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PubMed1996

Multicenter trial of modified Gamma nail in East Asia.

The mismatch of the standard Gamma nail in the Chinese femora led to the modification of its femoral shaft component based on the anthropometric study of 28 pairs of Chinese femora. A multicenter clinical trial was done in 6 countries and regions in East Asia. Three hundred forty-nine fractures were treated and studied. More than 60% of the fractures were unstable by Evans classification. The average age of the patients was 73.6 years. The male to female ratio was 2:3. The mean followup period was 11.7 months. The result of the trial showed that the intraoperative complication rate was 7.7%, and complications primarily were related to faulty operative technique. There were 7.2% postoperative complications related to the fractures that again decreased toward the later stage of the trial. Functionally, there was progressive improvement of the hip score within the followup period. The results show that the modified Gamma nail gave better results in the treatment of geriatric trochanteric fractures by minimizing reaming, thereby reducing complications related to the implants.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

Migration of the lag screw within the femoral head: a comparison of the intramedullary hip screw and the Gamma Asia-Pacific nail.

OBJECTIVES: To study the functional difference in the performances of sliding femoral head screws by comparing the displacement of the screw in relation to the femoral head in hips treated with the Gamma Asia-Pacific nail (GN) and hips treated with the intramedullary hip screw (IMHS). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of prospectively collected data. METHODS: Displacement of the femoral head screw in relation to the femoral head was measured in fifty-six elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures who were treated with an IMHS or GN. Displacement of the femoral head screw was determined by comparing screw position in the immediate postoperative radiograph with a film taken 3 months after surgery. RESULTS: In the GN group, significant displacement of the screw was observed with 3.8 +/- 3.8 percent translation in the horizontal axis (P < 0.005) and 4.3 +/- 5.1 percent displacement in the vertical axis (P < 0.05) in comparison with the diameter of the femoral head. In comparison, displacement of the femoral head screw was not observed with the IMHS (P = 0.48 for horizontal, P = 0.18 for vertical). Total displacement of the femoral head screw in relation to the femoral head in the GN was twice that observed in the IMHS (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the displacement of the femoral head screw of the IMHS was less than the lag screw of the GN. However, it is still unknown whether this smaller displacement of the IMHS is clinically significant for reducing the rate of screw cut-out after surgery.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Cardiovascular risk factor levels in urban and rural Thailand--The International Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia (InterASIA).

BACKGROUND: Vascular mortality is increasing in economically developing countries but reliable data about the determinants of cardiovascular disease are few. The International Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia (InterASIA) was designed to obtain precise estimates of cardiovascular risk factor levels in the adult population of Thailand. DESIGN: A complex sample survey. METHODS: Data from a structured questionnaire, brief physical examination and a blood sample were collected from 5305 individuals aged 35 years or older (response rate 68%). Mean risk factor levels were calculated for eight groups defined by age and sex in 18 representative urban and rural areas of Thailand. Population risk factor levels were calculated by applying sampling weights derived from the 2000 Thai Census and allowing for the complex sampling design. RESULTS: The estimated mean (standard error) population blood pressure was 120/76 (0.7/0.5) mmHg, mean serum total cholesterol was 5.2 (0.06) mmol/l, mean body mass index was 24 (0.2) kg/m2, mean fasting plasma glucose was 5.6 (0.06) mmol/l, the proportion with diabetes 9.6 (1)% and the proportion of current smokers was 25 (3)%. There were estimated to be 5.1 (0.5) million individuals with high blood pressure, 4.4 (0.4) million with high total cholesterol, 8.9 (0.8) million overweight or obese, 2.4 (0.2) million with diabetes and 6.2 (0.9) million current smokers. Mean levels of all major risk factors, except smoking, were worse in urban compared with rural areas. However, except for total cholesterol, the absolute numbers of individuals with abnormal risk factor levels were highest in rural areas. CONCLUSION: Absolute levels of cardiovascular risk factors in Thailand are high. Effective risk factor control strategies that target both rural and urban areas of Thailand have the potential to avert much premature cardiovascular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Did TCDD exposure or service in Southeast Asia increase the risk of cancer in air force Vietnam veterans who did not spray agent orange?

OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine cancer incidence in 1482 Air Force veterans who served in Southeast Asia (SEA) and who were not occupationally exposed to herbicides. METHODS: Cancer incidence between 1982 and 2003 was determined by record review and Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate risk ratios across serum 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and years served in SEA categories. RESULTS: All sites cancer risk increased with TCDD (relative risk = 1.6, 95% confidence interval = 1.2-2.2). The risk of prostate cancer increased with years of SEA service but not with TCDD. TCDD and years of SEA service interacted with all sites cancer; the risk was greatest in those with the highest TCDD levels and the longest time served in SEA. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest nonoccupational exposures to TCDD or other factors while in SEA may contribute to cancer risk in these veterans.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Effect of trypsin treatment on the antigenic characteristics of plaque variants of type-O 1 and type Asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease viruses.

Antigenic differences were demonstrated between the large and small plaque variants of both types O1 and Asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease viruses. Treatment of the large and small plaque variants of the viruses with trypsin essentially abolished the observed antigenic differences. Thus, these plaque variants have antigenically different trypsin-sensitive determinants that may influence their immunogenicity and infection capabilities.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed2004

Antipsychotic polypharmacy in patients with schizophrenia: a multicentre comparative study in East Asia.

AIMS: Previous studies of the prescription patterns of psychotropic medications in patients with schizophrenia have highlighted a high rate of antipsychotic polypharmacy, but data in Asia are sparse. This study seeks to examine the prevalence of antipsychotic polypharmacy in patients with schizophrenia and compare the differences between patients receiving one vs. those receiving more than one antipsychotic. METHODS: Antipsychotic prescription for a sample of 2399 patients with schizophrenia from six countries and territories was evaluated. Daily doses of antipsychotic medications were converted to standard chlorpromazine equivalents (CPZ). RESULTS: Antipsychotic polypharmacy was found in 45.7% (n = 1097) of the patients with wide intercountry variations. Polypharmacy was associated with male gender [odds ratio (OR) 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06, 1.46, P < 0.01], advanced age (t = -7.81, d.f. = 2396, P < 0.001), psychiatric hospital setting (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.11, 1.62) as well as higher daily CPZeq doses (411.47 vs. 983.10 CPZeq day(-1), z = -25.94, P < 0.001), anticholinergic use (OR 3.17, 95% CI 2.65, 3.79, P < 0.001) and less use of an atypical antipsychotic drug (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.71, 0.98, P < 0.05). On multivariate analysis, country, age and duration of illness were significantly associated with antipsychotic polypharmacy. CONCLUSION: This study highlighted the wide intercountry variations of antipsychotic polypharmacy which are likely to be influenced by a complex combination of clinical, setting, cultural and personal practice factors, requiring more research.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed2005

Unusual germ cell organization in the seminiferous epithelium of a murid rodent from southern Asia, the greater bandicoot rat, Bandicota Indica.

In the greater bandicoot rat, Bandicota indica, of south-east Asia, nine cell associations were documented in the testicular seminiferous epithelium. In about 10% of the tubule cross sections two or more cell associations occurred and, furthermore, some of the generations of germ cells within the cell associations were sometimes either out of phase, or missing, in the tubule cross sections. These features, together with the fact that this species has a highly pleiomorphic sperm head shape, are somewhat reminiscent of those of the seminiferous epithelium in humans and some other primates but not of common laboratory rodents. This species could thus be a good model for investigating irregular patterns of spermatogenesis in naturally occurring wild species of rodent.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hepatolithiasis in East Asia: comparison between Japan and China.

The incidence of hepatolithiasis is high throughout East Asia compared with the West, but the marked difference in the relative proportion of hepatolithiasis to all cholelithiasis cases exists even among countries of similar ethnic backgrounds. A retrospective study of cases was conducted in two areas in China with the aim of clarifying the presence of such regional difference in China itself. The relative proportion of hepatolithiasis was 21.2% in Shenyang, 9.2% in Beijing and 4.1% in Fukuoka, Japan. A significant difference in the location of stones was also found between Shenyang, Beijing and Fukuoka. Intra- and extrahepatic hepatolithiasis in all hepatolithiasis cases was 95% in Shenyang and 75% in Beijing. Involvement of both hepatic lobes was found in 73% in Shenyang and less than 60% in the other two, suggesting that hepatolithiasis of the old form or of an advanced stage still lingers in Shenyang. In conclusion, regional differences in the proportion and the type of hepatolithiasis exist in China itself, as well as in the Chinese population in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore, as previously reported. The possible contribution of environmental factors to the occurrence of hepatolithiasis is again emphasized.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Trends in hospital-based management of acute asthma from a teaching hospital in South Asia.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the hospital-based management of acute asthma in south Asia and to compare practices over a 10-year period. Adult patients (n = 102) admitted at a teaching hospital with acute asthma were studied. Documentation of precipitating factors, family history and physical signs were inadequate in more than half of patients. Pulse oximetry was documented in 95 (93%) patients, but peak flow monitoring was performed only in 50 (49%) patients. Ten-year trend showed deterioration in history and physical examination skills, under use of peak flow readings, and poor pre-discharge instructions. Some aspects of improved care included frequent use of pulse oximeter, preference of inhaled over systemic bronchodilators and increased use of systemic steroids. Significant deficiencies were identified in hospital-based management of acute asthma. Most aspects of asthma care continued to fall short of asthma guidelines.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

