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PubMedDate not supplied

Emerging issues in occupational safety and health.

In developed countries, changes in the nature of work and the workforce may necessitate recalibrating the vision of occupational safety and health (OSH) researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to increase the focus on the most important issues. New methods of organizing the workplace, extensive labor contracting, expansion of service and knowledge sectors, increase in small business, aging and immigrant workers, and the continued existence of traditional hazards in high-risk sectors such as construction, mining, agriculture, health care, and transportation support the need to address: 1) broader consideration of the role and impact of work, 2) relationship between work and psychological dysfunction, 3) increased surveillance basis for research and intervention, 4) overcoming barriers to the conduct and use of epidemiologic research, 5) information and knowledge transfer and application, 6) economic issues in prevention, and 7) the global interconnectedness of OSH. These issues are offered to spur thinking as new national research agendas for OSH are considered for developed countries.

Developed Countries↗
PubMed1996

Balancing skill mix--future paediatric health care provision.

Issues of "cost vs quality" and the needs for "pairs of hands" rather than "pair of eyes" has meant that nursing service managers are having to look closely at the skill mix of the staff they employ. This paper outlines the need to define the role of the nurse and the function of skill mix review. Arguments are discussed surrounding the issues of an all qualified nursing staff in a traditional hospital or the use of a generic "multiskilled" workforce within a "patient-focused" environment. The reasons for developing the role of the National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) Support Worker are examined and how they, and the Project 2000 trained staff nurse compare, against each other when looking for staff to employ. This paper looks at the paediatric field of health care in the light of the recommendations made by the 1991 Clothier Report to increase the number of specialist trained staff within that environment and what the future role of the children's nurse may be

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2001

Pesticide use in developing countries.

Chemical pesticides have been a boon to equatorial, developing nations in their efforts to eradicate insect-borne, endemic diseases, to produce adequate food and to protect forests, plantations and fibre (wood, cotton, clothing, etc.). Controversy exists over the global dependence on such agents, given their excessive use/misuse, their volatility, long-distance transport and eventual environmental contamination in colder climates. Many developing countries are in transitional phases with migration of the agricultural workforce to urban centres in search of better-paying jobs, leaving fewer people responsible for raising traditional foods for themselves and for the new, industrialized workforce. Capable of growing two or three crops per year, these same countries are becoming "breadbaskets" for the world, exporting nontraditional agricultural produce to regions having colder climates and shorter growing seasons, thereby earning much needed international trade credits. To attain these goals, there has been increased reliance on chemical pesticides. Many older, nonpatented, more toxic, environmentally persistent and inexpensive chemicals are used extensively in developing nations, creating serious acute health problems and local and global environmental contamination. There is growing public concern in these countries that no one is aware of the extent of pesticide residue contamination on local, fresh produce purchased daily or of potential, long-term, adverse health effects on consumers. Few developing nations have a clearly expressed "philosophy" concerning pesticides. There is a lack of rigorous legislation and regulations to control pesticides as well as training programs for personnel to inspect and monitor use and to initiate training programs for pesticide consumers.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Workforce competencies in behavioral health: an overview.

Competency-based training approaches are being used more in healthcare to guide curriculum content and ensure accountability and outcomes in the educational process. This article provides an overview of the state of competency development in the field of behavioral health. Specifically, it identifies the groups and organizations that have conducted and supported this work, summarizes their progress in defining and assessing competencies, and discusses both the obstacles and future directions for such initiatives. A major purpose of this article is to provide a compendium of current competency efforts so that these might inform and enhance ongoing competency development in the varied behavioral health disciplines and specialties. These varied resources may also be useful in identifying the core competencies that are common to the multiple disciplines and specialties.

Behavioral Medicine↗
PubMed1984

[Places and agents: the ethnic and sexual division of labor in Quebec from 1931 to 1981].

The socio-professional distribution of Quebec's total labor force has changed during the 20th century, as one can observe from the 1931-81 Canadian censuses that provide comparative occupation codes. As well, the sexual and ethnic composition of the labor force has changed substantially during this period. The authors analyze the manner in which these sexual and ethnic cleavages are, at various moments, called upon to assign agents to different places in the division of labor; in particular, it is a matter of seeing how the dominated groups, defined by these 2 cleavages, are used to fulfill the lower functions of the work hierarchy. The use of complex models of the linear log type makes it possible to distinguish, on the 1 hand, crude effects relating the reality experienced by sexual and ethnic groups in the labor force, and, on the other hand, the net effects corresponding to the more or less permanent, but less evident, rules which govern these groups' access to the various jobs.

