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PubMed1989

Preventive behaviour: attitudes and compliance of nursing students.

As a professional, the nurse is called upon to serve as a role model for positive health behaviours. Because the practise of these behaviours may effect one's effectiveness as a role model, it is important to determine whether nurses lead a so-called preventive lifestyle and to identify what factors are predictive of compliance. Previous researchers have tended to examine individual behaviours. In this study, a prevention index was used to examine an overall preventive lifestyle. For a sample of senior year nursing students, the preventive behaviours were considered to be important. However, when compared to a national sample of females in the same age range, nursing students were found to be significantly less compliant for 12 of 19 behaviours and more compliant for only three behaviours. Both the desire to practise preventive behaviours and the perceived difficulty in doing so were the factors predictive of the level of compliance. Additional study is needed to determine how these factors can be mediated.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Perceived occurrence and importance of caring behaviours among patients and staff in psychiatric, medical and surgical care.

The present study identified, within psychiatric, medical and surgical care, patient and staff perceptions of the occurrence and importance of caring behaviours. A Swedish version of the 'CARE-Q' instrument, including 50 caring behaviours, was used for the assessment of importance, and the 'CARE-How often' questionnaire (containing the same behaviours) was used for the determination of occurrence. In psychiatric and medical care, but not in surgical care, staff considered several behaviours to occur more frequently than did patients. However, in each type of care, the groups agreed fairly well with respect to rankings of behaviours. 'Explains and facilitates' occurred rarely, and 'Monitors and follows through' occurred often, according to both patients and staff. Overall, patients and staff differed both with regard to perceived levels and rankings of the importance of behaviours. Psychiatric patients perceived 'Explains and facilitates' as most important, and somatic patients perceived 'Monitors and follows through' as most important, while staff in both somatic and psychiatric care considered 'Comforts' as the most important subscale. Neither patient nor staff perceptions of the occurrence of caring behaviours were well matched with their perceptions of the importance of these. Implications for nursing practice and for studying patient satisfaction with care are given.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Use of preferred music to decrease agitated behaviours in older people with dementia: a review of the literature.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This paper reviews study findings of preferred music on agitated behaviours for older people with dementia and provides implications for future research and practice. BACKGROUND: Music has been suggested as a feasible and less costly intervention to manage agitated behaviours in older people with dementia. However, no review of the literature focusing on study findings of preferred music on agitated behaviours in older people with dementia had been reported. METHODS: A review was undertaken using electronic databases with specified search terms for the period of 1993-2005. The references listed in the publications selected were also searched for additional studies. RESULTS: Eight research-based articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The preferred music intervention demonstrated positive outcomes in reducing the occurrence of some types of agitated behaviours in older people with dementia. The findings from these studies were relatively consistent in finding improvement in agitated behaviours although the findings in one study did not reach statistical significance. The small sample sizes and some variations in the application of the preferred music intervention mean that caution is needed in drawing conclusions from these studies. CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights that preferred music has positive effects on decreasing agitated behaviours in older people with dementia; however, the methodological limitations indicate the need for further research. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Findings from the review highlight the beneficial outcomes of preferred music in reducing agitated behaviours for older people with dementia. The incorporation of preferred music has the potential to provide a therapeutic approach to the care of older people with dementia.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

Rating management difficulty: a study into the prevalence and severity of difficult behaviour displayed by residents in a large residential hospital for the mentally handicapped.

This survey assessed the prevalence and severity of difficult behaviour displayed by residents in a residential hospital for the mentally handicapped as reported by the direct-care staff. Of the hospital residents, 30.2% were reported as having at least one problematic behaviour. The men were generally more difficult than the women and those on the disturbed wards more difficult than those on residential wards. Men and women exhibited the same types of behaviours in both disturbed and residential wards. However, withdrawn/uncooperative behaviour, stealing and inappropriate sexual behaviour were more prevalent on disturbed wards; withdrawn and inappropriate sexual behaviour being exhibited by more men than women on disturbed wards. The factors most likely associated with being on a disturbed ward were sex and age; young men presenting with most management difficulty. Approximately 12% of the hospital population were defined as presenting with a 'severe' management difficulty. Difficult behaviour is the main reason for admission to and remaining in hospital. The concept of management difficulty and the implications on service provision are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

The nature and extent of aggressive behaviour amongst people with learning difficulties (mental handicap) in a single health district.

