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PubMed1997

Comparative performances of six agglutination kits assessed by using typical and atypical strains of Staphylococcus aureus.

Six commercial agglutination tests designed for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus were compared by using a strain collection which included 512 staphylococci representing 33 species (318 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus [including 144 oxacillin resistant], 46 S. epidermidis isolates, 15 S. haemolyticus isolates, 12 S. saprophyticus isolates, 29 S. schleiferi isolates, 30 S. lugdunensis isolates, and 62 other coagulase-negative staphylococci). This group also included a proportion of strains with unusual phenotypes (e.g., 19 coagulase-negative S. aureus isolates, 26 clumping factor-negative S. aureus isolates, and 4 S. aureus isolates each with a double deficiency). The overall sensitivity for identification of typical and atypical S. aureus was high with the Staphaurex Plus test (Murex Biotech) (99.7%), the Pastorex Staph Plus test (Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur) (99.7%), and the Slidex Staph Plus test (bioMérieux) (100%). The overall rate of specificity was affected by the unusual inclusion in this study of a high proportion of non-S. aureus species, such as S. lugdunensis and S. schleiferi, which express a clumping factor and therefore produce a positive result with the agglutination tests.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1998

Macroscopic agglutination test for rapid diagnosis of human leptospirosis.

A commercially available slide agglutination test (SAT) for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis was evaluated by comparing it to an immunoglobulin M (IgM) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). For all 108 patients, leptospirosis was diagnosed on the basis of a fourfold or greater increase in titer by MAT (seroconversion), and all but 1 of 245 controls were MAT negative (titers, <1:100). Both SAT and the IgM ELISA failed to detect one case of infection (sensitivity, 99%). Only 3 of 145 blood donors and none of the 100 patients with other illnesses were SAT positive (specificity, 99%). The overall results were similar for the three tests; however, SAT and ELISA were statistically more sensitive as initial screening tests. For 22% of the patients, the diagnosis of leptospirosis was made earlier by SAT than by MAT. SAT detected 27 (44%) of 62 MAT-negative patients with the first serum sample. ELISA and SAT had very similar results. Follow-up of patients for 1 year after the onset of symptoms showed a decreasing rate of positivity by SAT from the third month on. The rate of positivity by ELISA decreased more slowly, to about 67% by the end of the study. By MAT all patients were persistently reactive. SAT and ELISA seem to be convenient methods for the rapid and early screening for leptospirosis and could replace the less sensitive MAT. ELISA gives less subjective results than SAT and provides information on IgM kinetics, but it can be performed only by the more sophisticated laboratories. SAT is inexpensive, can be performed more quickly and more easily than ELISA, and could be used by the less well equipped laboratories.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Identification of streptococcal groups A,B,C, and G by slide co-agglutination of antibody-sensitized protein A-containing staphylococci.

A total of 98.7% of streptococci, groups A,B,C, and G, isolated from various sources was correctly identified by the co-agglutination technique. The active components in this technique are protein A-containing staphylococci coated with antibodies specific for group A,B,C, and G streptococci. A suspension of streptococci belonging to one of these four groups co-agglutinates with the antibody-sensitized staphylococci specific for this group. The technique is extremely rapid and simple and requires no special equipment. It should therefore be a valuable alternative to other techniques used in the grouping of streptococci and is shown here to be as reliable as the Lancefield technique.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2003

Identification of Haemophilus influenzae serotypes by standard slide agglutination serotyping and PCR-based capsule typing.

