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PubMedDate not supplied

[Body and claw measurements and pressure distribution under the claws in calves of different cattle breeds].

In 58 female calves of the three breeds German Holstein (GH), German Brown (GB) and German Red (GR) the body weight and height were determined at the age of 79 to 188 days. At the right front limb and the left hind limb the following claw measurements were taken: dorsal border length, diagonal length, heel length and height, angle of the dorsal border and hardness of the claw horn. Furthermore, the punctual pressure under the medial and the lateral claw of the right front limb and the left hind limb were determined using an electronic measuring system. The GH calves weighing 136.8 kg were heavier than GB, which was the tallest breed with 106.2 cm height at the sacral bone. GR calves were the smallest (99.1 cm) and weighed 121.1 kg. The length of the diagonal and the angle of the dorsal border were smaller at the hind limb of all breeds which resulted in a smaller area of ground surface for the claw of this limb. The GR calves had the longest and flattest claws. The GB showed the highest pressures per cm2 at the front limb with 25.6 N/cm2 under both claws as well as at the hind limb with 26.7 N/cm2. The AR had the smallest pressure load with 20.8 N/cm2 at the front limb and 20.2 N/cm2 at the hind limb. The animals showed a larger relative weight load and area of ground surface on the medial claws of the front and hind limbs than on the lateral claws. The highest pressures were found underneath the rear part of the medial claw in all breeds. GB calves showed the highest average pressures (33.3 N/cm2 at the front limb) while GR calves had the lowest (26.3 N/cm2 at the hind limb). GR calves had the highest claw hardness at all measuring positions.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Analysis of genetic relationship among Chinese native chicken breeds using microsatellites marker].

The allele frequencies, heterozygosity (H), mean heterozygosity, polymorphism information content (PIC) and genetic relationships were studied in Luyuan chicken, Gushi chicken, Tibetan chicken, Baier chicken, Xianju chicken, Chahua chicken, Dagu chicken,Beijing Fatty chicken, Langshan chicken, Henan Game chicken,Taihe Silkies chicken and Xiaoshan chicken using seven microsatellite DNA markers. The results showed that there were differences among allele fequencies of seven microsatellite loci in 12 Chinese native chicken breeds. Among the 12 Chinese native chicken breeds, mean heterozygosity of Luyuan chicken was the highest (0.5929), and that of Chahua chicken was the lowest (0.3514). There were similar results in PIC. By fuzzy cluster analysis was found that the genetic relationship between Taihe Silkies chicken and Henan Game chicken was the nearest, and that between Gushi chicken and the other chicken breeds was the most distant. The 12 Chinese native chicken breeds were divided into three group by fuzzy cluster analysis. The first group included Taihe Silkies chicken, Henan Game chicken, Langshan chicken, Xiaoshan chicken, Dagu chicken, Beijing Fatty chicken and Luyuan chicken, the second group included Chahua chicken, Tibetan chicken, Xianju chicken and Baier chicken, and the third group included Gushi chicken.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Legitimate animal husbandry of domestic rabbits: new concepts for the breeding and raising of laboratory and meat rabbits].

The commercial breeding of rabbits in individual cages presents a number of problems with respect to animal protection legislation. These problems are first presented in an overview of the subject. Starting from the behaviour shown by domestic rabbits in a richly structured near-to-nature enclosure, a new concept for keeping breeding groups is presented. In the housing system for breeding groups (4-5 does, one buck, plus young until weaned) which is then developed, the main characteristics of near-to-nature surroundings required for normal behaviour are replaced by manageable artificial substitutes. The individual components of the housing system and the spatial arrangements are described and discussed. Ethological examination of group breeding has shown that this housing system is both more suitable to the requirements of the rabbits themselves and more in the interest of breeders than the present commercial cage system. However, since cages will certainly remain the most important means of housing laboratory and fattening rabbits in the medium term, the ethological requirements for keeping domestic rabbits in cages will also be discussed.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2004

[The genetic variation of two microsatellite markers of Escherichia coli F4(K88) receptor in different swine breeds].

