different kinematic viscosity (He, air, and SF6) and tidal volumes of 10-60 mL. The convective transport through the cast was followed by labeling the tidal volume with 0.5-micron aerosol particles. Such particles undergo little diffusion and have a short relaxation time and, therefore, can serve as tracers of stream flow. The time of arrival of particles transported to isolated peripheral segments of the cast during HFV was measured with an optical particle counter at various oscillatory tidal volumes and frequencies. Distally directed particle transport was found to be substantial in He and air, but weak in SF6. The extent of transport increased with increasing tidal volume. These results provide evidence for a distally directed axial flow during quasi-steady-state tidal breathing of lung airways over a wide range of frequency. This superimposed distal flow along the axial core is consistent with (1) the demonstrated efficacy of O2-CO2 exchange during HFV, and (2) concentrations of particles deposited on bifurcations of alveolar ducts as observed during normal breathing in small animal inhalation studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Measurement of breast volume with thermoplastic casts.

A pilot study was carried through to assess the reproducibility of a new method of measuring breast volume. Twenty healthy female volunteers participated. A negative replica of the breast was made with thermoplastic cast material. The volume was measured by filling the cast with water until it reached two opposite points of the boundaries of the breast delineated on the cast. Three measurements were made of every cast and the mean was calculated. The range of the three measurements expressed as a percentage of the mean volume was 2.9 (SD 1.6)%. Each volunteer's breasts were measured twice with a brief intervening pause. The coefficient of variation between the two corresponding measurements was 6%.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Infants' perception of depth from cast shadows.

Five- and 7-month-old infants viewed displays in which cast shadows provided information that two objects were at different distances. The 7-month-olds reached preferentially for the apparently nearer object under monocular-viewing conditions but exhibited no reaching preference under binocular-viewing conditions. These results indicate that 7-month-old infants perceive depth on the basis of cast shadows. The 5-month-olds did not reach preferentially for the apparently nearer object and, therefore, exhibited no evidence of sensitivity to cast shadows as depth information. In a second experiment, 5-month-olds reached preferentially for the nearer of two objects that were similar to those used in the first experiment but were positioned at different distances from the infant. This result indicated that 5-month-olds have the motor skills and motivation necessary to exhibit a reaching preference under the conditions of this study. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that depth perception based on cast shadows first appears between 5 and 7 months of age.

Depth Perception↗
PubMed2004

3D shape measurement of dental casts using medical X-ray CT.

Three-dimensional (3D) digitizing and computerization of dental casts is a trend in dentistry especially for orthodontics to substitute stone casts. Generally used laser scanners have a blind side in the measurement of undercuts. As alternative equipment that can digitize regardless of the undercut, the potential of recent multi-slice medical CT was examined. In 3D shape reconstruction, the CT window level affects the size of the object. It was examined, and a CT window level of 800 was found to be suitable. However, the size became slightly smaller than the real object. Then, a correction ratio of 1.002, 1.015 and 1.013 on the X-, Y- and Z-axis was given, and error within 0.08% was accomplished. The measurement and 3D imaging of dental casts was completed within 10 min. The reproducibility of the complicated morphology of dental casts was slightly inferior to that of the latest laser scanners, but the accuracy and operationality regardless of the undercut is noteworthy for clinical application.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1997

Reappraisal of the negative impression cast and the subtalar joint neutral position.

For many years, podiatric physicians have been casting orthotic devices with the foot placed in the subtalar joint neutral position based on work by Root et al. Recent research pertaining to the subtalar joint neutral position during the gait cycle is in disagreement with the theory of Root et al and the inverted subtalar joint neutral casting technique. The current research and a historical perspective of casting techniques will be reviewed to help clarify terminology and to decipher the relationship between the rearfoot position during the gait cycle and casting technique.

Foot↗
PubMed1998

The effect of disinfecting alginate and addition cured silicone rubber impression materials on the physical properties of impressions and resultant casts.

Four commercially available disinfectants were tested and the dimensional stability and detail reproduction of impressions and their resultant casts were measured according to ANSI/ISO specifications. Results showed that alginate impressions immersed in chlorhexidine exhibited considerable dimensional change if not poured immediately. Moreover, alginate impressions soaked in a paraldehyde agent (Virkon) for more than 2 minutes produced casts of inferior surface quality whilst those sprayed and left in contact with phenol derivatives (C&J Spray) for 30 minutes resulted in casts which demonstrated statistically and clinically significant dimensional changes. Addition cured silicone impressions exhibited minimal dimensional change regardless of the disinfection regime employed and the resultant casts were accurate with acceptable surface quality.

Alginates↗