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PubMed1992

Long-term follow-up of behavioral self-control training.

Four samples of problem drinkers treated by behavioral self-control training were evaluated at 3.5, 5, 7 and 8 years following treatment, respectively. Of 140 cases, 99 (71%) were accounted for: 23 abstinent, 14 with controlled and asymptomatic drinking, 22 improved but still impaired, 35 unremitted and 5 deceased. Abstinent versus controlled-drinking outcomes were most strongly differentiated by pretreatment severity of alcohol problems and dependence and by the patients' pretreatment self-assessment and goals. Percentages of abstainers and of relapsed cases increased at long-term follow-ups. A reasonably constant percentage of known outcomes (14%) were clearly controlled and asymptomatic drinkers in each of the follow-up samples. Most of the long-term controlled drinkers had established this pattern within the first year following treatment. However, periods of controlled drinking during the first year did not reliably predict maintenance of this pattern. Successful asymptomatic drinkers were discriminable from other outcomes based on pretreatment characteristics.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

The effects of patient characteristics and beliefs on responses to behavioral interventions for control of chronic diseases.

Tests of behavioral interventions seldom examine changes in health beliefs and behaviors thought to be prerequisites of improved outcome health states and they do not attempt to specify how patient characteristics or pretest measures influence responses to the intervention. In this study an experimental nursing intervention, its impact on hypertensive patients' beliefs about their disease, efficacy of medications and diet, as well as blood pressure and weight are described. Among patients from the experimental group, the ability of selected pretest variables to predict clinical outcomes and changes in clinical health states was evaluated. The intervention was successful in lowering diastolic blood pressure and altering certain beliefs held by the patients. The pretest characteristics were not successful in explaining hypertensive patients' responses to the intervention. Explanations for this are pursued through remarks from the content analysis of the intervention protocol. From these observations, the original health belief model was revised. The discussion concludes with a set of research questions that may prove promising for future research.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1982

Interpersonal aspects of blood pressure control.

Recent observations of large, consistent increases in blood pressure during human communication prompted a reassessment of the role of interpersonal factors in the behavioral control of hypertension. It was noted that the conceptual framework around which earlier behavioral studies have been carried out, as well as in the physical methods of pressure determination themselves, have contributed to a general lack of information about the role of interpersonal interactions in hypertension. An awareness of the relationship between speaking and pressure elevations has led to the development of a new conceptual approach to understanding the etiology and treatment of hypertension. Using techniques developed out of transactional psychophysiology, hypertensive patients have been able to observe the importance of interpersonal communications in the regulation of their own blood pressure. Evidence from the clinical use of such information suggests that a new way can be developed to help patients lower their blood pressure.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1985

Subject versus experimenter control in the reaction to pain.

Although perceived control has been used as a means of reducing the reaction to pain, conceptually, much is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of control as a mediating variable in the reaction to pain as a function of the predispositional variables of perceived self-efficacy and trait anxiety. Self-efficacy refers to the subject's premeasured, perceived ability to control his pain. The type of control provided either to the subject or the experimenter was varied over 5 independent groups. Predictability of occurrence of the pain stimulation was varied on a within-subject basis. Results mirrored the complexity of the problem. Overall, when subjects were given decisional control alone the largest reactions to pain were obtained. Subjects given decisional plus behavioral control yielded the lowest reactions to pain. Both self-efficacy and trait anxiety significantly were predictive of outcomes. Unexpectedly, experimenter control reduced the reaction to pain among those with high self-efficacy, but increased the reaction among those with low self-efficacy. Results of trait anxiety appear to indicate the need to keep anxiety within bounds. Adding responsibility such as control to an individual who is already anxious may increase the reaction to pain. In general, it appears that control that is perceived as inadequate may be worse than not having any control. The theoretical and methodological implications of these results were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Basic visual capacities and shape discrimination after lesions of extrastriate area V4 in macaques.