The genetic variation of ETEC F4 receptor in Shaziling and Yorkshire breeds were studied using two micro-satellite markers(S0223 and S0068). The results showed that there were polymorphisms in the two markers, and there were great variations of the gene heterozygosity and Shannon information index in the two breeds. It was also reported that there were differences in K88ab and K88ac receptors in Chinese native breeds and foreign breeds, so the two markers might be the genetic markers of F4 receptor gene.

Alleles↗
PubMed2006

[Examination of the density of the brain parenchyma in different dog breeds using quantitative computed tomography].

In the present study quantitative computed tomography was used to analyze the absorption density in different localisations of the brain parenchyma comparatively in five different dog breeds. The breeds German Shepherd Dog, Dachshund, Boxer, Labrador Retriever and Miniature Poodle were chosen as representatives of different skull shapes and sizes. The mean absorption density for the German Shepherd Dog was 35.8 HU in the cerebellum, 28.5 - 34.8 HU in several locations of the cerebrum, 39.6 HU in the brain stem and 40.8 HU in the hypophyseal region. In the Dachshund, the mean density was 33.8 HU (cerebellum), 34.3 - 44.2 HU (several locations of the cerebrum), 33.3 HU (brain stem) and 38.6 HU (hypophyseal region). The Boxer showed a mean density of 38.7 HU in the cerebellum, 30.2 - 40.8 HU in several locations of the cerebrum, 35.6 HU in the brain stem and 33.1 HU in the hypophyseal region. The mean absorption density in the Labrador Retriever was 37.2 HU in the cerebellum, 29.4 - 32.9 HU (several locations of the cerebrum), 34.7 HU in the brain stem and 47.5 HU in the hypophyseal region. In the Miniature Poodle the mean density was 33.6 HU (cerebellum), 34.9 - 45.5 HU (several locations of the cerebrum), 32.7 HU (brain stem) and 32.4 HU (hypophyseal region). The study showed that the absorption density of the cerebrum, the brain stem and of the hypophyseal region partly were influenced by the different dog breeds. In the cerebellum no difference of density could be seen in the different breeds. The standardised values for the data of absorption densities of the brain parenchyma are the base for further examinations of dogs with clinical CNS diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Genetic diversity and differentiation of Russian common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) breeds inferred from RAPD markers].

Polymorphic components of the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. genome were examined by means of polymerase chain reaction with random primers (RAPD-PCR). Using four primers, genetic diversity estimates were obtained for 12 populations and seven strains of Russian common carp breeds, as well as for European Hungarian common carp and Amur wild common carp (N = 87). The highest number of polymorphic loci was revealed in Angelinskii common carp, as well as in the samples of Altai common carp and Amur wild common carp (P = 23.8-18.7%), while the lowest number of polymorphic loci was in the BB strain of Ropsha common carp. The index of genetic diversity, H, was high (11%) in Amur wild common carp, as well as in Altai and Angelinskii common carps. In the remaining breeds, the value of this index varied from 4 to 8%. Based on summarized RAPD profile (132 bands), a dendrogram of genetic differences was constructed. In this dendrogram, all breeds examined grouped into two clusters. One of the clusters was formed by Hungarian and Angelinskii common carps, and the three samples of Altai common carp. The second cluster was formed by the group consisting of the representatives of Cherepetskskii, Stavropol, and Ropsha common carps, along with the differing from them Amur wild common carp. The observed differentiation was confirmed by the analysis of the polymorphic markers variance by the method of principle components. Evolutionary history and the reasons for genetic differentiation of Russian common carp breeds are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The pilot project results of applications of the biolarvicide Bacillus sphaericus 2362 on mosquito breeding grounds of the town of Santa Cruz del Norte (La Habana Province)].

