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PubMedDate not supplied

The ionic composition of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila: evidence for the elimination of SO2-4SO and H+ and for a Cl-/HCO-3HCO shift.

Riftia pachyptila is one of the most specialized invertebrate hosts of chemoautotrophic symbionts. Crucial to the functioning of this symbiosis is how these worms cope with fluctuating ion concentrations. Internal sulfate levels in R. pachyptila appear comparable with other benthic marine invertebrates, despite the production of sulfate internally by means of the bacterial oxidation of hydrogen sulfide, suggesting that these worms are able to eliminate sulfate effectively. Internal chloride levels appear comparable; however, coelomic fluid chloride levels decrease significantly as the amount of coelomic fluid bicarbonate increases, demonstrating a 1:1 stoichiometry. We believe this shift in chloride, out of the body fluids, is needed to compensate for changes in electrochemical balance caused by the large increase (up to and greater than 60 mmol L-1) in negatively charged bicarbonate. Riftia pachyptila fits the general pattern of monovalent ion concentrations that is seen in other benthic marine invertebrates, with a high [Na+] : [K+] ratio extracellularly and low [Na+] : [K+] ratio intracellularly. Extracellular pH values of 7.38+/-0.03 and 7.37+/-0. 04 for coelomic fluid and vascular blood, respectively, as well as intracellular pH values of 7.37+/-0.04 and 7.04+/-0.05 for plume and trophosome tissue, respectively, were measured. On the basis of significant decreases in extracellular pH and, in some cases, Na+ and K+, in worms exposed to carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, sodium vanadate, and N-ethylmaleimide, we suggest that high concentrations of H+-ATPases, perhaps Na+/H+- or K+/H+-ATPases, are involved in H+ elimination in these animals.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

Cost of illness of hyponatremia in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Hyponatremia is a disorder of fluid and electrolyte balance characterized by a relative excess of body water relative to body sodium content. It is the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical medicine and is associated with negative outcomes in many chronic diseases. However, there is limited information in the literature about health care resource use and costs attributable to the effects of the condition. The purpose of this analysis was to estimate the annual cost of illness of hyponatremia in the United States. METHODS: The study utilized a prevalence-based cost of illness framework that incorporated data from publicly available databases, published literature and a consensus panel of expert physicians. Panel members provided information on: classification of hyponatremia patients, treatment settings for hyponatremia (i.e., hospital, emergency room, doctor's office), and health care resource use associated with the diagnosis and treatment of hyponatremia. Low and high prevalence scenarios were estimated and utilized in a spreadsheet-based cost of illness model. Costs were assigned to units of resources and summarized across treatment settings. RESULTS: The prevalence estimate for hyponatremia ranged from 3.2 million to 6.1 million persons in the U.S. on an annual basis. Approximately 1% of patients were classified as having acute and symptomatic hyponatremia, 4% acute and asymptomatic, 15%-20% chronic and symptomatic, and 75-80% chronic and asymptomatic. Of patients treated for hyponatremia, 55%-63% are initially treated as inpatients, 25% are initially treated in the emergency room, and 13%-20% are treated solely in the office setting. The direct costs of treating hyponatremia in the U.S. on an annual basis were estimated to range between $1.6 billion and $3.6 billion. CONCLUSION: Treatment of hyponatremia represents a significant healthcare burden in the U.S. Newer therapies that may reduce the burden of hyponatremia in the inpatient setting could minimize the costs associated with this condition.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Cardiovascular function and basics of physiology in microgravity.

Space exploration is a dream of mankind. However, this intriguing environment is not without risks. Life, and the human body, has developed all over evolution in the constant presence of gravity, especially from the moment on when living creatures left the ocean. When this gravitational force is no longer acting on the body, drastic changes occur. Some of these changes occur immediately, others progress only slowly. In the past 40 years of human space flight (first orbital flight by Yuri Gagarin on 12 April, 1961) several hazards for the human body have been identified. Bone mineral density is lost, muscle atrophy and cardiovascular deconditioning occur; pulmonary function, fluid regulating systems of the body, the sensory and the balance system are all disturbed by the lack of gravity. These changes in human physiology have to be reversed again when astronauts return to earth. This can cause adaptation problems, especially after long-duration space flights. Also the reaction of human physiology to radiation in space poses a huge risk at this moment. In this review the accent will be on cardiovascular function in space: how normal function is modified to reach a new equilibrium in space after short- and long-duration exposure to microgravity. In order to make long-duration space flight possible the mechanisms of this physiological adaptation must be understood to full extent. Only with this knowledge, effective countermeasures can be developed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

[Appetite and regulation of food intake in uremia].

