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At least 1,117 records · Page 62Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Absolute configuration of octanol derivatives in apple fruits.

In extracts obtained by liquid-liquid extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis from five apple cultivars (Renao; Bedan; Peau de Chien; Noel des Champs; Red Delicious), chiral evaluation of free and glycosidically-bound octane-1,3-diol and 5(Z)-octene-1,3-diol, as well as ethyl 3-hydroxyoctanoate and ethyl 5(Z)-3-hydroxyoctenoate, was performed by multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC), combining a polar achiral column (DB-Wax) with a chiral main column (2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-tert. butyldimethylsilyl-beta-cyclodextrin/OV 1701). Comparison of retention times of synthesized optically-enriched reference compounds with isolated diols and hydroxyesters, revealed the (R)-configuration for the free diols in cvs. Renao, Bedan, Peau de Chien and Noel des Champs and the (R)-configuration for the bound diols in cvs Bedan, Peau de Chien and Noel des Champs, exhibiting enantiomeric excesses (ees) greater than 99%. (R)-hydroxyesters (ee > 99%) were detected in cvs. Noel des Champs and Red Delicious.

Fruit↗
PubMed1989

Grapevine viroid 1B, a new member of the apple scar skin viroid group contains the left terminal region of tomato planta macho viroid.

GV1B is one of five viroids that have recently been purified from grapevines. GV1B has now been sequenced and its 363 nucleotide residues can potentially form the typical rod-like structure of viroids with 67% of nucleotides base-paired. GV1B has highest sequence similarity with grapevine yellow speckle viroid (GYSV; 73%) and has a central sequence which is conserved in GYSV and apple scar skin viroid (ASSV) which have been reported to constitute the ASSV group. Therefore, we have placed GV1B into the ASSV group. GV1B contains a direct repeat sequence at the terminal portions of its T1 and T2 regions. GV1B also contains a sequence of 69 nucleotides in the terminal portion of its T1 region which is almost identical to the corresponding region in tomato planta macho viroid (TPMV). This provides further evidence of the importance of RNA recombination in viroid evolution.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of apple chlorotic leaf spot closterovirus.

The nucleotide sequence of Apple chlorotic leaf spot closterovirus (ACLSV) genomic RNA has been determined from cDNA clones. It is 7555 nucleotides in length excluding the 3' terminal poly(A) tail and contains three putative open reading frames capable of encoding proteins of 216.5, 50, and 28 kDa. ACLSV RNA has untranslated regions of 151 and 190 nucleotides at its 5' and 3' termini, respectively. The 216.5-kDa ORF encodes a protein which contains the conserved "signature" sequences and has significant homology with the proteins suspected to be involved in viral RNA replication of members of the "Sindbis-like" supergroup of viruses. On the basis of distant homologies with viral movement proteins (M proteins), the 50-kDa ORF is suspected to encode a protein responsible for virus cell-to-cell spread. The 28-kDa ORF contains, in frame, a smaller 21.5-kDa ORF encoding the coat protein of ACLSV. These results show that ACLSV and probably at least the subgroup A of closteroviruses should be regarded as members of the "Sindbis-like" supergroup of RNA viruses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Enzymatic degradation of cell walls of apples and characterization of solubilized products.

Partially depectinated apple cell walls were digested by pectin lyase or endoglucanase or a combination. By combining these commercial enzymes, a higher yield of 22.2% of carbohydrate material was obtained compared with only 13.9% and 5.7%, respectively, when using them singly. Only small amounts of carbohydrates were extracted by buffer (0.8%). The solubilized extracts were fractionated using a combination of ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The individual subfractions were analysed for neutral sugar and uronic acid content. The results indicated the existence of a synergistic effect between pectin lyase and endoglucanase based on the percentage of material extracted.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed1984

An 8-channel neuron recording interface for a microcomputer (Apple II), designed to gather spike occurrence times.

A microcomputer interface card is described, using a standard peripheral interface adapter chip, for use in multi-channel extracellular single unit recording. The design is for the Apple II. The card sends an interrupt signal to the processor whenever a pulse arrives to it, and enables the computer to read out which of 8 possible channels brought the pulse and when.

Analog-Digital Conversion↗
PubMed1987

Acquisition and analysis of fast single channel kinetic data on an Apple IIe microcomputer.