Ibotenic acid lesions were made in four macaque monkeys in a region of cortical area V4 that corresponds to the lower quadrant of one hemifield. For visual testing, fixation locus was monitored with scleral search coils and controlled behaviorally to place test stimuli either in the lesioned quadrant or in a control location in the opposite hemifield. Some basic visual capacities were slightly altered by the lesions; there was a two-fold reduction of luminance contrast sensitivity as well as red-green chromatic contrast sensitivity, both tested with stationary gratings. On the other hand, little or no loss was found when contrast sensitivity for detection or direction discrimination was tested with 10-Hz drifting gratings nor was there a reliable change in visual acuity. Hue and luminance matching were tested with a spatially more complex matching-to-sample task, but monkeys could not learn this task in the visual field locus of a V4 lesion. If previously trained at this locus, performance was not affected by the lesion. In contrast to the small effects on basic visual capabilities, performance on two form discrimination tasks was devastated by V4 lesions. The first involved discriminating the orientation of colinear groups of dots on a background of randomly placed dots. The second involved discriminating the orientation of a group of three line segments surrounded by differently oriented line segments. Some selectivity of the deficits for form discrimination was shown by the lack of an effect of the lesions on a global motion discrimination. These results show that while V4 lesions cause only slight disruptions of basic visual capacities, they profoundly disrupt form discriminations.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Social regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

Behavioral interactions among social animals can regulate both reproductive behavior and fertility. A prime example of socially regulated reproduction occurs in the cichlid fish Haplochromis burtoni, in which interactions between males dynamically regulate gonadal function throughout life. This plasticity is mediated by the brain, where neurons that contain the key reproductive regulatory peptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) change size reversibly depending on male social status. To understand how behavior controls the brain, we manipulated the social system of these fish, quantified their behavior and then assessed neural and physiological changes in the reproductive and stress axes. GnRH gene expression was assessed using molecular probes specific for the three GnRH forms in the brain of H. burtoni. We found that perception of social opportunity to increase status by a male leads to heightened aggressiveness, to increased expression of only one of the three GnRH forms and to increases in size of GnRH-containing neurons and of the gonads. The biological changes characteristic of social ascent happen faster than changes following social descent. Interestingly, behavioral changes show the reverse pattern: aggressive behaviors emerge more slowly in ascending animals than they disappear in descending animals. Although the gonads and GnRH neurons undergo similar changes in female H. burtoni, regulation occurs via endogenous rather than exogenous social signals. Our data show that recognition of social signals by males alters stress levels, which may contribute to the alteration in GnRH gene expression in particular neurons essential for the animal to perform in its new social status.

Aggression↗
PubMed2004

Rivastigmine in frontotemporal dementia: an open-label study.

OBJECTIVE: This preliminary open-label study aims to investigate the effects of rivastigmine, an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), in 20 patients diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Study subjects were men and women 60-75 years of age diagnosed with probable FTD. The rivastigmine group received doses of 3-9 mg/day. The control group included matched patients receiving antipsychotics, benzodiazepines and selegiline (deprenyl). All patients completed a 12-month follow-up period. RESULTS: Rivastigmine treatment was well tolerated. At 12 months, there was a general amelioration of behavioural changes as demonstrated by reductions in Neuropsychiatric Inventory (p<0.001 vs baseline and control), Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale (p<0.001 vs baseline and control) and Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia scores (p<0.05 vs baseline, p<0.001 vs control) in the rivastigmine group. Caregiver burden was reduced, as shown by reduced Relative Stress Scale scores (p<0.001 vs baseline and control). Mean scores on outcome measures evaluating executive function stabilised in the rivastigmine group (p<0.05 vs controls). Rivastigmine did not prevent the disease-related deterioration of cognition as assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination. CONCLUSION: In this open-label study, rivastigmine-treated patients were less behaviourally impaired, and caregiver burden was reduced, at 12 months, compared with baseline. The use of cholinesterase inhibitors in FTD warrants further research.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Functional assessment and treatment of aggressive and destructive behaviors in a child victim of physical abuse.

This case study describes the functional assessment and treatment of aggressive and destructive behaviors in a 14-year-old male child with a history of physical abuse. Evaluation was performed in a classroom within a residential school setting. Functional assessment in forms of indirect and descriptive methods was used to generate hypotheses regarding sources of behavioral control. A treatment plan that combined multi-level differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) and positive reinforcement for task completion was implemented based on the outcome of functional assessment. Treatment was associated with a gradual and steady reduction in challenging behaviors with near-zero rates achieved at follow-up. This case provides an example of clinical intervention for behavior disorders commonly observed in children who have been abused physically and a hypothesis-driven model of treatment formulation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Fos induction in the Japanese quail brain after expression of appetitive and consummatory aspects of male sexual behavior.