The effectiveness of the Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362 in liquid formulation, at a 10 ml/m2 dose, was tested in 157 breeding sites of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitos, 2 breeding sites of Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles albimanus and 1 breeding site of Aedes taeniorhynchus, consisting of 1 river, 2 oxidation ponds, 1 pond, 4 dams, 2 microdams and 150 pits. The results reached with the application of 1800 1 of biolarvicide show its effectiveness. Within 24 hours of treatment, mortality rates were 100%, in a wide range of ecological conditions, its permanence up to 5 months in breeding sites without stream and innocuousness for other hydrobionts. DPGs in humans, having shown considerable reductions, confirm the advantages and potentialities of using this method under tropical conditions.

Aedes↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of age, breed, and gender as risk factors for umbilical hernia in horses of a hospital population.

Age, breed, and gender distributions of 168 horses with umbilical hernia treated at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine were analyzed to determine risk factors for this disease. For the 3 breeds that constituted the largest proportion of hospital and case populations, Thoroughbred, Standardbred, and Quarter Horse, the overall ratio of females to males was 1.63. In a hospital population of the same age group, 0 to 48 months, the female to male ratio was 0.93. Compared with males, females were at significantly higher risk for umbilical hernia after adjustment for breed and age (odds ratio, 2.01; 99% confidence interval, 1.31 to 3.10; P = 0.00002). Of the 2 major breeds, Thoroughbreds were at greater risk than Standardbreds for umbilical hernia, after adjustment for gender and age (odds ratio, 1.80; 99% confidence interval, 1.10 to 2.95; P = 0.0020). The results provide information about a common congenital defect in horses that can be used for future genetic research.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dystocia in nine British breeds of cattle and its relationship to the dimensions of the dam and calf.

The degree of assistance provided at 1353 calvings from 954 heifers and cows of nine breeds of British cattle (Ayrshire, British White, Dexter, Friesian/Holstein type, Gloucester, Kerry, Longhorn, Shetland and White Park) was recorded and analysed in terms of the dimensions of the dam and the calf. The sires had been chosen in accordance with normal farming practice. A heavy calf did not lead to dystocia. Assistance at calving was most frequently provided in the Ayrshire herd, which was used for veterinary teaching. There were very few difficult calvings in the seven rare breeds, but this was as likely to have been due to management policy as to the breed characteristics. A large tuber coxae measurement was associated with ease of calving, particularly in the Dexter. The breeds showed a wide range of pelvic dimensions and therefore provide a source of genetic variation.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Controlled sheep breeding: update 1980-1985.

This contribution to the Symposium concerns four topics which have been addressed in our laboratory over the past five years. First, the responses to a controlled light environment of Merino ewes and rams have been compared with those of two British breeds. The endocrinological patterns were similar in all breeds but cyclic ovarian activity and ram libido were different. While showing a degree of entrainment to photoperiod, the breeding patterns were much less rigidly controlled in the Merinos than in the others. Second, the effectiveness of establishment of a cervical reservoir of spermatozoa, in ewes in which oestrus and ovulation have been controlled, has been re-examined. This is highly dependent on the time of insemination relative to that of the release of LH. Maximum numbers are found when ewes are inseminated shortly after the LH peak, i.e. some 6-10 h after the onset of oestrus. Third, the quantitative and temporal endocrinological and behavioural events following standard, progestagen-PMSG treatment have been quantified. Contrary to earlier expressed beliefs, these events are remarkably predictable provided an intensive system of mating or detection of oestrus is used. The onset of oestrus in treated anoestrous crossbred ewes has a normal distribution, with a range of 24 h, centred around a mean of 33 h after withdrawal of a 30 mg Cronolone intravaginal sponge and injection of 500 i.u. PMSG. This period of time is dose-dependent. The LH peak occurs 4.5 +/- 0.7 h later and the times of onset of oestrus and of LH release are highly correlated (r = 0.93). Ovulation is some 24 h later again. Fourth, differences in the response of ewes to different batches of PMSG have been defined. While the three commercial preparations studied regularly induced ovulation in anoestrous ewes at doses of 250 i.u. and above, the quantitative responses varied greatly. One preparation would not induce multiple ovulation, even at high doses. There are differences in steroidogenesis and in pregnancy rates, associated with dose of PMSG and the consequent ovulation rate: the ideal would be for every ewe to shed two or three ova. A higher ovulation rate is acceptable, as early embryonic mortality generally reduces the litter size. This is particularly important in deep anoestrus. However, this does not solve the problem of breeding in early lactation.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Endangered domestic animal breeds in German-speaking countries. III. Sheep].