To resolve discrepancies in slide agglutination serotyping (SAST) results from state health departments and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we characterized 141 of 751 invasive Haemophilus influenzae isolates that were identified in the United States from January 1998 to December 1999 through an active, laboratory-based, surveillance program coordinated by the CDC. We found discrepancies between the results of SAST performed at state health departments and those of PCR capsule typing performed at the CDC for 56 (40%) of the isolates characterized: 54 isolates that were identified as a particular serotype by SAST were shown to be unencapsulated by PCR, and two isolates that were reported as serotypes b and f were found to be serotypes f and e, respectively, by PCR. The laboratory error most likely to affect the perceived efficacy of the conjugate H. influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine was the misidentification of isolates as serotype b: of 40 isolates identified as serotype b by SAST, 27 (68%) did not contain the correlating capsule type genes. The frequency of errors fell substantially when standardized reagents and routine quality control of SAST were used during a study involving three laboratories. An overall 94% agreement between SAST and PCR results showed that slide agglutination could be a valid and reliable method for serotyping H. influenzae if the test was performed correctly, in accordance with standardized and recommended procedures. An ongoing prospective analysis of all H. influenzae surveillance isolates associated with invasive disease in children less than 5 years old will provide more accurate national figures for the burden of invasive disease caused by Hib and other H. influenzae serotypes.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1978

Serological classification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a slide agglutination test.

Serological classification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the slide agglutination test with live organisms was studied, based on the O antigen schema adopted by the international expert panel sponsored by the Subcommittee on Pseudomonas and Related Organisms of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology. The typing results obtained by the slide test with well-absorbed O sera were identical to those obtained by the conventional tube agglutination test with autoclaved organisms. Most O antigens occur singly; but O2, O5, and O16 occur in four combinations. Antigens O13 and O14 are closely related, as are O7 and O8, and it would be convenient to classify organisms possessing these antigens collectively as O7,8 and O13,14.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1979

Comparison of staphylococcal coagglutination, latex agglutination, and counterimmunoelectrophoresis for bacterial antigen detection.

Soluble antigens of Haemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and group B streptococcus were looked for in cerebrospinal fluid, serum, and urine by using the staphylococcal coagglutination test, latex agglutination test, and counterimmunoelectrophoresis. The staphylococcal coaggultination and latex agglutination tests were more sensitive than counterimmunoelectrophoresis in identifying antigens of H. influenzae type b, S. pneumoniae, and N. meningitidis. None of the three tests successfully detected group B streptococcal antigens in body fluids. Nonspecific reactions noted with the staphylococcal coagglutination test could be usually eliminated after premixing test specimens with soluble protein A.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1980

Proteus vulgaris agglutination by cystic fibrosis sera.

The factor in sera of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and their parents which agglutinates Proteus vulgaris has characteristics similar to those of IgG antibody to this organism. Sera of patients without CF who have P. vulgaris infections agglutinate the organism similarly. At present there are too many false-positives in a control population for the test to be widely useful for heterozygote identification.

Adult↗
PubMed1972

The relationship between fluorescent, agglutinating, and precipitating antibodies to Candida albicans and their immunoglobulin classes.

A parallel study of fluorescent, agglutinating, and precipitating antibodies to Candida albicans revealed that precipitating antibodies belong to the IgG class, whereas agglutinating antibodies reside in the IgG, IgM, and IgA classes. The three types as well as the three classes of antibodies were found in Candida endocarditis and mucocutaneous candidiasis. Immuno-absorption studies suggest that the three serological tests estimate antibodies to mannan determinants of Candida albicans.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1990

Evaluation of Serodia Myco II particle agglutination test for detecting Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibody: comparison with mu-capture ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence.

The Serodia Myco II particle agglutination test, which the manufacturers claim exclusively detects IgM antibody, was compared with two IgM-specific tests, a mu-capture ELISA, and indirect immunofluorescence for their ability to detect recent Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. In general there was good agreement among the three tests, all three having similar sensitivity. One hundred and nine (78%) of serum samples gave concordant results in all three assays. Several sera gave positive particle agglutination titres, however, while being negative by the two other assays, and the Serodia Myco II test may not be as specific for detecting M pneumoniae IgM as the other two tests. While the Serodia Myco II test may be a good screening assay, it is unlikely to be a definitive test for M pneumoniae IgM, but may be better than the complement fixation test, particularly in younger patients in whom M pneumoniae IgM is found more frequently.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of commercial slide agglutination kits with a tube coagulase test for the rapid identification of Staphylococcus aureus from blood culture.

