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PubMed1984

Kinetics of D-aspartic acid release from rat cortical synaptosomes.

A kinetic study has been made of the release of D-aspartate from rat cortical synaptosomes following pre-loading with labelled D-aspartate, and the results compared to a previous study of the release of the acidic amino acids glutamate plus aspartate following pre-loading with labeled L-glutamate. Qualitatively, the results of the two studies are similar. The D-aspartate taken up during the pre-load period appears to be totally releasable. However, release is greatly increased by depolarizing media. The increased rate of release induced by increasing [K]o is independent of the [Ca]o, while veratrine-induced release is inhibited by [Ca]o. Release is from more than a single compartment, since plots of the log10 of the synaptosomal D-aspartate content (calculated from the label content) as a function of the incubation time are non-linear for all incubation solutions. In the previous study which utilized L-glutamate pre-loading, the results were consistent with either a model consisting of two passive compartments (that is, synaptosomal content T as a function of time is given by Ae-Kat + Be-Kbt, in which A and B are compartment sizes, Ka and Kb are exchange constants, and t is incubation time) or a model consisting of one passive compartment (Ae-Kat) and one saturated carrier compartment (T-Kbt, in which T = total content at zero time and Kb = maximal velocity). The present results with D-aspartate also give excellent fits to these models. However, there are some quantitative differences in the estimates of the compartment sizes and exchange constants, which are obtained by optimizing the fit of the data to the equation for each model. Although most of these quantitative differences appear to be minor, one difference between the two studies is of potential significance in interpretation of the results. In the glutamate study, all depolarizing media were found to reduce the exchange constant for the carrier mechanism, while in the present study, depolarizing media were found to increase the exchange constant, with the exception of veratrine-containing medium without calcium.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effect of aspartame and protein, administered in phenylalanine-equivalent doses, on plasma neutral amino acids, aspartate, insulin and glucose in man.

Six human males each received 0.56 g phenylalanine (Phe) in the form of 1.0 g aspartame or 12.2 g bovine albumin in 200 ml water or water alone. Venous blood samples collected before consumption and during the following 4 hr were assayed for plasma levels of large, neutral amino acids (LNAA), aspartate, insulin and glucose. The area under the curve for plasma Phe was 40% greater, although not significant, after aspartame compared with albumin intake. The indicated increased clearance rate of plasma Phe after albumin may be caused by the significant increase of insulin, on which aspartame had no effect. There was a significant main effect of aspartame for plasma tyrosine but not for tryptophan, valine, isoleucine or leucine. Plasma aspartate was significantly increased at 0.25 hr after the aspartame intake. The percentage Phe/LNAA decreased slightly in response to albumin but increased 55% after aspartame and remained significantly increased for 2 hr. Tyrosine/LNAA increased and tryptophan/LNAA decreased modestly after aspartame intake. The study showed that the intake of aspartame in a not unrealistically high dose produced a marked and persistent increase of the availability of Phe to the brain, which was not observed after protein intake. The study indicated, furthermore, that Phe was cleared faster from the plasma after consumption of protein compared with aspartame.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Site-directed mutagenesis of aspartic acid 372 at the ATP binding site of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase: over-expression and characterization of the mutant enzyme.

A new phosphoglycerate kinase over-expression vector, pYE-PGK, has been constructed which greatly facilitates the insertion and removal of mutant enzyme genes by cleavage at newly introduced BamHI sites. This vector has been used to prepare mutant protein in appreciable (100 mg) quantities for use in kinetic, crystallographic and NMR experiments. Aspartate 372 is an invariant amino acid residue in genes known to code for a functionally active PGK. The function of this acidic residue appears to be to help desolvate the magnesium ion complexed with either ADP or ATP when this substrate binds to the enzyme. Both crystallographic and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments show that the replacement of the residue with asparagine has only minimal effects on the overall structure. The substitution of the charged carboxyl group with that of the neutral amide affects the binding of the nucleotide substrate as predicted but not, as might have been expected, the binding of 3-phosphoglycerate. The overall velocity of the enzymic reaction (Vmax) is reduced 10-fold by the substitution of aspartic acid 372 by an asparagine residue (D372N). This reduction in Vmax is considerably less than one would expect from its known position within the structure of the enzyme. This result therefore poses questions about our understanding of charged groups at the active centres of enzymes and of the reason for their apparent conservation.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2006

Aslfm, the D-aspartate ligase responsible for the addition of D-aspartic acid onto the peptidoglycan precursor of Enterococcus faecium.

D-aspartate ligase has remained the last unidentified peptide bond-forming enzyme in the peptidoglycan assembly pathway of Gram-positive bacteria. Here we show that a two-gene cluster of Enterococcus faecium encodes aspartate racemase (Racfm) and ligase (Aslfm) for incorporation of D-Asp into the side chain of the peptidoglycan precursor. Aslfm was identified as a new member of the ATP-grasp protein superfamily, which includes a diverse set of enzymes catalyzing ATP-dependent carboxylate-amine ligation reactions. Aslfm specifically ligated the beta-carboxylate of D-Asp to the epsilon-amino group of L-Lys in the nucleotide precursor UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide. D-iso-asparagine was not a substrate of Aslfm, indicating that the presence of this amino acid in the peptidoglycan of E. faecium results from amidation of the alpha-carboxyl of D-Asp after its addition to the precursor. Heterospecific expression of the genes encoding Racfm and Aslfm in Enterococcus faecalis led to production of stem peptides substituted by D-Asp instead of L-Ala2, providing evidence for the in vivo specificity and function of these enzymes. Strikingly, sequencing of the cross-bridges revealed that substitution of L-Ala2 by D-Asp is tolerated by the d,d-transpeptidase activity of the penicillin-binding proteins both in the acceptor and in the donor substrates. The Aslfm ligase appears as an attractive target for the development of narrow spectrum antibiotics active against multiresistant E. faecium.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