This paper describes the method and results of a survey of aggressive behaviour amongst people with learning difficulties. The study was confined to a single health district in the South Western Region of the UK with a general population of about 370,000. At the time of the survey, the Mental Handicap Register for the district recorded 1,362 people as having a learning difficulty. The overall prevalence of aggressive behaviour amongst people with learning difficulties for whom base population data was available was 17.6%. The lowest rate was identified amongst day facilities (9.7%) and the highest in hospitals within the district (38.2%). The prevalence rate amongst those attending schools for children with severe learning difficulties was 12.6%. Proportionately more males than females were reported to present problems of aggressive behaviour. The gender difference appeared to be largely accounted for by the disproportionate number of men identified within day facilities. There was no significant evidence of an association between the person's gender and the presence aggressive behaviour within schools or hospitals. The results indicated that, although physical and verbal aggression were the most frequently reported behaviours, many of the sample were also said to engage in other forms of challenging behaviour, particularly self-injurious, ritualistic, stereotypical and withdrawn behaviour. The risk of a serious or very serious injury to another person was very low; 0.7% or six people with learning difficulties from the district were reported to be currently presenting such a risk. Similarly, only 2% of the base population (n = 18) were reported to be extremely difficult to manage. The implications of the findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

A survey of aggressive behaviour among a population of persons with intellectual disability in Queensland.

A survey was conducted on aggressive behaviour within a population of 2412 persons with intellectual disability in Queensland, Australia. Two hundred and sixty-one individuals were identified who engaged in at least one form of aggressive behaviour, yielding an overall prevalence of 11%. The relative prevalence of aggressive behaviour was higher among institutionalized persons (35%) when compared to those living in group homes (17%) or other community-based facilities (3%). The aggressive behaviour sample included a higher percentage of males (64%). Most were described as functioning in the severe/profound (54%) or moderate (31%) range of intellectual disability with one-third having no intelligible speech. Two-thirds of the sample received medication for their challenging behaviour, while only one-third had behavioural programmes. Eighty per cent engaged in three or more forms of aggression. Many also displayed self-injury (34%) or property destruction (30%). Surveys of aggressive behaviour may prove useful for coordinating services.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Preschool children with and without developmental delay: behaviour problems, parents' optimism and well-being.

BACKGROUND: Children with intellectual disability are at heightened risk for behaviour problems, and these are known to increase parenting stress. This study explored the relation of behaviour problems to less child-related domains of parent well-being (depression and marital adjustment), as well as the moderating effect of a personality trait, dispositional optimism. METHOD: Participating children (N = 214) were classified as developmentally delayed, borderline, or nondelayed. Mothers' and fathers' well-being and child behaviour problems were assessed at child ages 3 and 4 years. RESULTS: Parents of delayed and nondelayed preschoolers generally did not differ on depression or marital adjustment, but child behaviour problems were strongly related to scores on both measures. Optimism moderated this relationship, primarily for mothers. When child behaviour problems were high, mothers who were less optimistic reported lower scores on measures of well-being than did mothers who were more optimistic. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions for parents that aim to enhance both parenting skills and psychological well-being should be available in preschool. It may be beneficial for such programmes to focus not only on behaviour management strategies aimed at child behaviour change, but also on parents' belief systems, with the aim of increasing dispositional optimism.

Affect↗

PubMed2005

Adaptive functioning and behaviour problems in relation to level of education in children and adolescents with intellectual disability.

BACKGROUND: The interrelationship between adaptive functioning, behaviour problems and level of special education was studied in 186 children with IQs ranging from 61 to 70. The objective was to increase the insight into the contribution of adaptive functioning and general and autistic behaviour problems to the level of education in children with intellectual disability (ID). METHODS: Children from two levels of special education in the Netherlands were compared with respect to adaptive functioning [Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS)], general behaviour problems [Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)] and autistic behaviour problems [Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC)]. The effect of behaviour problems on adaptive functioning, and the causal relationships between behaviour problems, adaptive functioning and level of education were investigated. RESULTS: Children in schools for mild learning problems had higher VABS scores, and lower CBCL and ABC scores. The ABC had a significant effect on the total age equivalent of the VABS in schools for severe learning problems, the CBCL in schools for mild learning problems. A direct effect of the ABC and CBCL total scores on the VABS age equivalent was found, together with a direct effect of the VABS age equivalent on level of education and therefore an indirect effect of ABC and CBCL on level of education. CONCLUSIONS: In the children with the highest level of mild ID, adaptive functioning seems to be the most important factor that directly influences the level of education that a child attends. Autistic and general behaviour problems directly influence the level of adaptive functioning. Especially, autistic problems seem to have such a restrictive effect on the level of adaptive functioning that children do not reach the level of education that would be expected based on IQ. Clinical implications are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Evidence that the type-2 gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor mediates the behavioural effects of GnRH-II on feeding and reproduction in musk shrews.

Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a regulatory neuropeptide of which there are multiple structural variants. In mammals, a hypothalamic form (GnRH-I) controls gonadotrophin secretion whereas a midbrain form (GnRH-II) appears to have a neuromodulatory role affecting feeding and reproduction. In female musk shrews and mice, central administration of GnRH-II reinstates mating behaviour previously inhibited by food restriction. In addition, GnRH-II treatment also decreases short-term food intake in musk shrews. GnRH-II can bind two different mammalian GnRH receptors (type-1 and type-2), and thus it is unclear which receptor subtype mediates the behavioural effects of this peptide. Adult female musk shrews implanted with i.c.v. cannula were food restricted or fed ad lib and then tested for sexual behaviour or food intake. One hour before testing, animals were pretreated with vehicle or Antide, a potent type-1 GnRH receptor antagonist (at a dose that blocks GnRH-I or -II mediated ovulation). Twenty minutes before testing, females were infused a second time with either GnRH-II or vehicle. Additional females were tested after an infusion of 135-18, a type-1 receptor antagonist that displays agonist actions at the primate type-2 receptor. GnRH-II treatment increased sexual behaviour in underfed female shrews; pretreatment with Antide did not block this action, suggesting that the effects of GnRH-II are not mediated via the type-1 receptor. Similarly, the inhibitory effects of GnRH-II on short-term food intake were not prevented by pretreatment with Antide. The behavioural effects of the type-2 receptor agonist 135-18 were similar to those seen in GnRH-II-treated females, with 135-18 promoting sexual behaviour and decreasing food intake. Collectively, these results indicate that GnRH-II does not act via the type-1 GnRH receptor to regulate mammalian behaviour but likely activates the type-2 GnRH receptor.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Hypocretin-1 dose-dependently modulates maternal behaviour in mice.

Increases in neuronal activity of hypocretin (HCRT), a peptide involved in arousal, and in HCRT-1 receptor mRNA expression have recently been identified in association with lactation. HCRT is released within brain regions regulating maternal behaviour and it is possible that increased HCRT neurotransmission during lactation supports maternal care. The present study examined for the first time the behavioural effects of HCRT on lactating mice. At intermediate doses, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of HCRT-1 (0.06 and 0.1 microg) elevated levels of licking and grooming of pups (but not self-grooming) and number of nursing bouts without affecting other behaviours. At the highest dose, HCRT-1 (0.3 microg, i.c.v) delayed latency to nurse, decreased nursing, increased time off nest, and decreased maternal aggression. Intraperitoneal injections of the HCRT-1 receptor antagonist, SB-334867, exhibited a general trend towards increasing time spent low-arched back nursing (P = 0.053) and decreasing licking and grooming of pups while high-arched back nursing (P = 0.052). This suggests that the endogenous release of HCRT, working independently or dependently with other neuromodulators, may be necessary for full maternal behaviour expression. Possible sites of HCRT action in enhancing and impairing maternal care were identified via examinations of c-Fos immunoreactivity in association with i.c.v. HCRT injections. Together, these finding support the idea of HCRT modulating maternal behaviour, with intermediate levels (0.06 and 0.1 microg) supporting (even augmenting) some behaviours, but with levels that are too high (0.3 microg HCRT, i.c.v.), maternal behaviour and aggression are suppressed.

Aggression↗

PubMed1987

Masticatory muscle activity as a function of parafunctional, active and passive oral behavioural patterns.

Oral behavioural patterns have received limited empirical support for their causal role in the development of head and facial pain. The present study was designed to assess electromyographic (EMG) variations in six muscle groups (i.e., bilateral masseter, temporalis and orbicularis oris) as a function of various oral behavioural patterns. A second purpose was to determine whether mandibular movement patterns and specific oral behaviours could be predicted by EMG patterns. Eleven non-pain subjects followed each of twenty oral behavioural patterns while EMG was recorded. Electromyographic change scores were computed for each behaviour relative to baseline measures. Initial analyses were performed using factorial repeated measures ANOVAS. Using post hoc analyses as general guides, specific EMG criteria were developed for classifying mandibular movements. For most subjects, EMG patterns accurately classified teeth clenching, protrusive/retrusive movements, right movements, left movements and lip movement patterns. Wide individual variations were found among muscle groups for identical behaviours. The association between particular oral behaviours and EMG patterns may explain 'sinus' headaches and certain types of facial pain.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

A survey of trainees' opinions and current clinical practice after behaviour therapy training.