Americas↗
PubMed1997

Measurement of exposure to mouse urinary proteins in an epidemiological study.

OBJECTIVES: To develop an assay to measure airborne mouse urinary protein (MUP) and to assess the occupational exposure to MUP in the workforce of three establishments as part of an epidemiological study examining the influence of aeroallergen exposure on the development of allergic respiratory disease. METHODS: Personal air samples were collected from nine exposure groups during a workshift. A sensitive and reproducible competitive inhibition assay, which used rabbit antisera specific for MUP, was developed and used to measure the occupational exposure to MUP. RESULTS: The personal measurements of MUP showed that people with direct contact with mice (animal technicians) had the highest exposure followed in decreasing order by those working with anaesthetised animals or their tissue (postmortem workers and scientists) and those with indirect contact with mice (supervisors, office workers, and slide production workers). The only difference in concentrations of MUP between the three establishments were found for cage cleaners, which reflected differences in working practises for this exposure category. Air samples collected during the performance of specific tasks showed that high exposures to MUP were associated with handling mice, indirect contact with mice, and washing floors. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to mouse urinary proteins has been measured in the occupational environment. This information can be used to determine the relation between exposure to MUP and the development of allergic and respiratory disease.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1985

[Return migration and the development of a rural commune in Basilicata].

"This study, based essentially on a survey of 80 returnees, examines the extent to which return migration has contributed to processes of economic change in an agro-town in southern Italy, Bernalda (Potenza)." The authors conclude that return migration has had only a limited impact on the economy because of the low demand for skilled labor in the area of origin. (summary in ENG, FRE)

Demography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chemical and biological terrorism preparedness for staff development specialists.

Staff development specialists must adapt orientation and continuing/life-long learning educational programs to provide nursing staff with the knowledge and skills required to respond to a biological or chemical terrorist attack. The integration of accurate, reliable, and timely information into staff development programs will contribute to the advancement of a national nursing workforce adequately prepared to respond to a major public health event resulting from the intentional use of biological and chemical weapons.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis↗
PubMed1996

Shaping the nation state: ethnicity, class and the new population policy in Singapore.

"This paper explores the relationships between ethnicity, class and the New Population Policy (NPP) in Singapore in the context of its nation state project.... The paper uses data from a sample of the Singaporean population to investigate the impact of the NPP on both ethnic and income (class) groups in order to assess the importance of the ethnic dimension in this aspect of Singapore's development strategy. It concludes that, although differences in fertility behaviour may be rooted in ethnic identity, the control that the government wishes to exert over that behaviour as part of its nation-building project has largely been effected through class interests, and may be better interpreted as part of a broader strategy of human resource management which is attracting the attention of other Asian newly industrialising countries."

Asia↗
PubMed2006

The development and regulation of occupational exposure limits in Singapore.

Singapore is an island republic in South East Asia with a workforce of about 2.1 million including 0.7 million employed in the manufacturing industry. Singapore's industry is diversified and the main growth sectors include microelectronics, chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, and biomedical sectors. Exposure to chemical hazards is one of the main occupational health problems in the manufacturing sectors. The main roles of government in the protection of workers against safety and health hazards are to set standards and provide a proper infrastructure for industry to self-regulate. The occupation safety and health laws must provide adequate protection of workforce but must not disadvantage local industry in this globally competitive economy. To ensure a level playing field, Singapore's occupational exposure standards are benchmarked against those established in the developed countries. These standards are reviewed regularly to ensure they are realistic and relevant in tandem with worldwide trends. Industry and stakeholders are consulted before any new standards are introduced. In enforcing the laws relating to exposure standards, legal and administrative procedures are followed to ensure fairness and to prevent abuse.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1993

Labor mobility, trade and structural change: the Philippine experience.

"This article addresses three questions: (1) Is the high rate of emigration of labor from the Philippines related to the country's trade policy? (2) Why have migration and accompanying remittances not made much of an impact on the growth and structure of the Philippine economy? (3) Would economic growth and structural change eventually curtail labor emigration? The Philippines' history of labor export and its economic development are contrasted with those of Asian NIEs [newly industrialized economies] which have adopted liberal trade regimes."

Asia↗