Residential biofuels in South Asia: carbonaceous aerosol emissions and climate impacts.

High concentrations of pollution particles, including "soot" or black carbon, exist over the Indian Ocean, but their sources and geographical origins are not well understood. We measured emissions from the combustion of biofuels, used widely in south Asia for cooking, and found that large amounts of carbonaceous aerosols are emitted per kilogram of fuel burnt. We calculate that biofuel combustion is the largest source of black carbon emissions in India, and we suggest that its control is central to climate change mitigation in the south Asian region.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Toxigenic potential of some fusarium isolates from southeast Asia.

The isolation and characterization of 10 isolates of six Fusarium spp. from plant and soil samples collected in Southeast Asia is reported. The ability of these isolates to produce trichothecenes both in liquid cultures (CZ, GYEP, and MYRO) and on rice was assessed, and their toxigenic potential was examined by skin assay and gavage studies with culture filtrates. Although culture filtrates of all the isolates caused minor damage to test animals, only that of F. equiseti DAOM 189762 produced trichothecenes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

The asiA gene of bacteriophage T4 codes for the anti-sigma 70 protein.

The anti-sigma 70 factor of bacteriophage T4 is a 10-kDa (10K) protein which inhibits the sigma 70-directed initiation of transcription by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme. We have partially purified the anti-sigma 70 factor and obtained the sequence of a C-terminal peptide of this protein. Using reverse genetics, we have identified, at the end of the lysis gene t and downstream of an as yet unassigned phage T4 early promoter, an open reading frame encoding a 90-amino-acid protein with a predicted molecular weight of 10,590. This protein has been overproduced in a phage T7 expression system and partially purified. It shows a strong inhibitory activity towards sigma 70-directed transcription (by RNA polymerase holoenzyme), whereas it has no significant effect on sigma 70-independent transcription (by RNA polymerase core enzyme). At high ionic strength, this inhibition is fully antagonized by the neutral detergent Triton X-100. Our results corroborate the initial observations on the properties of the phage T4 10K anti-sigma 70 factor, and we therefore propose that the gene which we call asiA, identified in the present study, corresponds to the gene encoding this T4 transcriptional inhibitor.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Genotyping hepatitis C viruses from Southeast Asia by a novel line probe assay that simultaneously detects core and 5' untranslated regions.

Hepatitis C viruses (HCVs) display a high level of sequence diversity and are currently divided into six genotypes. A line probe assay (LiPA), which targets the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of the HCV genome, is widely used for genotyping. However, this assay cannot distinguish many genotype 6 subtypes from genotype 1 due to high sequence similarity in the 5'UTR. We investigated the accuracy of a new generation LiPA (VERSANT HCV genotype 2.0 assay), in which genotyping is based on 5'UTR and core sequences, by testing 75 selected HCV RNA-positive sera from Southeast Asia (Vietnam and Thailand). For comparison, sera were tested on the 5'UTR based VERSANT HCV genotype assay and processed for sequence analysis of the 5'UTR-to-core and NS5b regions as well. Phylogenetic analysis of both regions revealed the presence of genotype 1, 2, 3, and 6 viruses. Using the new LiPA assay, genotypes 6c to 6l and 1a/b samples were more accurately genotyped than with the previous test only targeting the 5'UTR (96% versus 71%, respectively). These results indicate that the VERSANT HCV genotype 2.0 assay is able to discriminate genotypes 6c to 6l from genotype 1 and allows a more accurate identification of genotype 1a from 1b by using the genotype-specific core information.

5' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed2003

Empyema thoracis: a 10-year comparative review of hospitalised children from south Asia.

