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PubMed2006

Climate change effects on plant disease: genomes to ecosystems.

Research in the effects of climate change on plant disease continues to be limited, but some striking progress has been made. At the genomic level, advances in technologies for the high-throughput analysis of gene expression have made it possible to begin discriminating responses to different biotic and abiotic stressors and potential trade-offs in responses. At the scale of the individual plant, enough experiments have been performed to begin synthesizing the effects of climate variables on infection rates, though pathosystem-specific characteristics make synthesis challenging. Models of plant disease have now been developed to incorporate more sophisticated climate predictions. At the population level, the adaptive potential of plant and pathogen populations may prove to be one of the most important predictors of the magnitude of climate change effects. Ecosystem ecologists are now addressing the role of plant disease in ecosystem processes and the challenge of scaling up from individual infection probabilities to epidemics and broader impacts.

Ecosystem↗
PubMed2003

Gravity-specific adaptation of the angular vestibuloocular reflex: dependence on head orientation with regard to gravity.

The gain of the vertical angular vestibuloocular reflex (aVOR) was adaptively altered by visual-vestibular mismatch during rotation about an interaural axis, using steps of velocity in three head orientations: upright, left-side down, and right-side down. Gains were decreased by rotating the animal and visual surround in the same direction and increased by visual and surround rotation in opposite directions. Gains were adapted in one head position (single-state adaptation) or decreased with one side down and increased with the other side down (dual-state adaptation). Animals were tested in darkness using sinusoidal rotation at 0.5 Hz about an interaural axis that was tilted from horizontal to vertical. They were also sinusoidally oscillated from 0.5 to 4 Hz about a spatial vertical axis in static tilt positions from yaw to pitch. After both single- and dual-state adaptation, gain changes were maximal when the monkeys were in the position in which the gain had been adapted, and the gain changes progressively declined as the head was tilted away from that position. We call this gravity-specific aVOR gain adaptation. The spatial distribution of the specific aVOR gain changes could be represented by a cosine function that was superimposed on a bias level, which we called gravity-independent gain adaptation. Maximal gravity-specific gain changes were produced by 2-4 h of adaptation for both single- and dual-state adaptations, and changes in gain were similar at all test frequencies. When adapted while upright, the magnitude and distribution of the gravity-specific adaptation was comparable to that when animals were adapted in side-down positions. Single-state adaptation also produced gain changes that were independent of head position re gravity particularly in association with gain reduction. There was no bias after dual-state adaptation. With this difference, fits to data obtained by altering the gain in separate sessions predicted the modulations in gain obtained from dual-state adaptations. These data show that the vertical aVOR gain changes dependent on head position with regard to gravity are continuous functions of head tilt, whose spatial phase depends on the position in which the gain was adapted. From their different characteristics, it is likely that gravity-specific and gravity-independent adaptive changes in gain are produced by separate neural processes. These data demonstrate that head orientation to gravity plays an important role in both orienting and tuning the gain of the vertical aVOR.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

Learned dynamics of reaching movements generalize from dominant to nondominant arm.

Accurate performance of reaching movements depends on adaptable neural circuitry that learns to predict forces and compensate for limb dynamics. In earlier experiments, we quantified generalization from training at one arm position to another position. The generalization patterns suggested that neural elements learning to predict forces coded a limb's state in an intrinsic, muscle-like coordinate system. Here, we test the sensitivity of these elements to the other arm by quantifying inter-arm generalization. We considered two possible coordinate systems: an intrinsic (joint) representation should generalize with mirror symmetry reflecting the joint's symmetry and an extrinsic representation should preserve the task's structure in extrinsic coordinates. Both coordinate systems of generalization were compared with a naïve control group. We tested transfer in right-handed subjects both from dominant to nondominant arm (D-->ND) and vice versa (ND-->D). This led to a 2 x 3 experimental design matrix: transfer direction (D-->ND/ND-->D) by coordinate system (extrinsic, intrinsic, control). Generalization occurred only from dominant to nondominant arm and only in extrinsic coordinates. To assess the dependence of generalization on callosal inter-hemispheric communication, we tested commissurotomy patient JW. JW showed generalization from dominant to nondominant arm in extrinsic coordinates. The results suggest that when the dominant right arm is used in learning dynamics, the information could be represented in the left hemisphere with neural elements tuned to both the right arm and the left arm. In contrast, learning with the nondominant arm seems to rely on the elements in the nondominant hemisphere tuned only to movements of that arm.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Our varying ability to predict the outcomes of psychotherapy.

