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Our material of medical legal investigations backs up the theory that the time of amnesia as part of the commotio cerebri seems to be prolonged under the influence of alcohol, and that retrograde amnesia is more frequent in drunken patients. A purely contusional damage of the skull of overtired and/or drunken persons more often leads to concussion of the brain. The case histories never contained detailed information about the exact duration of unconsciousness. Therefore, the common classification of the commotio cerebri into severe or slight injuries does not seem to be justified. It should better be defined as a slight injury.
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A retrospective study was done on the nature and degree of crystalluria in spontaneously voided fasting and postprandial urine of patients with recurrent idiopathic calcium urolithiasis (RCU) divided into normocalciuria (20 males, 20 females) and hypercalciuria patients (20 males, 20 females), and controls (20 males, 20 females). The crystals were obtained using a filter technique and identified by microscopy. In addition, individual data, clinical chemistry variables and indices reflecting the risk of calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate crystallization were evaluated. In contrast to findings of other investigators of crystalluria we observed only a few crystals on the filters. The most frequently occurring phases were (in this order) a urate-containing phase (tentatively termed uric), an amorphous calcium phosphate phase (tentatively termed isotropic) and a phase of spheroid-like particles, not yet definitely characterized (tentatively termed spheroid). Calcium oxalate crystals were found only exceptionally. There was no relationship between the degree of calciuria (normo- versus hypercalciuric RCU) and crystalluria. Among RCU, males generally had a predominance of the isotropic, females of the spheroid phase, as compared with controls. Also, RCU females were generally obese, and their spheroid score and lean body mass correlated negatively and significantly. The calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate risk indices were always low in normal individuals, higher in RCU. Patients of both sexes with urinary stones had normal parathyroid gland function, but higher total calcium in fasting serum and higher urinary pH as compared with controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Cell samples from 62 patients with B-cell leukemias (33 CLL, 8 IC, 6 PLL, 4 HCL, 2 ALL and 9 other NHL) were tested with a series of monoclonal antibodies (A50, T101, Lyt2, Leu 1, M203) directed against T cells and shown to crossreact with B-CLL. The results demonstrate a heterogeneity of B-cell leukemias as all typical cases of CLL were reactive whereas most other cases were negative. Using the fluorescence-activated cell sorter, a somewhat stronger reaction was seen in early or benign cases of CLL, compared to advanced cases. All B-cell leukemias tested expressed the Ia antigen.
Histological investigations of verrucae vulgares of the hand and of plantar warts show striking differences between HPV-1-induced warts and those caused by the virus type HPV-4. In warts caused by HPV-1 massive vacuolization and disturbance of epidermal cell differentiation through the entire thickness of the epidermis is predominant whereas in HPV-4 stimulated warts cell differentiation is impaired to a much lesser degree. Despite the presence of inclusions and of vacuolized cells a thick stratum granulosum and a compact horny layer are formed in the latter type.
In order to validate a new animal model predictive of the profile of antiepileptic drugs, we studied the antagonism by standard antiepileptics of the EEG modifications induced by low-speed IV infusion of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) in rats. The activity of the drugs was measured by their effects on temporal characteristics of the PTZ-induced EEG paroxysms. Most compounds had moderate to potent anti-PTZ effects, as shown by the changes in the EEG temporal parameters. However, these effects depended on the drugs and doses. Cluster analysis showed that drugs and doses which evoked similar changes were closely related and were included in separate clusters with respect to one another. In particular, the present results showed that benzodiazepines and antiepileptics cluster differently in their effects. Thus, this model could be a useful tool for assessing new antiepileptic drugs.
Fibre-type classification of human skeletal muscle into type I and type II fibres is mostly based on their slight or strong staining with the myosin adenosine triphosphatase reaction. In order to evaluate the reliability of this screening technique a combined histochemical and biochemical study was performed on normal and diseased skeletal muscle of human subjects. In the present investigation activities of enzymes which play a role in the aerobic and anaerobic pathways and which can characterize fibre type, were examined in muscle specimens, with no apparent disease of the neuromuscular system. Special attention is given to the maximal activities of phosphofructokinase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, the rate limiting enzymes for the regulation of the glycolysis and glyconeogenesis, respectively. A most important feature of the biochemical findings is the constancy of the activity ratios of the examined enzymes. From these results and from the histochemical results it can be concluded that in apparently normal adult human skeletal muscle the ATP-ase technique for type I and type II typing is reliable. For fibres with an intermediate intensity of staining with the myosin ATPase technique of typing it is also necessary to apply other enzyme histochemical techniques.