The widespread use of cognitive behaviour therapy principles in psychiatric/mental settings has been an ongoing feature of health and social care since at least the 1960s. The current study evaluated the training process as well as the use of the skills by course participants on a dedicated behaviour therapy course in Ireland. A cross sectional study was undertaken, using postal distribution of a questionnaire based on a similar study undertaken in the UK. The sample comprised all graduates of the course from 1986 to 1999 (N = 257). Thirty-three per cent of respondents report using their behaviour therapy skills to a high level since completion of the course. Approximately 53% of respondents reported having changed job since completion of the course. Significant differences emerged within this group in relation to their ratings of the importance of various elements of the course and also in relation to the perceived enhancement of both general clinical skills (P = 0.000) and specific behaviour therapy skills (P = 0.000) as well as the rating of current skills (P = 0.015) and the respondents' use of behaviour therapy since completing the course (P = 0.015). While a high proportion of participants had some prior theoretical or experiential exposure to behaviour therapy, the findings report high satisfaction levels with the training they received. However, the survey signals deficits in terms of the usage of the skills. While on the one hand, the general and specific skills acquired while on the course seem to transfer quite easily across functions and levels of responsibility, it is of concern that over a 13-year period, only 17% of respondents indicated that behaviour therapy was the main focus of their work. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to policy and practice issues.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Teaching the principles of behaviour change to medical students: evaluation of a programme.

In this paper we describe a method (the Behaviour Change Project) for teaching 'behaviour change' principles to medical students. The project involved their changing a self-identified aspect of their own behaviour. In evaluating the project by an anonymous questionnaire (response rate 84%), most students reported enjoying the project and found it helpful in some way, particularly in learning about their own behaviour and the processes of behaviour change. While nearly all listed positive outcomes for themselves or others, some also listed negative outcomes or difficulties, such as in measuring behaviours related to clinical work. Possible extensions of the project are discussed, including its application to improving relationships with patients, increasing tolerance, strengthening ethical behaviour in clinical or research contexts, and in training specific clinical skills.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Growth of knowledge in psychiatry and behavioural sciences in a problem-based learning curriculum.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of undergraduate medical education in the domains of psychiatry and behavioural sciences, we examined the growth of knowledge in those disciplines in a 6-year, problem-based learning (PBL) curriculum. Psychiatry and behavioural sciences are taught in the 4 preclinical years and in the psychiatric clerkship. The integrative nature of this PBL curriculum led us to hypothesise that the knowledge growth curves for these disciplines are similar and show a steady upward trend throughout the curriculum. METHODS: All items pertaining to psychiatry and behavioural sciences in the progress tests administered in the period from September 1993 through May 2001 were identified. For those items, the percentage of correct scores in the 6 year groups were considered a multivariate observation reflecting knowledge growth across the 6-year programme. RESULTS: Knowledge growth for psychiatry and behavioural sciences increased significantly, from 12% to 59% and from 28% to 60%, respectively, between Year 1 and the end of Year 6. Apparently, students know more about behavioural sciences than about psychiatry when they enter medical school, but this difference vanishes in the last 2 years of training. Moreover, the growth curves for psychiatry and behavioural sciences started to level off after Years 3 and 4, respectively, with no additional significant growth in any of the later years. CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatry and behavioural sciences showed different patterns of knowledge growth and the 2 growth curves levelled off in Years 5 through 6. Because a student-centred, horizontally and vertically integrated PBL curriculum is aimed at effecting steady growth in knowledge in all disciplines, the slowdown in growth in the later years was among the reasons for initiating a major curricular innovation in 2001.

Behavioral Sciences↗

PubMed2005

Behavioural heterogeneity of Anopheles species in ecologically different localities in Southeast Asia: a challenge for vector control.