Sheep are mainly kept extensively. They therefore have to tolerate the local climatic conditions. By these conditions many traditional breeds still exist, those are hardy and modest enough to find an ecological niche. Because of the local occurrence the number of individuals of many breeds is rather small, so that these breeds are endangered. The hope lies on hobby-breeders, who do not exclusively follow economical reasons and present breeding aims. In the care of the countryside and landscape and in using natural grassland the importance of sheep is growing.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Reproductive and social behavior of marmosets with special reference to captive breeding.

The field studies reviewed above raise some doubts about the laboratory concept of the extended family as the basic social unit of the Callithricidae. As Dawson [6] suggests, wild groups might more closely approximate artificial laboratory groups. They probably consist of a dominant, monogamous breeding pair, its dependent offspring and separate hierarchies of subdominant males and females who stay associated with the group for various lengths of time. Some of these subdominants might be offspring or relatives of the breeding pair. As the field studies show, these groups are more or less open to immigrants coming from other groups. They possibly tolerate transient relatives more easily and for longer periods of time than nonrelated individuals. In spite of the relative tolerance of wild groups towards strange conspecifics, it appears most practical to maintain laboratory breeders as families and remove the offspring after they have participated in the care of their younger siblings. In this way their reproductive capacities can be utilized as soon as their parental behavior has developed adequately. Moreover, possible losses caused by keeping nonrelated adults of the same sex together are avoided. As pointed out above, some species are very aggressive towards strange adult conspecifics and some seem to defend territories in the wild. It seems advisable therefore to house them in cages which provide a certain degree of isolation from neighboring groups. We have found this to be more important in S. fuscicollis than in C. jacchus, particularly in densely populated colony rooms. We therefore house our animals in cages which allow no visual contact with any other group, and by doing so have reduced the general level of excitement in the colony room. We believe that aggressive displays between groups are responsible for a large amount of redirected aggression between mates and for some of the abortions we have seen in our colony. Moreover, Rothe's [28, 29] observation that the parturient female withdraws from her group and gives birth in relative isolation should be taken into consideration when designing breeding cages. Although not all individuals of all species might show this behavior [see 32] it seems to be widespread enough to be an important factor in breeding efficiency and might figure in some of the infanticides observed by us and other authors.

Aggression↗
PubMed1977

Seasonal incidence of estrus and interestrous interval for bitches of seven breeds.

For 7 breeds of bitches (Toy Poodle, Cocker Spaniel, Basset Hound, Boston Terrier, German Shepherd Dog, Pekingese, and Beagle), estrous activity occurred in all seasons. Differences in seasonal incidence of estrus were not statistically significant when compared within the total group or within and between breeds. The German Shepherd Dog breed had the shortest interestrous interval (149 +/- 28.5 days), which was significantly different from that of the other breeds. Means interestrous interval in parous Beagle bitches was not significantly different from that in nonparous Beagle bitches. In Beagle bitches, the mean interval between fertile estrous periods was not significantly different from the mean interval between nonfertile estrous periods.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Trypanotolerance. an individual not a breed character.

Ten animals from a reputedly trypanosensitive bovine breed, the Zebu, and ten from a reputedly trypanotolerant breed, the Baoulé, were exposed to natural trypanosome challenge in an area of high Glossina density. The ten Zebus and five of the Baoulés died within 6 to 11 weeks with heavy parasitaemia and severe anaemia. The five other Baoulés showed little or no parasitaemia, no anaemia and were all in good condition after weeks of exposure: Seven animals of a herd of Baoulé/Ndama crosses indigenous to the same area were followed concurrently and showed very rare or no patent parasitaemia. Clearly, only some individuals within a "trypanotolerant breed" are able to withstand natural fly challenge. Selection of trypanotolerant animals has to be done on an individual basis and not on the biometrical characteristics of the breed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Physiological and biochemical characteristics of the digestive processes in cows of various breeds].