Anorexia, nausea and vomiting are common symptoms in patients with severe renal failure. Abnormalities in body fluids volume, serum electrolytes concentrations and acid-base balance and accumulations of uremic toxic substances might be primarily contributing to the suppression of appetite. However, the detailed mechanisms that cause appetite suppression in uremia are poorly understood. Impaired gastric emptying, constituents of peritoneal dialysate, plasma high leptin, high cholecystokinin and low neuropeptide Y are also considered to be contributing to appetite suppression in uremia.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical management of the patient affected with acute renal failure (ARF) secondary to volume depletion].

Most cases of ARF are secondary to volume depletion. In the literature, very few scientific publications address the problem of what to do when confronted with such a patient. As regarding the diagnosis of hypovolemia, an accurate history and physical examination can help to determine both the presence and etiology of volume depletion; postural hypotension (decrement in systolic blood pressure of more than 20 mmHg after standing from the supine position), associated with a pulse increment of 30 beats/min or more and dizziness are specific symptoms of hypovolemia. Laboratory indices are useful to diagnose volume depletion, but their interpretation is not simple, and they may not be available in the non-nephrologic environment. Fluid replacement therapy in hypovolemia is largely dependent upon the type of fluid that has been lost and concurrent electrolytic and acid-base disorders. Patients with hypernatremia and volume depletion should receive mild hypotonic solutions, whereas those with hyponatremia and hypovolemia should receive mild hypertonic solutions. The entity of reinfusion depends on daily losses. Conversely, monitoring of body weight can be considered an adequate index of fluid balance. Concerning the treatment of ARF, the use of loop diuretics in the early phases of pre-renal ARF decrease oxygen consumption in the tubular cells by inhibiting transcellular sodium transport, therefore preventing or limiting ischemic cell injury. The use of loop diuretics should also be evaluated in intermediate syndrome and ischemic NTA where diuretics can, respectively, reduce renal ischemia and convert oliguric ARF into the non-oliguric form.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1989

[The significance of carbohydrates in reducing diets].

The importance of carbohydrates in weight reducing regimens on different metabolic aspects is shown by comparing the effects of two extreme dietary regimens: 'ketogenic' diet, consisting primarily of proteins and fat and the 'mixed' diet, containing mainly carbohydrates. The effects on hunger and satiety, weight loss and nitrogen balance are discussed as well as influences on electrolytes, body fluids and the sympathetic system. Hormonal changes of the two dietary regimens and the impact on mood and subjective acceptance are compared. Though no recommendation for a particular dietary regimen is given, the different implications on the parameters described are pointed out.

Appetite↗
PubMed1987

Acute blasticidin S poisoning.

Blasticidin S is an effective fungicidal aminocylonucleoside antibiotic against a rice blast disease. We presented the first 4 reported cases of acute poisoning from ingesting blasticidin S for suicidal attempts. Three of the patients were fatal. The symptoms observed in the patients included vomiting immediately after ingestion and severe, persistent, watery diarrhea. The toxic effects of blasticidin S were noted in ectodermal tissues including the skin, conjunctiva, cornea, and intestine. Massive loss of intestinal fluid resulted in progressively pronounced hypotension associated with tachycardia. The treatment of choice for the poisoning consists of intravenous fluid administration and the management of body water and electrolyte balance.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Body position of the human during hypokinesia and water-salt metabolism].

Two groups of 5 healthy volunteers each were exposed for 7 days to: 1) group 1 to horizontal bed rest and 2) group 2 to head-down tilt at -6 degrees. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of body position on fluid-electrolyte metabolism and renal function. During the control period (14 days), bed rest and the recovery period the consumption of fluids and mineral substances and their renal excretion were measured. The typical changes in fluid-electrolyte metabolism during head-down tilt developed faster than during horizontal bed rest. The fluid-electrolyte balance became negative in the course of the exposure and returned to normal during the recovery period. The group 2 subjects showed greater body weight losses due to both fluid and muscle mass losses.

Bed Rest↗
PubMed2006

Effect of hydration state on testosterone and cortisol responses to training-intensity exercise in collegiate runners.