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Dispersed single smooth muscle cells of rabbit portal vein were prepared by treatment with collagenase and trypsin. The muscle cells were 100-300 micron in length, 5-10 micron in maximum width and cylindrical in shape. In inside-out membrane patches, two different amplitudes of ionic currents were recorded, and these single channel conductances were 273 pS (KL-channel) and 92 pS (KS-channel), when both sides of the membrane were exposed to 142 mM K+ solution. The channel conductances depended on concentrations of K+ on both sides of the membrane. When K+ were replaced with Na+ or Tris+, these single-channel currents were abolished. When the concentration of Ca2+ inside the membrane was greater than 10(-7) M, the channel activity was enhanced but there was enhancement when Ca2+ was applied to the extracellular membrane surface, in concentrations ranging between 10(-9) and 10(-3) M. During application of tetraethylammonium (TEA+; 1-10 mM) to the intracellular membrane surface, amplitudes of the single-channel current of both types of the K-channel were not modified. By contrast application of TEA+ (0.1-1 mM) to the extracellular membrane surface, reduced the amplitudes of the current and increased noise levels during the open-state of the KL-channels, but did not have such an effect on the KS-channel. We conclude that there are at least two different Ca-dependent K-channels distributed on the smooth muscle membrane of the rabbit portal vein. TEA+ applied to the extracellular membrane surface blocks activation of the KL-channel, but not that of the KS-channel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The component P6 of the brain stem is only to be related to the hearing ability in the high tone range of greater than or equal to 2 kHZ, but it can be traced up to the hearing threshold. The cortex response N90, on the other hand, is frequency-specific, but it can hardly be recorded up to the subjective hearing threshold. The slow brain stem response SN10 (Davis and Hirsh 1979), unaffected by medicamented sleep, shall give information about hearing ability in the low and medium frequency range and may thus be an ideal complement to the fast response P6. In a number of normal hearing people and patients with sensorial hearing impairment of different frequency characteristics the brain stem responses P6 and SN10 were simultaneously recorded. As stimuli we used tone pips of a rise and fall time independent of frequency of about 2 ms and with a plateau of 2 ms as well. The mean threshold of the SN10 response is about 10 dB above the subjective hearing threshold. The constancy of the latencies corresponds to that of P6. The frequency selectivity of this relatively slow brain stem response is proved by comparing the P6 and SN10 responses with the course of the subjective hearing threshold. The topodiagnostic significance of the wave SN10 in connection with the brain stem response P6 and the cortical response N90 is shown in a case of neural hearing impairment.
The permanganate method, the immunoperoxidase method, and a newly developed autoclave method were used to distinguish different types of amyloid fibril proteins in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. All tissues from permanganate-sensitive cases (AA type) lost the affinity of Congo red and green birefringence under polarized light after incubation with special autoclave treatment. AL type systemic amyloidosis and amyloid plaques of CJD and GSS were permanganate-resistant, but decreased markedly the affinity of Congo red after prolonged autoclaving. On the other hand, prealbumin type systemic amyloidosis and senile plaques of SDAT were resistant to both permanganate oxidation and prolonged autoclaving. Thus, amyloid plaques of CJD and GSS are identical to AL type in systemic amyloidosis, and senile plaques are similar to the prealbumin type. However, anti-prealbumin antiserum did not stain senile plaque amyloid. The anti-human P component stained positively systemic amyloids and cerebral amyloid plaques of SSE, but failed to stain senile plaques of SDAT. Therefore, the amyloid fibril protein of senile plaques is apparently different from other types of amyloid depositions. Amyloid plaques of SSE are different from senile plaques not only with regard to fibril proteins, but also to globular protein in the amyloid.
The measure of Mutual Information is used to select, out of a large number of possibly interrelated qualitative patient variables, those that are most related to the probability of occurrence of adverse incidents. The subpopulations defined by the variables selected are grouped according to risk levels while minimizing the loss of information. Results of the application of the method to predict the occurrence of three types of incidents in four hospitals are reported.
LAB VALUES is an expert system that diagnoses the likelihood of various diseases, given the results of routine blood tests. Its knowledge structure employs bit maps. The similarity between a new case and a bit map in the knowledge base is calculated via a similarity score. The system was tested against published cases with definite diagnostic endpoints, and was found to perform well when compared to these published cases. System performance was not improved by incorporating disease frequency into the results.
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Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of 327 strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) isolated in Japan were analyzed using six restriction endonucleases (REs) recognizing 6 base pairs (BamHI, HindIII, KpnI, PvuII, SalI, XhoI). The presence of strains with the same RFLP profile became evident. Fifteen strains of each of the two predominant sets with the same RFLP profile were further analyzed using two different methods, that is analyses of RFLP using 3 restriction endonucleases recognizing 4 base pairs (4-bp REs) (HaeIII, HhaI, MboI) and analyses of the variation of 3 reiterated sequences (reiterations I, IV, VII). Most of the epidemiologically unrelated strains could be differentiated by variation of the reiterations. RFLPs differentiating the strains were detected with the 4-bp REs, and epidemiologically related strains shared a specific RFLP, thereby confirming the relationship. These results verified the utility of the two methods for use in molecular epidemiological studies. Homogeneity of RFLP among the strains suggested derivation from a common ancestor (making up a genotypic group) while diversity in strains of the same genotypic group was indicative of a separate replication.