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PubMed2003

Influence of positions on the incidence and severity of maxillofacial injuries in vehicular crashes [corrected].

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of positions on the incidence and severity of maxillofacial injuries in vehicular crashes. Two hundred and fifty cases of RTA were seen and studied from October 1999 to May, 2000. They comprised 72.8% males and 27.2% females with a male to female ratio of 2.7:1. The age range was 1 to 80 years with a mean age of 40 years. The most common vehicle involved in RTA was the mini bus, 34.3% followed by motorcycle, 26.5%. Middle seat passengers, drivers and motorcycle passengers and riders sustained more and severe injuries during crashes. The mandible was more frequently fractured at the symphysis (24.6%) than at any other site while the maxilla was frequently fractured at the zygomatic bone and arch (10.8%). More injuries occurred in the age range of 20-30 years and these accounted for 31.8% of the cases. Only 6 occupants of motor vehicles wore seat belts before accident while no motorcycle rider or passenger wore any helmet. In conclusion, drivers, middle seat occupants of a vehicle, motorcycle passenger and riders sustained more and severe injuries than back seat occupants.

Abbreviated Injury Scale↗
PubMed1991

Lumbar disc surgery: results of the Prospective Lumbar Discectomy Study of the Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.

The Prospective Lumbar Discectomy Study enrolled 740 patients in a multiphysician, multicenter, consecutive patient protocol to evaluate the indications and efficacy of lumbar discectomy. Five hundred and thirteen patients could be evaluated at 3 months after surgery. Stepwise logistic regression showed that the factors of fraction of pain referred to the back, work-related injury, absence of back pain on straight leg-raise examination, correspondence of leg pain to typical radicular patterns, leg pain on straight leg-raise examination, and reflex asymmetry were independently predictive of good outcome from surgery. Univariate analysis of the case with different numbers of predictive factors present showed that use of the operating microscope, sensory deficit, central disc bulge, and free disc fragment were correlated with outcome only in subgroups. An analysis of unsatisfactory outcomes showed two patterns: one of failure as a result of mechanical back pain and one of failure as a result of radiculopathy. Factors predictive of outcome did not influence the type of failure. In a stepwise logistic regression analysis, facetectomy and preoperative sensory deficit were associated with increased likelihood of mechanical back pain failure, while preoperative motor deficit was associated with an increased likelihood of radicular failure. The results support several intuitively derived and commonly believed principles of lumbar disc surgery.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMed1974

Injuries in sport.

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Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed2004

An assessment of high school cheerleading: injury distribution, frequency, and associated factors.

STUDY DESIGN: Mail survey of cheerleading-related training and injuries. OBJECTIVE: To collect and describe injury frequency, distribution, and associated factors related to the activity of cheerleading. BACKGROUND: Estimates indicate that more than 1 million participants are involved in cheerleading at various levels; however, little information exists relative to injuries and training. Unlike most other sports, cheerleader injuries are not tracked in a central database. METHODS AND MEASURES: High school cheerleaders (mean age, 16.3 years) in 3 midwest states completed questionnaires mailed to their respective high schools. Of the surveys mailed to 104 schools, 425 (32.2%) were returned and sufficiently completed for analysis. RESULTS: Participants reported an average of 4.1 years of experience and 61.9% of the respondents had sustained 1 or more career injury. During the previous year, 41.3% had sustained 1 or more injuries (mean +/- SD, 1.7 +/- 1.9), resulting in an average of 3.4 reported missed practice or performance days. Of all injuries, the ankle (24.4%), back (16.1%), and wrist or hand (15.6%) were the most frequent sites of injury. CONCLUSION: The rates of injury in cheerleading are comparable to rates of other sports. To accurately provide safety guidelines for all levels of cheerleading, a nationwide injury tracking system is necessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Unloaded treadmill training therapy for lumbar disc herniation injury.