We investigated the expression of Fos, the protein product of the immediate early gene c-fos in the brain of male Japanese quail after they engaged in either appetitive or consummatory sexual behavior (i. e., copulation). For 1 h, castrated males treated with testosterone were either allowed to copulate with a female or to exhibit a learned social proximity response indicative of appetitive sexual behavior. Control birds were either left in their home cage or placed in the experimental chamber but did not exhibit the appetitive sexual behavior because they had never learned it. Fos expression was studied with an immunocytochemical procedure in two sets of adjacent sections through the entire forebrain. These sections were immunolabelled with 2 different antibodies raised against a synthetic fragment corresponding to the 21 carboxy-terminal residues of the chicken Fos sequence. Contrary to the results of a previous study in which gonadally intact birds were used, Fos induction was observed neither in the medial preoptic nucleus nor in the nucleus intercollicularis in birds that had interacted for 1 h with a female. This may be related to a lower frequency of copulation in the testosterone-implanted birds than in intact birds, or to differences in the time the brains were collected after the birds engaged in sexual behavior between the two studies (60 min in this study, 120 min in the previous study). The performance of copulation and/or appetitive sexual behavior increased the number of Fos-immunoreactive cells in the ventral hyperstriatum, medial archistriatum, and nucleus striae terminalis. These increases were observed using both antibodies, although each antibody produced minor differences in the number of Fos-immunoreactive cells observed. Using one of the antibodies, but not the other, increases in Fos immunoreactivity were also observed in the nucleus accumbens and hyperstriatum after either copulation or appetitive sexual behavior. These differences illustrate how minor technical variations in the Fos immunocytochemical procedure influence the results obtained. These differences also show that Fos induction in a number of brain regions is observed after performance of consummatory (copulation) as well as appetitive (looking at the female) sexual behavior. This induction is, therefore, not related solely to the control of copulatory acts but, presumably, also to the processing in a variety of telencephalic association areas of stimuli originating from the female. The observation that increased Fos immunoreactivity is present in birds that had learned the response indicative of appetitive sexual behavior, and not in those that had not learned the behavior, further indicates that it is not simply the sight of the female that results in this Fos induction, but the analysis of the relevant stimuli in a sexually explicit context. Conditioned neural activity resulting from a learned association between the stimulus female and the performance of copulatory behavior may also explain some aspects of the brain activation observed in birds viewing, but not allowed to interact with, the female.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

Effects of sugar on aggressive and inattentive behavior in children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity and normal children.

Foods high in refined sugar are claimed to exacerbate hyperactivity and increase aggressive behavior. Controlled studies have failed to confirm any effect on hyperactivity and effects on inattention have been equivocal. Possible effect on aggressive behavior has received little study. This study assessed cognitive attention and aggressive behavior immediately following an acute ingestion of sugar compared with saccharin and aspartame-sweetened placebos in 17 subjects with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity compared with 9 age-matched control subjects. The sugar and placebo challenges were given with a breakfast high in carbohydrate. Although the children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity were significantly more aggressive than the control subjects, there were no significant effects of sugar or either placebo on the aggressive behavior of either group. However, inattention, as measured by a continuous performance task, increased only in the attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity group following sugar, but not saccharin or aspartame. This result is of questionable clinical significance inasmuch as aggressive behavior was unchanged. The finding may be due to the combination of the sugar challenge with a high-carbohydrate breakfast. These findings should be replicated and any possible clinical significance should be documented before any dietary recommendations can be made.

Aggression↗
PubMed2001

The relationship between restraint and weight and weight-related behaviors among individuals in a community weight gain prevention trial.