Exercise intensity powerfully influences testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone : cortisol ratio (T:C) responses to endurance exercise. Hydration state may also modulate these hormones, and therefore may alter the anabolic/catabolic balance in response to endurance exercise and training. This study examined the effect of running intensity on testosterone, cortisol, and T : C when exercise was initiated in a hypohydrated state. Nine male collegiate runners (age = 20 +/- 0 y, height = 178 +/- 2 cm, mass = 67.0 +/- 1.8 kg, body fat % = 9.8 +/- 0.7 %, V.O2max = 65.7 +/- 1.1 ml.kg (-1).min (-1)) completed four 10-min treadmill runs differing in pre-exercise hydration status (euhydrated, or hypohydrated by 5 % of body mass) and exercise intensity (70 % or 85 % V.O2max). Body mass, urine osmolality, and urine-specific gravity documented fluid balance; blood samples drawn pre-, immediately post-, and 20 min post-exercise were analyzed for testosterone, cortisol, and T : C. Except for heart rate measured during the 70 % V.O2max trials, heart rate, V.O2, and plasma lactate were similar between euhydrated and hypohydrated conditions for a given intensity, suggesting hypohydration did not measurably increase the physiological stress of the exercise bouts. Furthermore, hydration state had no measurable effect on testosterone concentrations before, during, or after exercise at either intensity. Regardless of exercise intensity, cortisol concentrations were greater during hypohydration than euhydration pre-exercise and 20 min post-exercise. Additionally, T : C was significantly lower 20 min post-exercise at 70 % V.O2max when subjects were initially hypohydrated (T : C = 0.055) versus euhydrated (T : C = 0.072). These findings suggest that depending on exercise intensity, T : C may be altered by hydration state, therefore influencing the balance between anabolism and catabolism in response to running exercise performed at typical training intensities.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Cyclic variation of proteinase inhibitors in human uterine fluid and influence of an IUD.

The occurrence of the serum proteinase inhibitors in uterine fluid has been evaluated using a quantitative immunoelectrophoretic method. Low concentration of inhibitors were found in the proliferative phase and at midcycle, and high concentrations in the luteal phase. In the presence of an IUD, increased concentrations of inhibitors were found in the proliferative phase and at midcycle. This may result from an increased transudation associated with local inflammation of the endometrium. Plasma proteinase inhibitors in the uterine fluid may help to balance proteinases associated with the intrauterine stages of reproduction. Increased amounts of native inhibitors in the presence of an IUD may disturb this normal balance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Effect of flavor and awareness of kilojoule content of drinks on preference and fluid balance in team sports.

A palatable flavor is known to enhance fluid intake during exercise; however, a fear of excessive kilojoule intake may deter female athletes from consuming a sports drink during training sessions. In order to examine this issue, we monitored fluid balance during 9 separate training sessions undertaken by junior elite female netball players (n = 9), female basketball players (n = 7), and male basketball players (n = 8). The beverages tested were water, a regular carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage (6.8% CHO, 18.7 mmol/L Na, 3.0 mmol/L K, 1,130 kJ/L), and an identical tasting, low kilojoule electrolyte beverage (1% CHO, 18.7 mmol/L Na, 3.0 mmoI/L K, 170 kJ/L). Each subject received each of the 3 drinks at 3 separate training sessions, in a randomized, balanced order. Subjects were aware of the beverage provided. Change in body mass over the training session was used to estimate body fluid change, while voluntary fluid intake was determined from the change in weight of drink bottles used in each session. The overall fluid balance on drinks classified as regular, low kilojoule, and water was -11.3 ml/h (95%CI -99.6 to 77.0), -29.5 ml/h (95%CI -101.4 to 42.5) and-156.4 ml/h (95%CI-215.1 to-97.6), respectively. Theresults indicate that, overall, better fluid balance was achieved using either of the flavored drinks compared to water. These data confirm that flavored drinks enhance fluid balance in a field situation, and suggest that the energy content of the drink is relatively unimportant in determining voluntary fluid intake.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Progesterone does not alter osmotic regulation of AVP.