Eighty clinical specimens of BACTEC 9240 blood culture vials, culture positive for staphylococci (38 Staphylococcus aureus and 42 coagulase negative staphylococci), were tested directly for the presence of clumping factor/protein A and free coagulase. Seven commercial slide agglutination kits were compared with a direct-tube coagulase (DTC) method. All tests were performed on blood culture pellets. Sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values for the seven commercial kits were extremely variable, whereas a two-hour DTC test was highly predictive of S aureus. There was no significant difference between a two-, six- or 24-hour DTC test. Three (8%) S aureus isolates remained DTC negative even after 24 hours' incubation. Staphylococcal slide agglutination kits should not be used directly on blood culture broths. In contrast, a two-hour DTC test is a useful, rapid screening test for S aureus bacteraemia, provided isolates from DTC negative blood culture broths are re-tested using standard laboratory techniques.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1981

Identification of Treponema hyodysenteriae by a rapid slide agglutination test.

A rapid slide agglutination (SA) test was developed to identify the spirochaete Treponema hyodysenteriae, the causative organism of swine dysentery. The specificity of the antiserum was increased by a single absorption with two intestinal spirochaetes. Using this test, it was possible to identify 30 out of 31 spirochaetes which were beta-haemolytic and gave a positive reaction in growth inhibition (GI) tests with T hyodysenteriae antiserum. All except one of these spirochaetes were isolated from herds with a history of swine dysentery or suspected swine dysentery. The majority of the spirochaetes gave a rapid, strongly, positive reaction in the SA test but seven strains, although recognisably positive, reacted more weakly. Of 28 other spirochaetes which were weakly beta-haemolytic and did not react in GI tests with T hyodysenteriae antiserum, 27 were negative in the SA test. The remaining strain was autoagglutinable and thus could not be identified. The indole test correlated less well with the results of SA and GI tests. All 31 strains which were identified as T hyodysenteriae produced indole, but so did nine of the 28 other spirochaetes. The slide agglutination test is a potentially useful method for rapid identification of T hyodysenteriae.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1986

The vaginal mucus agglutination test in the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis.

Of 1140 vaginal mucus agglutination tests (VMAT) on specimens obtained in 1971-72 from 663 dairy cows in seven herds infected with brucellosis, 97 were positive. When the VMAT was positive one or more serological tests were also positive. Of the 97 corresponding serum agglutination tests 80 sera had titres of more than 533 international units. Only 69.8 per cent of VMAT from serologically positive cows were positive. No evidence was found of non-specific agglutinins in vaginal mucus and positive VMAT reactions appeared to be specific for field infection. Three cows showed evidence of local agglutinins in the vagina. Hence herd testing by VMAT has no advantage over tests of blood serum but the test could be an aid in establishing whether individual cattle are infected.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1991

Assessment of two commercial agglutination kits for detecting Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin.

Two commercial agglutination kits, a reserved passive agglutination test (VET-RPLA) and a staphylococcal coagglutination test (Phadebact ETEC-LT Test), were compared with two cell culture assays (Y-1 and Vero) and GM1 ganglioside enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (GM1-ELISA) for sensitivity in detecting Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT). Of 48 toxigenic strains, 23 were positive by all assays. One strain was negative only by the Phadebact test. Four strains, all LT-II producers, were positive by cell culture only. For LT-I detection, the Phadebact test was the least sensitive but was simple and rapid; VET-RPLA was simple, sensitive, and a good substitute for cell culture or GM1-ELISA.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1975

Quantitation of Escherichia coli O antibodies by direct and indirect agglutination in comparison with a radioimmunoassay.

Titres of E. coli 06 antibody obtained with the direct bacterial agglutination (DBA) technique, the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) technique and the ammonium sulphate precipitation (ASP) technique were compared using rabbit immune sera and IgG and IgM antibody fractions thereof, untreated as well as reduced from beta-mercaptoethanol (ME). Poor rank correlation was obtained between the different assays on sera whether reduced or not. However, statistically significant correlation was obtained for the DBA and IHA titres on the IgM as well as IgG antibody fractions. There was also good correlation between the IHA and ASP titres on IgG antibody fractions. The DBA and IHA techniques both favoured IgM antibodies compared to the ASP method. This effect, however, was most accentuated by the IHA technique. In contrast, the IHA technique underestimated IgG antibodies more than the DBA technique. This could not be explained by influence of different antibody avidities, although the methods previously have been shown variously affected by such antibody properties. The study thus indicates an explanation for discrepancies in E. coli O antibody titres in patients with urinary tract infections obtained by different investigators using direct and indirect agglutination techniques or radioimmunoassay.