In Southeast Asia the biodiversity of Anopheles species in the domestic environment is very high. Only few species are considered major vectors throughout the region, whereas the vector status of other species varies from area to area. Often it is difficult to identify an Anopheles species as a malaria vector in areas with low malaria incidence. The behaviour of Anopheles species largely determines their vector status, and insights into their behaviour are essential to evaluate the appropriateness of vector control measures. This study was conducted in six ecologically different localities in Southeast Asia to rank the different Anopheles species in terms of anthropophily and endophagy in order to estimate their current epidemiological importance. Concurrently, the biting and resting behaviour of the vectors was analysed to evaluate the appropriateness of insecticide-impregnated bed nets and residual house spraying in vector control. Anopheles dirus A was highly anthropophilic at all sites where it occurred. By contrast, the degree of anthropophily exhibited by An. minimus A depended on availability of cattle. Anopheles campestris, An. nimpe, An. sinensis, An. maculatus, An. aconitus showed a high degree of anthropophily in certain villages, indicating their potential of participating in malaria transmission, although the actual incidence of malaria in the study villages can be fully explained by transmission of the major vectors (An. dirus A, An. minimus A and An. sundaicus). Late biting of An. minimus A and biting activity throughout the night of An. sundaicus favour bed nets as a control method for these species, whilst exophilic and outdoor biting in combination with early feeding behaviour of An. dirus A will make both insecticide-impregnated bed nets and indoor residual spraying less suitable for controlling this species. Spatial variation in biting and resting behaviour was observed within almost all Anopheles species. These heterogeneities may result in the differences in epidemiological importance and in response to vector control of Anopheles species in different areas. Moreover, environmental changes and changes in human practice are expected to influence the behaviour, hence the role of the different species in malaria transmission. The effect of environmental changes on vector behaviour should be followed up carefully.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Behavioural assessment of drug reinforcement and addictive features in rodents: an overview.

Some psychoactive drugs are abused because of their ability to act as reinforcers. As a consequence behavioural patterns (such as drug-seeking/drug-taking behaviours) are promoted that ensure further drug consumption. After prolonged drug self-administration, some individuals lose control over their behaviour so that these drug-seeking/taking behaviours become compulsive, pervading almost all life activities and precipitating the loss of social compatibility. Thus, the syndrome of addictive behaviour is qualitatively different from controlled drug consumption. Drug-induced reinforcement can be assessed directly in laboratory animals by either operant or non-operant self-administration methods, by classical conditioning-based paradigms such as conditioned place preference or sign tracking, by facilitation of intracranial electric self-stimulation, or, alternatively by drug-induced memory enhancement. In contrast, addiction cannot be modelled in animals, at least as a whole, within the constraints of the laboratory. However, various procedures have been proposed as possible rodent analogues of addiction's major elements including compulsive drug seeking, relapse, loss of control/impulsivity, and continued drug consumption despite negative consequences. This review provides an extensive overview and a critical evaluation of the methods currently used for studying drug-induced reinforcement as well as specific features of addictive behaviour. In addition, comic strips that illustrate behavioural methods used in the drug abuse field are provided given for free download under http://www.zi-mannheim/psychopharmacology.de.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1993

Future challenges for behavioural research in adolescent health.

Risk to health during adolescence is more likely due to behaviour than disease. Problems arise because behaviour is distally removed from its consequences and negative reinforcement is not contiguous with it. The paper reviews recent research and the problems faced by health workers in devising educational programmes when behaviour, in the cultural value system of adolescents, is present-oriented and outcomes are future-oriented. The challenge to the behavioural scientist is to develop health education programmes which have personal meaning to adolescents. Working against this aim are such processes as adolescent taboos, locus of control, the personal fable, risk behaviours and social-cognitive immaturity. Suggestions are made for research scientists to devise and evaluate programmes to change the operational liberalism of adolescent behaviour by installing more ideologically conservative attitudes in the hope that behavioural change will follow.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Obstetric and perinatal factors as predictors of child behaviour at 5 years.

OBJECTIVE: To identify whether obstetric and perinatal factors are independent predictors of child behaviour at 5 years. METHODOLOGY: The Mater University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) is a prospective cohort study of 8556 mothers enrolled in early pregnancy. The relationship of obstetric and perinatal factors, maternal lifestyle, age and gender of the child, and social disadvantage were examined as predictors of child behaviour in 5005 children completing a modified child behaviour checklist at 5 years. This checklist contained three independent groups of behaviour: externalizng, internalizing and SAT (social, attentional and thought problems). RESULTS: In the initial analysis a limited number of associations were present. After adjusting for measures of social disadvantage, only number of antenatal admissions was associated with child behaviour in all three scales, while maternal cigarette smoking in pregnancy and male gender were associated with externalising and SAT behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: Most common epidemiologic obstetric and perinatal risk factors were not independent predictors of behaviour problems in children at 5 years.

Alcohol Drinking↗