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Living with the vegetable-oil food pattern.
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Extent and patterns of adaptation of enzyme activities in livers of normal rats fed diets high in glucose and fructose.
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Effect of TET intoxication on the pattern of myelin lipids in rats kept during the development on a diet with various amounts of lipids.
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Rumen fermentation pattern and protozoal counts in sheep given silage and silage and barley diets.
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Cariogenicity of eating patterns.
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Fortification, supplementation, and nutrient balance.
Efforts to combat nutrient deficiencies have centered on supplemental nutrient administration and addition of selected nutrients to the food chain in the form of food fortification. Over the past several decades, and as the association between diet and chronic diseases became apparent, supplementation and fortification were also targeted at healthy individuals, with the aim of reducing their risk of future diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. While supplementation strategies are playing a major role in reducing micronutrient deficiencies around the world, there is less compelling evidence for their role in reducing risk of chronic diseases in healthy individuals, perhaps with the exception of folic acid and reduction of neural tube defects. Nevertheless, with our increasing understanding of the genetic heterogeneity of human nutrient requirements, it is likely that certain groups or populations may clearly benefit from higher intakes of certain nutrients. In addition to supplementation or fortification with specific nutrients, the consumption of certain dietary patterns (such as the Mediterranean diet) is associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases.
Influence of diet on chromatin organization in insect mid-gut cells, and its implications for the understanding of aging in this model system.
Female Sarcophaga bullata were fed on three different dietary combinations: liver/water; sugar/water; and sugar/liver/water. These diets resulted in different survival patterns for the insect, with the longest lifespans being expressed on the last treatment. The Feulgen-DNA values for mid-gut cell nuclei were determined using a scanning and integrating microdensitometer. The cell nuclei of the mid-gut reacted to the presence of nutrients by an increase in the extinction values for Feulgen-DNA when compared to the unfed state. There were also significant differences between the various treatments in the extent of the activation shown by the mid-gut cells. The dietary regimes resulting in the longest lifespan showed a complete and uniform activation of the mid-gut epithelium, whereas other treatments did not. These observations suggest that changes in the chromatin organization occur with diet, and that maximum Feulgen-DNA extinctions occur (i.e. chromatin uncoiled and supporting transcription) on the sugar/liver/water diet. Nuclei showing maximum extinctions do not show an age-related change between 3 and 12 days of life. However, if the nuclear activation is partial, or incomplete, then age-related reversals in chromatin condensation take place.
Low protein intake is associated with impaired titanium implant osseointegration.
UNLABELLED: Low protein intake is highly prevalent among orthopaedic elderly patients. We studied the effects of an isocaloric low protein diet on the resistance to pull-out of titanium rods implanted into rats proximal tibia. Isocaloric low protein intake impairs titanium implant osseointegration, with a decreased strength needed to completely loose the implant and altered bone microarchitecture in its vicinity. INTRODUCTION: Low protein intake is highly prevalent among elderly patients in orthopaedic wards and could retard fracture healing. It was previously shown that reduced protein intake decreases bone strength. Whether dietary protein intake could influence titanium implant osseointegration is unknown. We studied the effects of an isocaloric low protein diet on the resistance to pull-out of titanium rods implanted into rats proximal tibia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight 11-month-old female rats were fed isocaloric diets containing 2.5% (low protein) or 15% (normal protein) casein from 2 weeks before the implantation of a 1-mm-diameter cylindrical titanium rod in the proximal metaphysis of each tibia. Four, 6, and 8 weeks after implantation, the tibias were removed for microCT histomorphometry to quantify bone-to-implant contact and bone trabecular microarchitecture around the implant. Resistance to implant pull-out was tested by recording the maximal force necessary to completely loosen the implant. RESULTS: Pull-out strength was significantly lower in rats fed an isocaloric low protein diet by 6 and 8 weeks after implantation (-43%, p < 0.001 and -42%, p < 0.001, respectively) compared with rats fed a normal protein diet. Bone-to-implant contact was significantly lower in the low protein group 8 weeks after implantation (p < 0.05). Bone-to-implant contact and pull-out strength were correlated (r2= 0.57, p < 0.0001). BV/TV around the implant was 19.9 +/- 2.2% (SE) versus 31.8 +/- 3.3% (p < 0.05) at 6 weeks and 20.1 +/- 1.9% versus 29.8 +/- 3.2% (p < 0.05) at 8 weeks after implantation in the low protein and normal protein intake groups, respectively. Trabecular thickness was 96.2 +/- 3.7 versus 113.0 +/- 3.6 microm (p < 0.01) at 6 weeks and 101.4 +/- 2.7 versus 116.2 +/- 3.3 microm (p < 0.01) at 8 weeks in the corresponding groups. In a structure model index analysis, there was a significant shift to a more rod-like pattern in the low protein diet groups. All these changes were associated with lower plasma IGF-I levels. CONCLUSIONS: Isocaloric low protein intake impairs titanium implant osseointegration, with decreased strength needed to completely loosen the implant and altered bone microarchitecture in the vicinity of the implant.