Absorption↗
PubMed1985

Cell hybridization and cell agglutination. II. Enhancement of cell hybridization by polycations.

An efficient technique for hybridization of mammalian cells was developed by combining agglutination by pretreatment with polycations, such as polyarginine, and conventional polyethylene glycol(PEG)-mediated cell fusion. Polyarginine and subsequent PEG treatment resulted in markedly decreased viability in the treated cells, but addition of polyvinyl pyrrolidone or glycerol to the polyarginine prevented this cytotoxicity. Polyarginine was much more effective than polylysine or polyornithine in inducing hybridization. Other polycations, including polybrene and protamine but not DEAE-dextran, were also active in inducing hybridization. The condition of the cells at the time of polycation treatment was an important factor in the enhancement of hybridization. The condition of the cells at the time of polycation treatment was an important factor in the enhancement of hybridization. The enhancement of hybridization of cells in monolayer incubated for 2 h was much higher than that of cells incubated for 24 h. These findings suggest that polycations do not necessarily operate by agglutinating cells. The mechanism of polycation-enhanced cell hybridization is discussed.

Agglutination↗
PubMed2006

Co-agglutination test for cysticercus antigen detection in the serum for the diagnosis of cysticercosis.

The objective of the study was to develop the co-agglutination (Co-A) test, a rapid slide agglutination test for the diagnosis of cysticercosis. The present study included 21 cases of cysticercosis, which comprised seven cases of clinico-radiologically definite cases of neurocysticercosis (NCC) proven with either computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), eight cases of clinically strong NCC, six cases of extraneural cysticercosis in muscle and eye; 40 non-cysticercal parasitic infection controls; and 20 healthy controls. Hyperimmune cysticercus antiserum was raised in rabbits and was used to coat Staphylococcus aureus (Cowan strain-I) bearing protein A (SAPA) cells, and the Co-A was standardized to detect cysticercal antigen in the serum. Serum samples from 12 out of 21 (57%) cases of cysticercosis were positive for cysticercal antigen by the Co-A test. Of the 12 positive samples, eight were from cases of neurocysticercosis and four from cases of extra-neural cysticercosis. Serum samples from seven out of 40 non-cysticercal parasitic infection controls and serum samples from one out of 20 (5%) healthy controls showed a false-positive reaction for the antigen by the Co-A test. There was a statistically significant difference between the antigen detection rates among cysticercosis patients on one hand, and the patients with other parasitic diseases (P = 0.0014), and healthy controls (P=0.0003) on the other. The Co-A test appears to be a moderately sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of cysticercosis.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2003

Sperm granuloma and sperm agglutination in a dog with asthenozoospermia.

A mongrel dog, aged 2 years, was found to have only a small number of sperm, immobilization of all sperm, and many sperm agglutinations in its ejaculates, and scrotal palpation revealed a small nodule in the left cauda epididymis. Addition of the dog's seminal plasma or serum to the semen of 2 normal dogs caused immobilization and agglutination of their sperm. Histological examination showed that the nodule was a sperm granuloma. Many lymphocytes were seen in the stroma around the sperm granuloma. Anti-sperm antibodies are presumed to be present in the semen and serum of the asthenozoospermic dog.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The relationship of sperm viability and concentration to serum-induced head-to-head agglutination of bovine spermatozoa.

Individual samples of bull semen were treated by filtration to remove immotile spermatozoa and by the addition of 10% heifer serum. There was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater serum-induced agglutination in the filtered than in the unfiltered samples. Head-to-head agglutination was also greater (P less than 0.01) in dilute sperm suspensions when compared to concentrated sperm suspensions.

Animals↗