To test the hypothesis that progesterone, independent of estrogen, decreases the plasma osmotic threshold for arginine vasopressin (AVP) release and thirst onset, we compared AVP and thirst responses to hypertonic saline infusion (HSI) during administration of oral contraceptives (OCs) containing progesterone (OCP) with responses to infusion of OCs containing progesterone and estrogen (OCEP). Eight women (29 +/- 2 yr) were infused with 3% NaCl (120 min, 0.1 ml. kg body wt(-1). min(-1)) and consumed fluid (90 min, 15 ml/kg body wt) in the early follicular and midluteal phases of a 28-day menstrual cycle and also after 4 wk of OCP and after 4 wk of OCEP in a randomized crossover design. Baseline plasma osmolality (P(osm)) was lower in the luteal phase (280 +/- 1 mosmol/kgH(2)O) and during OCEP (283 +/- 1 mosmol/kgH(2)O) than in the follicular phase (286 +/- 1 mosmol/kgH(2)O, P < 0.05) but was unaffected by OCP (284 +/- 1 mosmol/kgH(2)O). P(osm) remained lower in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase and with OCEP throughout the first 50 min of HSI. The mean abscissal plasma AVP concentration-P(osm) intercept was unaffected by OCP (267 +/- 1 mosmol/kgH(2)O) but was greater in the follicular phase (273 +/- 2 mosmol/kgH(2)O) than in the luteal phase (266 +/- 4 mosmol/kgH(2)O) and with OCEP (268 +/- 2 mosmol/kgH(2)O, P < 0.05). There were no differences in osmotic thresholds for thirst onset across experimental days. Despite the lower osmotic threshold for AVP release during the luteal phase and with OCEP, fluid balance, renal free water clearance, and Na(+) regulation during HSI were unaffected by menstrual phase or OC treatment, indicating a lower osmotic operating point for body water balance. OCP did not affect osmotic AVP regulation, suggesting that progesterone does not affect osmotic fluid regulation through a mechanism independent of estrogen.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Water metabolism changes during prolonged hypokinesia with an antiorthostatic posture of the body].

Variations in the total content of body fluid and intravascular fluid were measured during a 49-day bed rest experiment and a 25-day recovery period. During the experiment the test subjects were kept in the head-down position at an angle of -4 degrees. The diminished motor activity led to a decrease of the absolute and, to a greater extent, of the relative content of water in the body which was associated with intravascular losses. The major changes in fluid balance occurred during the first two weeks of the bed rest experiment; this may be attributed to the head-down position of the test subjects.

Bed Rest↗
PubMed1997

Influence of sodium replacement on fluid ingestion following exercise-induced dehydration.

This study investigated the hypothesis that addition of Na+ to a rehydration beverage would stimulate drinking and augment restoration of body water in individuals dehydrated during 90 min of continuous treadmill exercise in the heat. Following a 3.0 +/- 0.2% decrease in body weight (BW), 6 subjects sat in a thermoneutral environment for 30 min to allow body fluid compartments to stabilize. Over the next 3 hr, subjects rehydrated ad libitum using either flavored/artificially sweetened water (H2O-R) or a flavored, 6% sucrose drink containing either 25 (LNa(+)-R) or 50 (HNa(+)-R) mmol/L NaCl. Results demonstrated that rapid removal of the osmotic stimulus, during H2O-R, and the volume-dependent dipsogenic stimuli, during HNa(+)-R, are important factors in limiting fluid intake during rehydration, compared to LNa(+)-R. It was also found that the pattern of fluid replacement and restoration of fluid balance following dehydration is influenced by the dehydration protocol used to induce the loss in total body water and the sodium content of the rehydration beverage.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Correlation of changes in body weight and pulmonary vascular pressures with lung water accumulation during fluid overload.

The accumulation of excess lung water is a major concern after the infusion of large amounts of crystalloid solution. The parameters used to monitor total body and lung water balance include changes in body weight, and the measurement of pulmonary vascular and plasma colloid osmotic pressures. We studied the reliability of these parameters in predicting lung water during severe fluid overload in nephrectomized sheep. We found that the normal lung appeared resistant to excess fluid accumulation, particularly when compared to the splanchnic circulation. Body weight change was an unreliable index of lung water with a correlation coefficient of 0.43. Pulmonary vascular pressures were the best index (r = 0.83) with lung water accumulating rapidly after capillary pressure exceeded 30 cm H2O. The difference between pulmonary capillary pressure and plasma colloid osmotic pressure was not as reliable (r = 0.72) as was capillary pressure alone.

Animals↗