PURPOSE: The present study evaluated the cross-section and prospective associations between the Eating Inventory's (EI) total, flexible and rigid dietary restraint scales and changes in weight and behaviors in a community sample of adults enrolled in a 3 y weight gain prevention study. METHODS: Subjects were participants in the Pound of Prevention (POP) study, a community-based weight gain prevention trial. RESULTS: Higher levels of baseline total, flexible and rigid dietary restraint were related to lower weight and more weight-controlling behaviors at the baseline assessment. Baseline restraint measures positively predicted increases in weighing frequency over the 3 y follow-up. Increases in restraint over the follow-up period were related to decreases in weight, energy intake and television watching, and increases in self-weighing and physical activity. CONCLUSION: The EI's total, flexible and rigid restraint scales were not differently associated with weight and behaviors in this heterogeneous sample of adults who were attempting to lose weight. Developing methods to increase behavioral and cognitive strategies to control weight may help to prevent weight gain in clinical and community samples.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Bioethical issues and the moral matrix of U.S. health care.

Solutions to ethical-moral issues will be influenced by the growth of medical technology, by the escalating cost of medical care, and by the involvement of public entities in health care delivery. The major areas of concern that will be affected by these factors are care of the dying, genetics, euthanasia, sterilization, behavior control, reproductive interventions, abortion, informed consent, and distributive justice.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1984

Weight control in adolescent girls: a comparison of the effectiveness of three approaches to follow-up.

The purpose of the project was to compare the effectiveness of three different types of follow-up of a weight control program in assisting adolescent girls to achieve and maintain ideal body weight. During the initial phase of the weight control program, subjects attended two sessions of approximately one hour each for eight weeks. One session each week included theory and practice of physical exercise. The other session was devoted to behavioral control of eating and diet therapy. After eight weeks, 18 subjects were divided randomly into three groups for follow-up: Group 1--monthly measurements and reinforcement of behavioral, diet, and exercise components of the weight control program; Group 2--monthly measurements; and Group 3--annual measurements. Fifteen subjects completed the 12-month follow-up program. Mean weight loss during follow-up of Group 1 was 3.65 kg, Group 2 was 1.90 kg, while Group 3 had a mean weight gain of 3.44 kg. The results suggest that regular follow-up may be a critical element in successful weight control programs for adolescent girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Localization of drug reward mechanisms by intracranial injections.

Intracranial drug injections are useful in localizing brain areas where drugs of abuse initiate their habit-forming actions. However, serious methodological problems accompany such studies. Pharmacological controls are necessary to assess non-receptor-mediated local actions of the drug, anatomical controls are necessary to rule out drug efflux to distal sites of action, and behavioral controls are necessary to separate rewarding from general activating effects of drugs. Five brain sites have been advanced as sites of rewarding opiate actions: the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens septi (NAS), lateral hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, and hippocampus. Current evidence appears to confirm two of these--VTA and NAS; evidence is currently incomplete in the case of the hippocampus and is conflicting in the case of the lateral hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray. Two sites have been advanced as sites of rewarding psychomotor stimulant actions: NAS and the frontal cortex; each site seems implicated, but puzzling differences between amphetamine and cocaine findings remain to be resolved. Each of the clearly implicated sites is local to dopamine cell bodies or dopamine terminals that have been implicated in the rewarding effects of brain stimulation, food, and sex.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Electroencephalographic biofeedback in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Historically, pharmacological treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been considered to be the only type of interventions effective for reducing the core symptoms of this condition. However, during the past three decades, a series of case and controlled group studies examining the effects of EEG biofeedback have reported improved attention and behavioral control, increased cortical activation on quantitative electroencephalographic examination, and gains on tests of intelligence and academic achievement in response to this type of treatment. This review paper critically examines the empirical evidence, applying the efficacy guidelines jointly established by the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (AAPB) and the International Society for Neuronal Regulation (ISNR). On the basis of these scientific principles, EEG biofeedback was determined to be "probably efficacious" for the treatment of ADHD. Although significant clinical improvement was reported in approximately 75% of the patients in each of the published research studies, additional randomized, controlled group studies are needed in order to provide a better estimate of the percentage of patients with ADHD who will demonstrate such gains in clinical practice.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1995

Post-ischemic therapy with CGS-19755 (alone or in combination with hypothermia) in gerbils.