We describe a method for acquisition and analysis of single channel kinetic data, that uses a ubiquitous microcomputer, the Apple IIe (and is thus cheap), and is yet sensitive and powerful (analysis of up to 6000 events per run of the program; event detection only limited by the amplifier bandwidth). For data acquisition, the original record is converted into an idealized record of open and closed times, using half amplitude threshold analysis or a two-cursor window discriminator. A Time Interval Meter (TIM) has been developed that measures the durations of the TTL-signal from the window discriminator and stores up to 256 intervals in a FIFO-buffer. Each cycle of the TIM is completed within 1 microsecond. The, largely Pascal, software reads the intervals from the FIFO-buffer and stores them in the main memory of the microcomputer (cycle time 70 microseconds). The package is completed with Pascal programs for statistical analysis, including histogram construction of open and closed times, non-linear fit of up to 3 exponentials and correlation analysis.

Computers↗
PubMed1989

Production and use of monoclonal antibodies for the detection of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus.

Stable hybridoma cell lines secreting antibodies specific for the apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (CLSV) were produced by fusing spleen cells of a Biozzi mouse immunized with CLSV P863 strain, with the non-secretory P3 X63 Ag8.653 myeloma cell line. Two hybridoma clones producing monoclonal antibodies of the IgG1 subclass were obtained. These monoclonal antibodies were used for virus detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In contrast to polyclonal antisera to CLSV, which always contain some antibodies to host components, monoclonal antibodies are highly specific for the virus. It was thus possible to develop a detection assay which is more sensitive and specific than the assays using polyclonal antibodies. Using monoclonal antibodies, it was possible to detect less than 0.1 ng/ml of purified virus. In addition, these two monoclonal antibodies recognize 17 strains or isolates maintained in our laboratory and representing most of the known CLSV strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Real-time blood pressure monitoring in physiological experiments using an Apple II microcomputer.

The paper describes a program used for real-time blood pressure monitoring. A simple method allowing interactive control of the decision criteria is used for upstroke detection. The blood pressure signal is characterized by means of 8 parameters, computed for every cycle. The program offers two graphic modes: plotting (a) the original signal and (b) the computed variables. Other useful programs are presented together with the BP/MONITOR to allow use of the Apple II as a digital memory scope in different working modes.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A standard multidimensional, easy-access data file structure for Apple II computers.

A random access file structure was designed for Apple II microcomputers that allows data storage of more than 65,500 data values at 170 per Kbyte with a dynamic range of nearly 5 orders of magnitude. All or part of the data are easily accessible from BASIC under ProDOS operating conditions. The file structure accommodates single or multiple data sets in a single data file. Data values within a file with one set of data may interrelate by equal spacing along a second coordinate, such as time or space. Multiple data sets in a file can be independent, parallel or interdependent. Each interdependent data set defines the position of a data point along its coordinate in a two- or multidimensional registration system. The lowest and highest values of each data set are separately recorded to allow easy manipulation of even part of the data, e.g. for graphical presentation. The possibility of storing large numbers of data values in a single file facilitates high-resolution recording of events and simple mathematical manipulation.

Computers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mixing Apple microcomputer graphics for ultrasound scan measurement.

A modern microcomputer with high-resolution graphics can provide an inexpensive method for measurement on video images from a real-time ultrasound scanner. The problem which has to be overcome to allow the computer graphics to be superimposed on the ultrasound video image and permit subsequent analysis is that of synchronization. The video signals must be synchronized before they can be mixed, but neither microcomputers nor ultrasound scanners provide facilities for external synchronization of their video output. A mixer has been designed which uses a buffer memory and allows the graphics of an Apple II microcomputer to be synchronized and mixed with an external video image; we used a Hitachi EUB22 real-time ultrasound scanner. The resulting combination is a versatile instrument which permits a wide range of measurements on ultrasonic images.

Computers↗
PubMed1991

Elevated esterase activity in resistant tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

1. Esterase activity in the tufted apple bud moth was measured spectrophotometrically by the hydrolysis of alpha-naphthyl acetate. 2. Resistant populations from both laboratory and field exhibited significantly greater esterase activity than did the respective susceptible populations. 3. The resistant laboratory population had significantly higher esterase activity than the resistant field population, suggesting that this field population contained a mixture of resistant and susceptible individuals.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Selectivity enhancement of an immobilized apple powder enzymatic sensor for dopamine.

An enzymatic dopamine sensor was prepared by covering the gas membrane of a dissolved oxygen probe with a polycarbonate membrane in which pretreated apple fines were immobilized, followed by another polycarbonate membrane precoated with a Nafion film on the outside. The cationic exchange property of the Nafion film and its preclusion of the anionic interferents from entering the biofilm resulted in significant enhancement of the sensor selectivity and the linear calibration range for dopamine. However, the additional diffusion resistance introduced by the Nafion film diminished the sensor response or sensitivity and increased the response and baseline recovery times for a given dopamine concentration. Nevertheless, the exclusion of the various interferents and the reduced concentration of the solutes in the biofilm reduced contamination and deactivation of the enzymes, resulting in better sensor stability, reproducibility and service life.