[Wheat, bread and pasta in Mediterranean diets].
Cereals in diets have varied along evolution trends in food patterns. Cereals are starchy foods and are the main source of polysacharides in the diet. In Mediterranean countries, cereals have been used in different ways, though they are mainly used as refined cereals. Wheat bread is one of the most commonly used. In the average Spanish diet, considerable changes have taken place since 1961 leading to a significant decrease in percent energy from carbohydrate. At the same time, percent energy from fat has increased as web as protein intake. These changes in the nutritional pattern reflect a continuous decrease in consumption of grains and cereals, pulses and potatoes. In the last decades, consumption of pasta however has increased as web as consumption of processed bakery products and biscuits. Scientific and epidemiological evidence show that cereals should be the main source of energy in the diet, in line with the so-called Mediterranean Diet. Polysacharides should provide 50-55% energy. In order to reach that goal, cereal, legumes and potatoes should be included in the daily diet as 4-6 portions. Whole grain cereales should be preferred or food preparations combining pasta, potatoes or rice with vegetables in order to reduce the glycemic index. Processed bakery products and biscuits should be consumed in moderation.
Persistently elevated parathyroid hormone secretion and action in young women after four weeks of ingesting high phosphorus, low calcium diets.
In an earlier 8-day study, we showed increased immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) levels in young adults fed high phosphorus (P), low calcium (Ca) diets assembled from common grocery foods, a dietary pattern characteristic of teens and young adults. Because animals fed high P, low Ca diets developed secondary hyperparathyroidism and, ultimately, osteopenia, perhaps the typical teen diet may reduce peak bone mass and contribute to osteoporotic fracture later in life. To determine if the elevation in iPTH levels and action persists with chronic intake of this typical diet, we studied the 24-h mineral and hormone responses of 15 young women (18-25 yr of age) to either high P, low Ca or control diets. Each subject served as her own control, first consuming a basal diet (800 mg Ca, 900 mg P) for 28 days; 10 women were then switched to the high P, low Ca test diet (400 mg Ca, 1700 mg P) for 28 days, while the remaining 5 women in the control group continued eating the basal diet. On days 28 and 56, all subjects were studied as inpatients for 24 h, with blood drawn every 4 h and collection of fasting and 24-h urine. Serum iPTH (midregion) and serum intact PTH (2-site immunoradiometric assay) increased significantly [maximal increases of 26% (P less than 0.002) and 36% (P less than 0.004), respectively] after 4 weeks of consuming the test diet, and there was no change in the control group. In contrast to our 8-day study, plasma levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D did not change in either group. Our findings suggest that this common dietary pattern in young adult women causes persistent alterations in calcium-regulating hormones that could be unfavorable to achieving maximal positive bone balance.
Changes in rat pancreatic protein synthesis after a single feeding with diets containing raw or heated soybeans.
The patterns of protein synthesis following the administration of a single meal containing defatted ground soybeans (RSD) or heated defatted ground soybeans (HSD) were compared. A double label method was used so that the determination of the relative rate of synthesis of an enzyme could not be obscured by a possible alteration of the activity or quantity of the enzyme. Rats were given one meal of RSD or HSD and were subsequently killed at different times after the meal. Eight hours after the meal, the relative rate of synthesis of one of the three trypsinogens was substantially increased with RSD feeding, whereas that of the amylases and one chymotrypsinogen were somewhat lower. The synthetic rate of lipase, ribonclease, proelastase, another chymotrypsinogen and of two trypsinogens was unaffected when feeding RSD is compared to feeding HSD. The relative rate of synthesis of one of the trypsinogens was unaffected 8 hours after RSD feeding, but was increased 16 hours after RSD feeding. Actinomycin D could suppress the effects of RSD feeding on the protein synthetic rate of some, but not of all, secretory proteins.
Dietary patterns and prostate cancer risk in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiological Follow-up Study cohort.
Ecological studies implicate a "Western" diet in prostate cancer development, but whether dietary patterns measured in individuals are associated with risk has not been studied previously. We examined this issue using prospective data from the nationally representative United States Health Examination Epidemiological Follow-up Study. Among 3,779 men followed from 1982-84 to 1992, 136 incident cases were identified. Using principal component analysis on responses to a 105-item dietary questionnaire, the following three distinct patterns were identified: a vegetable-fruit pattern; a red meat-starch pattern characterized by red meats, potatoes, cheese, salty snacks, and desserts; and a Southern pattern characterized by such foods as cornbread, grits, sweet potatoes, okra, beans, and rice. In adjusted proportional hazards models, prostate cancer risk was not associated with the vegetable-fruit or red meat-starch pattern, but higher intake of the Southern pattern showed a reduction in risk (3rd versus 1st tertile relative risk, 0.6; 95% confidence interval, 0.4-1.1; trend P = 0.08) that approached statistical significance. The inverse association was observed in black and non-black men and was not attributable to intake of any individual foods or nutrients. A Southern dietary pattern may reflect a history of living in the South and serve as an integrative marker of sunlight exposure and protection through 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D production. Further evaluation and better characterization of the pattern would offer more information on potentially beneficial features of the diet or its associated lifestyle.