AIMS: To study the clinical and microbial profile of childhood empyema in South Asia and to identify the changes over the past three decades. METHODS: A total of 265 children (aged 1 month to 12 years) with empyema admitted to the Advanced Pediatric Center, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India in 1989-98, were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: One third of children were under 5. Culture positivity had decreased significantly (48% v 75%) over the years. Staphylococcus aureus continues to be the commonest (77%) aetiological agent; clustering was seen during hot and humid months (46%). Culture positive Streptococcus pneumoniae cases also decreased (9% v 27%); all were seen during the winter and spring season. Gram negative rods grew in more patients (11% v 7%). Community acquired methicillin resistant S aureus (MRSA) was isolated in three patients. Most children (93%) were treated with parenteral cloxacillin and an aminoglycoside. Tube drainage (TD) was used in 92% of fibropurulent cases, and was successful in 79%. Of 48 patients with failed TD, 12 needed decortication; limited thoracotomy was sufficient in the remaining 36. Surgery was mainly required by children with persistent pleural sepsis after 10 days of TD. Delaying surgery until 14 days had a significantly higher potential of requiring decortication. Early change to oral antibiotics (after 1-2 weeks of parenteral therapy) reduced the hospital stay significantly (17+7 v 23+7 days) without compromising long term outcome. Twenty two patients presenting late in the chronic stage underwent decortication at admission.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1991

HTLV-1 associated T cell lymphoma in South East Asia: case report and family study.

Geographic clustering of human T cell lymphoma/leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is well recognised, particularly in south western Japan, parts of West and Central Africa, the south eastern United States and the Caribbean islands. Sporadic cases have been reported in many other parts of the world. The first case of HTLV-1 associated leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL) in South East Asia is reported. Contact tracing showed a high incidence of carriers among the relatives.

Carrier State↗
PubMed2006

Occupational and other risk factors for hand-grip strength: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study.

BACKGROUND: In certain occupations, including farm work, workers are exposed to hazardous substances, some of which are known to be toxic to the nervous system and may adversely affect muscle strength. Measurement of hand-grip strength may be useful for detecting neurotoxic exposure. METHODS: The authors studied 3522 participants of the Honolulu Heart Program and the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study to determine whether occupational exposures to pesticides, solvents, and metals assessed at exam I (1965-68) are associated with hand-grip strength at exam IV (1991-93) and change in hand-grip strength over 25 years. Correlation, analysis of variance and covariance, and linear regression were used to evaluate the associations. RESULTS: At exam IV, participants ranged in age from 71-93 years; mean hand-grip strength was 39.6 kg at exam I and 30.3 kg at exam IV. Over 25 years, the decline in hand-grip strength was an average of 8-9 kg for all exposures. Hand-grip strength was inversely associated with age and glucose but directly associated with cognitive function, BMI, and haemoglobin level. No other exposures were associated with hand-grip strength. CONCLUSION: This study did not provide evidence that occupational exposure to pesticides, solvents, and metals adversely affected hand-grip strength in this population, but confirmed other important associations with hand-grip strength.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Occupational exposures and movement abnormalities among Japanese-American men: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study.

OBJECTIVE: The authors analyzed data on 1,049 men aged 71-93 years (excluding those with prevalent Parkinson's disease and stroke) from the Honolulu Heart Program (1965-1968) and the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study (1991-1999) to determine whether occupational exposures to pesticides, solvents, metals, manganese, and mercury during middle age were associated with 14 movement abnormalities 25 years later. METHODS: Analyses of variance and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess associations of interest. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, BMI, cognitive functioning, smoking, alcohol drinking, education, and physical activity, there was a positive association between abnormal 'facial expression' and the highest exposure to metals [odds ratio (OR) = 2.62; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.35-5.11; trend, p = 0.02], and the highest exposure to mercury (OR = 1.91; 95% CI = 1.04-3.49; trend, p = 0.03). Age was positively associated with all movement abnormalities, and cognitive function, body mass index and physical activity were inversely associated with most movement abnormalities. CONCLUSION: Higher exposure to any metal, and specifically mercury, was associated with abnormal facial expression.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Serum paraoxonase polymorphism in three populations of southeast Asia.

Serum paraoxonase hydrolyzes paraoxon, the principal metabolite of the insecticide parathion. Serum paraoxonase is polymorphic and controlled by two codominant alleles - PON*A and PON*B representing low and high activity, respectively. Three populations of southeast Asia comprising 194 Chinese, 159 Filipinos and 73 Dravidian Indians were investigated for serum paraoxonase polymorphism. The frequency of PON*B was found to be 0.14 in the Chinese, 0.04 in the Filipinos and 0.18 in Dravidian Indians. The distribution of the PON phenotypes was at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in all the three populations studied.

Aryldialkylphosphatase↗