The low back region is an area that is very susceptible to injury in athletes. Running is an activity that can be significantly affected by chronic overuse stress. The athlete presented in this case report suffered a herniation of the disc between L-4 and L-5 while training for and racing in a national championship marathon. The athlete was placed on a treatment program of heat, electrical muscle stimulation, and strength and flexibility exercises. The athlete also continued to train by unloaded treadmill training therapy. Unloaded treadmill training therapy produced an effect that reduced stress on injured joints and tissue. This enabled the athlete to maintain fitness while running pain-free on this specialized equipment. The athlete trained twice a week for 16 weeks and training runs ranged from 3 miles to a half-marathon (13.1 miles). Unloaded amounts decreased from 20 to 3 pounds. Training times improved at all distances and were maintained following resumption of normal training.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Back to basics with ProFlex.

Despite advances in tool and machine design and a growing emphasis on safety, the potential for certain painful and expensive occupational injuries continues in the workplace. Wrist and low-back injuries are a case in point. Low-back pain is clearly the most costly occupational health problem. About half of all back injuries result from poor lifting and handling techniques. In order to augment the effect of training and educating workers in lifting techniques, safety consultants have been suggesting that certain at-risk groups be provided with flexible, externally worn lower-back support. Susceptibility to repetitive strain injuries to the wrist, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, is not limited to users of heavy industrial machinery. Actions that cause the wrist to deviate from the neutral position, as well as repeated gripping and squeezing, can lead to median nerve compression. A useful supplement to the standard preventive approach is the use of palm pads.

Back Pain↗
PubMed2003

Dynamic stiffness and damping of human intervertebral disc using axial oscillatory displacement under a free mass system.

The aim of this study was to analyse the dynamic response of the human intervertebral disc to vibration in a physiologically relevant frequency spectrum. Eight lumbar intervertebral discs were harvested. After preparation, each sample was subjected to a pre-loading and then dynamic compression (from 5 to 30 Hz). The dynamic compression was applied using an experimental set-up comprising a free weight loading from above and a driving oscillatory displacement from below (closest to the in vivo loading). A viscoelastic model enabled the calculation of stiffness and damping from the transfer function. From 5 Hz to 30 Hz the stiffness values are between 0.19 and 3.66 (MN/m) and the damping values between 32 and 2094 (Ns/m). The mean resonant frequency was found at 8.7 Hz. These dynamic characteristics of the intervertebral disc could be used in a three-dimensional finite elements model of the human body to study its response to vibration in the driving position.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Weight training-related injuries in the high school athlete.

Eighty young athletes with weight training-related injuries were seen from August 1976 to August 1980. In 37 of the 80 athletes, it was difficult to pinpoint the cause of injury since the history revealed, in addition to weight training, either a program of running excessive mileage or participation in repetitive lap running in the gymnasium. The injuries of the remaining 43 athletes had a direct causal relationship to the weight training program. Twenty-nine developed lumbosacral pain. Seven of the 29 were hospitalized, and four required surgical treatment. Anterior iliac spine avulsion occurred in six cases, and laceration of the knee meniscus occurred as an initial injury in four athletes who required surgery. Four athletes developed a cervical sprain. Universal Gym (Cedar Rapids, IA), Leaper (Strength/Fitness Systems, Independence MO) Orthotron (Lumex Inc., Bay Shore, NY), and free weights were used either singly or in combination by these young athletes in weight training.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Management of sports injuries in children and adolescents.

In general, child and youth sports are safe. The vast multitude of injuries sustained are mild contusions, sprains, and strains. Major catastrophic injuries are rare. Overuse injuries secondary to repetitive, unrepaired microtrauma are becoming a more common source of injury. Children must not be thought of as simply small adults. Physiologically and emotionally, children, youth, and adolescents all vary in rate and magnitude of maturation in these spheres. The vast majority of sports-related injuries in children and adolescents require neither hospitalization nor surgery but lend themselves to out-patient treatment. The practice of preventive medicine is encouraged, and orthopedists should take an active part in advising patients about equipment and training programs to prevent coach and parental abuses that may lead to musculoskeletal long-term disabilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Running injuries.

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Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed1980

Gymnastic injuries.

The gymnast often places unphysiologic extreme stresses upon her body during the maneuvers characteristic of that sport. These may result in stress fractures to the skeleton, the lumbar spine being at greatest risk. Minor malalignments of the extremities can encourage injury. The extremes of joint position can produce significant symptoms with chrondromalacia.

Adolescent↗