Weaning and metabolic regulation in the rat.
Premature weaning of rats to high carbohydrate diets causes a variety of short- and long-term changes in lipid metabolism, but the mechanisms involved are unclear. It is likely that interaction of diet with certain emerging hormonal control patterns during weaning might condition metabolic control and (or) subsequent adaptations in the adult organism. This implies that the adaptive responses of infant animals to diet may differ from those of the mature organism. For example, premature weaning leads to early appearance of rat liver malic enzyme (ME), even when fat supplies as much as 65% of the dietary energy; the same diet suppresses ME activity in 45-day-old rats. The levels of plasma glucagon and thyroid hormones are elevated during the weaning period. Several studies have shown that triiodothyronine evokes hepatic ME in suckling rats. Conversely, glucagon infusion into prematurely weaned rats suppresses the early appearance of the enzyme. Premature weaning, regardless of fat intake, leads to a rapid decline in plasma glucagon levels. Since glucagon is known to antagonize the actions of triiodothyronine on liver ME, the interaction of diet with glucagon and thyroid hormones is conceivably part of the mechanism responsible for the early appearance of hepatic malic enzyme, whereby the decline of plasma glucagon permits triiodothyronine to act on liver ME. Insulin probably exerts a permissive action subsequently. The manner in which these events relate to the long-term consequences of premature weaning is unknown.
Female sensitivity to diet and irradiation treatments underlies sex-mortality differentials in the Mediterranean fruit fly.
Large-scale experiments on medflies that were subjected to sterilizing doses of ionizing radiation (plus intact controls) and maintained on either sugar-only or full, protein-enriched diets revealed that, whereas the mortality trajectories of both intact and irradiated male cohorts maintained on both diets are similar, the mortality patterns of females are highly variable. Mean mortality rates at 35 days in male cohorts ranged from 0.2 to 0.3 but in female cohorts ranged from 0.09 to 0.35, depending on treatment. The study reports three main influences: (a) qualitative differences exist in the sex-mortality response of medflies subjected to dietary manipulations and irradiation; (b) the female mortality response is linked to increased vulnerability due to the nutritional demands of reproduction; and (c) female sensitivity to environmental changes underlies the dynamics of the sex-mortality differential.
Nutritional management of eating disorders.
Abnormal nutritional status and dietary patterns are central features of the eating disorders. Normalization of these features are key components of treatment and recovery because they are powerful perpetuating factors. Restrictive diets, fat avoidance, and abnormal cognitive and perceptual patterns are typically present, in addition to altered nutritional parameters because of hormonal and metabolic factors. The primary goal of nutrition intervention in the patient with anorexia nervosa is to promote weight gain through increased energy intake, expansion of the diet, and knowledgeable and empathetic dietary counseling. A regular pattern of nutritionally balanced, planned meals and snacks, and the avoidance of restrictive dieting, are essential elements of treatment for the patient with bulimia nervosa. As a member of the multidisciplinary treatment team, the dietitian or nutrition professional with knowledge of nutritional science, counseling skills, and a nonjudgmental attitude can provide expertise in this area.
Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating.
We present a food pyramid that reflects Mediterranean dietary traditions, which historically have been associated with good health. This Mediterranean diet pyramid is based on food patterns typical of Crete, much of the rest of Greece, and southern Italy in the early 1960s, where adult life expectancy was among the highest in the world and rates of coronary heart disease, certain cancers, and other diet-related chronic diseases were among the lowest. Work in the field or kitchen resulted in a lifestyle that included regular physical activity and was associated with low rates of obesity. The diet is characterized by abundant plant foods (fruit, vegetables, breads, other forms of cereals, potatoes, beans, nuts, and seeds), fresh fruit as the typical daily dessert, olive oil as the principal source of fat, dairy products (principally cheese and yogurt), and fish and poultry consumed in low to moderate amounts, zero to four eggs consumed weekly, red meat consumed in low amounts, and wine consumed in low to moderate amounts, normally with meals. This diet is low in saturated fat (< or = 7-8% of energy), with total fat ranging from < 25% to > 35% of energy throughout the region. The pyramid describes a dietary pattern that is attractive for its famous palatability as well as for its health benefits.