Biosensing Techniques↗
PubMed2006

Development and initial assessment of objective fatigue measures for apple harvest work.

Previous research has shown that neck, back and shoulder musculoskeletal strain is a major occupational health problem affecting migrant orchard harvest workers. Researchers seek to measure the effect of an ergonomic modification to the apple picking bucket on muscle fatigue, however objective measures for use in the orchard are not yet available. The purpose of this study is to develop simple back, shoulder or arm strength measures, which detect statistically significant drops in strength over one workday. Candidate muscle strength measures were piloted in the laboratory, adapted for the orchard and evaluated (n=102). Data were analyzed for morning to afternoon fatigue, and for correlation between fatigue score and hours worked. In the laboratory, the timed arm hold (35.7% time reduction, 95% CI: 21.81-49.61), and the timed spinal extension (31.8% time reduction, 95% CI: 23.54-39.96) showed significant fatigue. In the orchard (n=102), only the timed arm hold showed significant (11.4%, p<.0001) fatigue. The potential effect of field conditions and subject motivation on these results needs further exploration.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed2005

Non-covalent interaction between procyanidins and apple cell wall material. Part II: Quantification and impact of cell wall drying.

The adsorption of condensed tannins (procyanidins) on solid cell wall material was quantified using the Langmuir isotherms formulation. Six tannins fractions differing by their size (number average degree of polymerisation between 2.5 and 65) and composition (presence of galloyl groups from to 0 to 22%, proportions of (+)-catechin to (-)-epicatechin from traces to one CAT for three EPI) were used. Two cell walls differing only by their physical characteristics were obtained by mild or harsh drying, with surface areas of 2.15 and 0.52 m(2)/g, respectively. The total amounts of procyanidins retained on the cell wall materials increased with their concentrations while the proportions of retained decreased, and a plateau was reached at high concentrations. The apparent affinity of procyanidins for CWM isolated from apples increased with their molecular weight. Decrease of the CWM porosity by harsh drying slightly decreased the apparent affinity and increased the apparent saturation levels when constants were expressed relative to cell wall weight, but strongly increased both apparent affinity and apparent saturation levels per surface units.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2004

Use of apple seed meal as a new source of beta-glucosidase for enzymatic glucosylation of 4-substituted benzyl alcohols and tyrosol in monophasic aqueous-dioxane medium.

A facile method for enzymatic glycosylation of 4-substituted benzyl alcohols and tyrosol with glucose in a monophasic aqueous-dioxane medium was reported, using a crude meal of apple seed as a new catalyst. The corresponding beta-d-glucosides were synthesized in moderate yields (13.1-23.1%), among which the salidroside was obtained in 15.8% yield.

Benzyl Alcohol↗
PubMed2006

An invertebrate embryo test with the apple snail Marisa cornuarietis to assess effects of potential developmental and endocrine disruptors.

A novel invertebrate embryo test with the apple snail, Marisa cornuarietis, comprising a test protocol for the following developmental endpoints is described: formation of eyes and tentacles, heart rate, hatching, weight after hatching. To evaluate effects on embryonic development, the snails were treated in a first step with 250 or 500 microg/l cadmium. Sublethal effects in terms of a significant delay in hatching could be found in the 250 microg/l treated animals, whereas 500 microg/l Cd were lethal for the snail embryos. To test endocrine disrupting chemicals with this protocol, experiments with bisphenol A (50 microg/l, 100 microg/l) and 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (10 microg/l) were performed. In both treatments an increase of weight after hatching was observed as well as a significant decline in the heart rate of the embryos. As shown here, the sensitivity of M. cornuarietis embryos test is equal or even higher than other test species like zebrafish embryos and, therefore, this test can be regarded as an alternative or supplement for ecotoxicological studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of diphenylamine derivatives in apple peel using gradient reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-visible absorption and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass selective detection.

A method was developed for extracting, identifying, and quantifying diphenylamine (DPA) derivatives in the peel of DPA-treated apples using gradient reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-visible absorption and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization detection (LC-UV-vis-APCI-MS). Compounds routinely analyzed using this method included hydroxylated, nitrosated, nitrated, and methoxylated diphenylamine derivatives. Analysis of peel treated with 0-8 g L(-1) DPA showed that peel DPA content was a limiting factor in derivative production and that recovery of most compounds over this range was linear.

Antioxidants↗