Hypothermia or a glutamate receptor antagonist may offer protection when used before or within seconds of an ischemic insult. In this experiment, we tested the efficacy of hypothermia (34 degrees C) versus CGS-19755 (a potent competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker) and their combination which was administered 0.5 h after a 5-min forebrain ischemic insult in gerbils. Morphological assessments were done in Group A at the end of 7 days while Group B was evaluated at 29 days. Each group had four sets of animals: saline treated controls; hypothermia treated; CGS-19755 treated; and a combination of CGS-19755 + hypothermia treated animals. Group A showed significant 'protection', i.e. minimal neuronal damage in the animals treated with hypothermia alone. Protection was evident in the cerebral cortex (P < 0.001), hippocampus CA1 (P < 0.01), and in the striatum (P < 0.05). There was no evidence of neuronal protection in the animals that had received either CGS-19755 alone or a combination of hypothermia and CGS-19755. In Group B (29 day assessment) the neuroprotective effects were not evident in any of the animals when compared to the controls. Behavioral testing with Morris water-maze testing showed no significant differences between the control and any of the treated animals. Our data suggests that 'post-ischemic' therapy with hypothermia may delay the effects of ischemia but does not offer significant long-term neuronal protection. Protection seen at 7 days is not evident at 29 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Weight-teasing among adolescents: correlations with weight status and disordered eating behaviors.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of perceived weight-teasing and associations with unhealthy weight-control behaviors and binge eating in a population-based sample of youth. Particular focus was placed on overweight youth, who may be most vulnerable to weight-teasing. METHODS: The study population included 4746 adolescents from St Paul/Minneapolis public schools who completed surveys and anthropometric measurements as part of Project EAT, a population-based study of eating patterns and weight concerns among teens. RESULTS: There were statistically significant associations between perceived weight-teasing and weight status; both overweight and underweight youth reported higher levels of teasing than average weight youth. Very overweight youth (body mass index (BMI) > or = 95th percentile) were most likely to be teased about their weight; 63% of very overweight girls, and 58% of very overweight boys reported being teased by their peers, while weight-teasing by family members was reported by 47% of these girls and 34% of these boys. Youth who were teased about their weight, particularly overweight girls, reported that it bothered them. Perceived weight-teasing was significantly associated with disordered eating behaviors among overweight and non-overweight girls and boys. For example, among overweight youth, 29% of girls and 18% of boys who experienced frequent weight-teasing reported binge-eating as compared to 16% of girls and 7% of boys who were not teased. CONCLUSIONS: Many adolescents, in particular those who are overweight, report being teased about their weight and being bothered by the teasing. Weight-teasing is associated with disordered eating behaviors that may place overweight youth at increased risk for weight gain. Educational interventions and policies are needed to curtail weight-related mistreatment among youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Swimming upstream: faculty and staff members from urban middle schools in low-income communities describe their experience implementing nutrition and physical activity initiatives.

INTRODUCTION: Addressing childhood overweight has become a top priority in the United States. Modification of school policies and practices has been used in an attempt to address the overweight epidemic among children and adolescents. Culturally diverse urban schools in low-income communities attempting to improve nutrition and increase physical activity may face unique challenges in the school environment. A better understanding is needed about school environments and how they may affect the implementation, efficacy, and sustainability of initiatives designed to improve nutrition and physical activity. METHODS: We carried out a qualitative study in five urban middle schools in low-income communities that had recently implemented Planet Health, a nutrition and physical activity intervention, to assess which aspects of the schools' physical, social, and policy environments were facilitating or impeding the implementation of health promotion initiatives. Thirty-five faculty and staff members participated. We conducted one focus group per school, with an average of seven participants per group. We analyzed focus group transcripts using the thematic analysis technique to identify key concepts, categories, and themes. RESULTS: Teachers and staff members in our study identified many school-related environmental barriers to successful implementation of nutrition and physical activity initiatives in their schools. School personnel recommended that classroom-based nutrition interventions such as Planet Health be coordinated with school food services so that the healthy messages taught in the classroom are reinforced by the availability of healthy, culturally appropriate cafeteria food. They identified household food insufficiency and overly restrictive eligibility criteria of the federally subsidized meal program as critical barriers to healthy nutritional behaviors. They also identified weight-related teasing and bullying and unhealthy weight-control behaviors as challenges to promotion of healthy nutrition and physical activity. CONCLUSION: To maximize intervention efforts, researchers and practitioners must consider the effects of school environments on nutrition and physical activity initiatives.

Adolescent↗