The general inability to make clinical predictions of psychotherapeutic change, which has been suggested by previous research, is questioned in this study. It is argued and empirically demonstrated in a sample of 8 experienced psychologists and 8 psychology students that there are reliable individual differences in the ability to make accurate predictions. Above-chance accuracy is significantly frequent in the former group of judges (and nonexistent in the latter group), and performance also appears to be influenced by the conditions of the prediction task.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Cancer cell adaptation to chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Tumor resistance to chemotherapy may be present at the beginning of treatment, develop during treatment, or become apparent on re-treatment of the patient. The mechanisms involved are usually inferred from experiments with cell lines, as studies in tumor-derived cells are difficult. Studies of human tumors show that cells adapt to chemotherapy, but it has been largely assumed that clonal selection leads to the resistance of recurrent tumors. METHODS: Cells derived from 47 tumors of breast, ovarian, esophageal, and colorectal origin and 16 paired esophageal biopsies were exposed to anticancer agents (cisplatin; 5-fluorouracil; epirubicin; doxorubicin; paclitaxel; irinotecan and topotecan) in short-term cell culture (6 days). Real-time quantitative PCR was used to measure up- or down-regulation of 16 different resistance/target genes, and when tissue was available, immunohistochemistry was used to assess the protein levels. RESULTS: In 8/16 paired esophageal biopsies, there was an increase in the expression of multi-drug resistance gene 1 (MDR1) following epirubicin + cisplatin + 5-fluorouracil (ECF) chemotherapy and this was accompanied by increased expression of the MDR-1 encoded protein, P-gp. Following exposure to doxorubicin in vitro, 13/14 breast carcinomas and 9/12 ovarian carcinomas showed >2-fold down-regulation of topoisomerase IIalpha (TOPOIIalpha). Exposure to topotecan in vitro, resulted in >4-fold down-regulation of TOPOIIalpha in 6/7 colorectal tumors and 8/10 ovarian tumors. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that up-regulation of resistance genes or down-regulation in target genes may occur rapidly in human solid tumors, within days of the start of treatment, and that similar changes are present in pre- and post-chemotherapy biopsy material. The molecular processes used by each tumor appear to be linked to the drug used, but there is also heterogeneity between individual tumors, even those with the same histological type, in the pattern and magnitude of response to the same drugs. Adaptation to chemotherapy may explain why prediction of resistance mechanisms is difficult on the basis of tumor type alone or individual markers, and suggests that more complex predictive methods are required to improve the response rates to chemotherapy.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗
PubMed2006

Sepsis progression and outcome: a dynamical model.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis (bloodstream infection) is the leading cause of death in non-surgical intensive care units. It is diagnosed in 750,000 US patients per annum, and has high mortality. Current understanding of sepsis is predominately observational and correlational, with only a partial and incomplete understanding of the physiological dynamics underlying the syndrome. There exists a need for dynamical models of sepsis progression, based upon basic physiologic principles, which could eventually guide hourly treatment decisions. RESULTS: We present an initial mathematical model of sepsis, based on metabolic rate theory that links basic vascular and immunological dynamics. The model includes the rate of vascular circulation, a surrogate for the metabolic rate that is mechanistically associated with disease progression. We use the mass-specific rate of blood circulation (SRBC), a correlate of the body mass index, to build a differential equation model of circulation, infection, organ damage, and recovery. This introduces a vascular component into an infectious disease model that describes the interaction between a pathogen and the adaptive immune system. CONCLUSION: The model predicts that deviations from normal SRBC correlate with disease progression and adverse outcome. We compare the predictions with population mortality data from cardiovascular disease and cancer and show that deviations from normal SRBC correlate with higher mortality rates.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Organoids in translation: a bench-to-bedside framework for pancreatic cancer precision medicine.

INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies with a 5-year survival rate of < 13%. Standard treatments such as FOLFIRINOX or gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel yield modest response rates, underscoring the urgent need for precision oncology approaches. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) preserve the genomic, phenotypic, and histopathological features of the source tumor and offer a promising platform for drug screening, biomarker development, and personalized therapy. However, a systematic evaluation of their translational capacities is lacking. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO registration pending) using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL (December 10, 2024) to identify English-language PDAC PDO studies that incorporated therapeutic testing. Ninety-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Data extraction captured >75 variables per study, including spanning culture methodology, therapeutic profiling, biomarker integration, and clinical correlation. A 13-domain weighted Translatability Scoring Framework adapted from Wehling et al. assessed predictive validity, biomarker strength, pharmacogenetics, and clinical trial alignment. Scores ranged from 0 to 5 and were categorized as good (>4.0), moderate (3.0-4.0), or low (<3.0) translational potential. RESULTS: Of the 95 studies, 70.5% have been published since 2021, reflecting the rapid growth in this field. The mean PDO generation success rate was 89.7%, with the primary tumor tissue being the predominant source (48.4%). Only 24.8% were directly linked to clinical trials and 5.3% incorporated multi-omic profiling. The median translatability score was 3.13 (range, 1.72-4.59): 45.3% of the studies had low translatability, 50.5% moderate, and only 4.2% had good translational potential. High-scoring studies consistently combine multi-omic biomarker platforms, in vivo validation, clinical outcome correlation, and prospective trial integration. Conversely, the weakest domains were pharmacogenetics, endpoint strategies, and biomarker validation, limiting their overall clinical relevance. CONCLUSIONS: PDOs have demonstrated strong feasibility and in vitro clinical correlation in PDAC; however, their clinical translation remains constrained by limited multi-omic integration, absence of pharmacogenomic modeling, and sparse clinical trial embedding. Standardization of protocols, adoption of harmonized and clinically relevant endpoints, and systematic incorporation of biomarker-driven co-clinical trial frameworks are urgently needed to transition PDOs from promising experimental surrogates to validating precision oncology tools capable of informing therapeutic decision-making in PDAC.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

The relation between parental coping styles and parent-child interactions before and after treatment for children with ADHD and oppositional behavior.

This study examined the relation between parental coping styles, discipline, and child behavior before and after participating in a parent training program for parents of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and oppositional behavior. For mothers, use of more maladaptive and less adaptive coping styles was related to more self-reported lax and overreactive discipline, more observed coercive parenting, and more observed child misbehavior prior to parent training. No significant relations were found for mothers following parent training after controlling for pretreatment variables. For fathers, use of more maladaptive and less adaptive coping styles was related to self-reported lax discipline before and after parent training. Contrary to prediction, fathers who reported less seeking support and adaptive-focused coping showed the most improvement in their children's behavior. Most results remained significant after controlling for self-reported depression. Implications for improving parent training research and programs were discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Generation of entanglement between frequency bands by nonlinear fiber propagation and spectral pulse shaping.

A novel fiber-based scheme for generating quadrature entanglement between a specific pair of frequency bands is proposed. The scheme is based on use of a nonlinear fiber, a spectral pulse shaper, and an adaptive feedback loop. It is numerically predicted that at least -5 dB of the quadrature entanglement will be created by preparation of an appropriate initial phase spectrum. Optimal control of the four-wave mixing terms of the Kerr Hamiltonian is crucial for improvement of the entanglement.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Assessing personality disorders using a systematic clinical interview: evaluation of an alternative to structured interviews.

The aim of this study was to assess interrater reliability and provide initial data bearing on the validity of a method of assessing personality disorders (PDs) that does not presume that patients can accurately self-report personality pathology. In a sample of 24 outpatients, two clinician-judges independently applied the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200 (SWAP-200; Westen & Shedler, 1999a, 2000), a 200-item Q-sort procedure for assessing personality pathology, to data from the Clinical Diagnostic Interview (Westen, 2002), a systematic clinical interview that mirrors and standardizes methods used by experienced clinicians to diagnose personality. In 16 of the 24 cases, the treating clinician also independently described the patient using the SWAP-200 Q-sort, based on longitudinal knowledge of the patient over the course of treatment, blind to the interview data. Interrater reliability was uniformly high, with median correlations between interviewers at r > .80. Interviewer-treating clinician correlations were also high, with median convergent validity coefficients at r > .80. Diagnostic overlap (discriminant validity) was moderate for dimensional DSM-IV diagnoses, reflecting extensive comorbidity among disorders, but minimal for empirically derived diagnoses identified in prior research. Treating clinicians' dimensional PD diagnoses using this method also strongly predicted interviewer-rated measures of adaptive functioning. The findings provide preliminary support for the reliability and validity of an alternative to structured interviews for diagnosing personality pathology, and suggest that the way to improve validity of personality diagnosis may not be to minimize clinical inference but to quantify it using psychometric instruments.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Molecular characterization of a novel immune receptor restricted to the monocytic lineage.