Physiologic experiments were carried out with four fistulated cows with anastomoses. Two of the animals belonged to the Bulgarian Brown breed, and two--to the Bulgarian Simmenthaler. Certain breed-associated aspects of the secretory activity were established concerning the amounts of chyme, the digestive juices secreted for 24 hours, and the size of absorption. The cows of the Bulgarian Brown breed, equated by all indices of analogues to those of the Bulgarian Simmenthaler took in and digested more nutrient matter of one and the same ration for 24 hours. With these animals all coefficients of digestibility were higher. The digestive processes taking place up to the duodenal anastomose and after it were shown to be more regularly distributed in Bulgarian Brown cows as a result of which they utilized more nutritive substances that passed into the blood, and gave higher produce both for 24 hours and for a lactation period. Again Bulgarian Brown cows utilized in the intestinal portion a considerably higher amount of fatty acids, which led to a higher percent of fats in the milk, although this might likewise be a genetic prerequisite. All data referred to made it reasonable to accept that the breed peculiarities of Bulgarian Brown cows should be given due consideration in fixing the composition of their daily ration.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1983

Variation in the activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase and in the concentration of copper in the blood in various breed crosses of sheep.

Activities of the enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were examined in the blood of 364 ewes of a lowland grazing flock comprising Scottish Blackface ewes and crosses of that breed with Border Leicester, Cambridge, East Friesland, Oldenburg and Texel rams. Half were bled at 16 months old and again two years later, and half at 28 months old. Variation attributable to breed of sire was not statistically significant (P less than 0.1) for GSH-Px, but was significant for whole blood copper concentration (P less than 0.01) and for SOD activity (P less than 0.05) although the latter was complicated by a large breed by age interaction involving two of the breeds. The correlation of SOD activity (per g haemoglobin) and whole blood copper concentration was 0.5, and the intraclass correlation between the estimates of SOD activities two years apart was 0.7.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1982

[Poultry resistance to typhoid-pullorum disease by sex and breed].

Studied was the resistance of a total of 1729 birds of the Leghorn, Cornish, and White Plymouth Rock breeds with regard to typhoid and pullorum disease after the oral infection with strain 2348 of Salmonella pullorum and strain 2307 of Salmonella gallinarum. In accordance with the manifested clinical picture and the results of the bacteriologic investigations all birds were divided into three groups--unaffected, survived, and died. There existed breed- and sex-associated variations in the resistance, resp., the susceptibility of birds to both strains of Salmonellae. Highest was the resistance of the Leghorn birds, followed by those of the Cornish breed. Most susceptible proved the birds of the White Plymouth Rock breed. The cocks seemed to be more resistant than the hens. Besides, there was a trend in the females in transferring resistance to both strains, which was common in al birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Porcine parvovirus: serological examinations in pig breeding herds and AI boar centres.

From several reports PPV is known to be world wide disseminated in pig herds. Only few reports, however, are concerned about the prevalence of PPV infection among breeding animals within individual pig breeding herds. In the present work 1858 sows and boars from 53 conventional pig breeding herds and 731 sows from 73 SPF pig breeding herds were examined for antibody to PPV, and the herds were grouped according to the prevalence of PPV antibody positive animals. More than 90% of the animals examined were PPV antibody positive in 57% and 30% of the conventional herds and the SPF herds, respectively, while a variable number of animals were positive in the remaining herds. At 2 performance test stations and 2 isolation camps 302 and 148 boars, respectively, were examined for antibody to PPV and 76% and 97% of the boars were found low titered or negative for PPV antibody. After installation of 41 PPV antibody negative boars at 6 different AI boar centres, all of 11 boars installed at one AI boar centre seroconverted to PPV within 4 months. At the remaining AI boar centres either few or none of the boars examined seroconverted to PPV indicative for low levels or absence of infection with PPV during the investigation period.

Animals↗