Homology basic local alignment search tool search was conducted using a sequence encoding for a novel inhibitory receptor (IREM-1) cloned in our laboratory and a previously described homologous sequence termed CMRF-35. On the basis of this information, we cloned a full length cDNA corresponding to a novel member of this family, termed immune receptor expressed by myeloid cells 2 (IREM-2). The gene, located in chromosome 17q25.1, encodes for a protein of 205 aa that contains an extracellular region comprising an Ig-like domain and a transmembrane region with a positively charged amino acid residue (lysine), that predicted its putative association with an adapter molecule. Indeed, the interaction between IREM-2 and DAP-12 was confirmed in transfected COS-7 cells. By generating specific Abs and using bone marrow and PBMCs, we observed that IREM-2 expression appeared to be restricted to mature hemopoietic cells of the monocytic and myeloid dendritic cell lineages. In vitro differentiation to macrophages or immature dendritic cells down-regulated IREM-2 expression. Upon engagement with the specific mAbs, IREM-2 expressed in rat basophilic leukemia cells together with DAP-12, induced NFAT transcriptional activity; moreover, IREM-2 engagement on monocytes induced TNF-alpha production. Taken together, our results indicate that IREM-2 is a novel activating receptor of the Ig-superfamily in the monocytic lineage.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed2005

[Results of the INTRA-WHO survey in Chile].

BACKGROUND: The aging speed in developing countries has been faster than predicted. Thus, health care systems must adapt to face this new scenario efficiently. The WHO designed the INTRA study to assess health promotion and protection actions in primary care, for people over 50 years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Questionnaires designed by WHO were applied to 1,167 subjects (aged 50-94 years, 68% female) and 117 health care professionals attending and working respectively, at 33 health care centers of the Viña-Quillota Health Service. RESULTS: Twenty percent of subjects were illiterate and 25% had less than 6 years of instruction. Forty three percent could reach the health centre by public transportation and 92% did not need to be accompanied, 39% spent more than one hour to be attended and 71% considered that the service in the centre was good. Sixty seven percent attended regular appointments, 63% did not perform any physical activity and only half of them were advised to start such activity. Weight loss was recommended to 55% but only one third has achieved such goal. Only one third of patients admitted being interrogated about their drinking habits. Among subjects in whom blood pressure was measured, one fourth had abnormal values. CONCLUSIONS: Primary health care in Chile, although having health care programs for the elderly, is loosing opportunities to improve health status and quality of life of this age group.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Punch out the time clocks.

Today's work environment is full of contradictions. On the one hand there aren't enough jobs to go around and on the other some people who have jobs would trade pay for time off. Some managers, at least managers of one-fifth of the labor force, are resolving this contradiction with an elegantly simple solution. They are installing some version of alternative work schedules: flexitime, permanent part-time jobs, job sharing, compressed workweeks, and work sharing, which give employees more control over their professional and personal lives and give employers, for instance in an economic downturn, a way, a way to keep experienced workers on the job without straining budgets. The authors of this article, both of whom have helped develop alternative work schedules, describe the five forms and how numerous employers across the country are adapting them to their purposes. They predict that eventually most U.S. employees will be working under some form of the new schedules.

California↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Application of an adapted international prognostic index for aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: good discrimination and lower survival rates in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Institutions that treat patients with lymphoma must know their local therapy results and adapt their treatment strategies accordingly. To allow the application of the international prognostic factor index (IPI) in institutions where some of the data necessary are not available, we devised an approach by which the missing data would not impair the applicability of the index. We also collapsed the four categories of the IPI into two categories, and applied this adapted IPI to patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated in a public university hospital. Among the 72 patients treated with combination chemotherapy regimens containing doxorubicin, the following outcomes were observed for low and high risk groups, respectively: complete remission rates were 62% and 45% (p=0.2), overall survival rates were 48% and 14% (p=0.0098) and failure-free survival rates were 44% and 17% (p=0.03). This adapted IPI was very effective in predicting the outcome in the patients studied. The survival rates observed in our population were substantially lower than the rates reported in the IPI study. Patient selection might have played an important role in this difference, although other factors related to the social and general health status of the patients treated need to be prospectively studied.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evolutionary theories of asymmetrization of organisms, brain and body].

Growth of a dispersion of elements of unitary systems (US) inevitably transfrorms them into the binary connected differentiations (BCD). So, at a level of genes, from bisexuals have arisen females and males, and at a level of hormones (mentality, behavior), from symmetric--asymmetric: functions, organs, right-handers and left-handers. All BCD are isomorphic. They consist of subsystems preservation (conservative) and change (operative) (SP, SC). SP is more important, than SC, therefore the dispersion of their elements is less, than elements SC. This base difference. It transforms a monomodal population in bimodal, direct "ecology, (environment, E US), in consequetn (E SC SP), and synchronous evolution in asynchronous (at first SC, later SP). Then for evolution "pay" only SC. Means, asynchronous evolution is more economical, than synchronous. In it adaptive sense of any BCD. All theories of biology are theories of US. They treat subsystems not as phased but as forms, therefore may not explain BCD. The general idea of asynchronous evolution--control centre of any function arises in the left hemisphere and in the right hemisphere gets only after approbation. Hence, creates asymmetry different phases of the same function in the left and right hemisphere, but not different functions. It has allowed to reject a lot of erroneous representations and to create adaptive, internally consistent, evolutionary theories of three-demensional asymmetry of organisms, a brain, a cis-trans asymmetry of pair organs and dextrality-sinistrality, having unique explanatory and predictive potential.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1979

Dynamic auditory localization: systematic replication of the auditory velocity function.

Two experiments explored the capability of normal-hearing adults to judge the apparent velocity of an unseen moving sound source. In exper. I, 9 naive and, 1 experienced S judged the velocity of a moving source emitting a .5-kc/s tone at 50 db SPL. S's head was in the center of a circle of 1.88-m radius swept by a small loudspeaker. In exper. II the sound was a low-pass-filtered (0.1-1 kc/s) noise at 50 db sound spectrum level. In both experiments perceived velocity was directly proportional to the actual velocity of the source. These results support out initial observations (Waugh et al, J. Aud. Res., 1979, 19, 103-1 10) that auditory velocity discrimination can be described as a power function with an exponent of 1.0. In exper. II the Ss also varied the sound source velocity by means of a variable resistor to produce a perceived velocity of 100 degrees/sec. Performance on the adaptive velocity production task was successfully predicted from the data of the absolute velocity judgment task. The Weber fraction was .052 for relatively fast-moving sound sources (100 degrees/sec). The ability to discriminate sound source velocity appears to be a well-defined feature of the dynamic binaural spatial system.

Audiometry↗
PubMed1989

Cultural contributions to constructing locus-of-control attributions.

Locus of control attribution patterns have been demonstrated to predict a variety of behavioral and adaptational characteristics in a number of societies. As a consequence, questions concerning the comparability of those attributions across cultures have been of interest to social and personality theorists as well as to their more action-oriented colleagues. In the present study, the processes used by Indian college students to form those attributions have been studied and compared with those used by a similar sample in the United States. A structure-factor approach was used, because it allowed for a comparison of attribution patterns within and between cultures as well as the drawing of inferences about locus-of-control attributions that are theoretically and practically important. Results supported the utility of such an approach, identified culturally syntonic patterns in both samples, and also identified cross-cultural similarities and differences in locus-of-control attributions.

Achievement↗
PubMed1989

[Prognostic value of cardiac rhythm in acute myocardial infarction].

A computer-assisted special calculating complex to analyze a dynamic series of 128 successive R-R ECG intervals in 42 patients with acute myocardial infarction is described. It was established that statistical indices of the rhythm allow to evaluate the degree of severity of the disease, the reserve of adaptation possibilities of the body and predict the course of the disease.

Adult↗