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PubMed1994

[Detection, significance and control of paramyxoviruses in birds].

Infection, disease and mortality due to various paramyxoviruses currently occur fairly frequently in both domestic fowl and in captive and free-living birds. These viruses are therefore of economic and ecologic significance, and may also cause zoonoses. The current legal status of the detection and control of paramyxovirus-associated diseases or epidemics are described. Prophylactic vaccination against Newcastle disease using live and inactivated vaccines, as required by the fowl disease regulations, remains of great importance in maintaining health and productivity of the fowl. Correct immunisation also includes checking the effectiveness using serological methods.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

[Quality care in meat production. 'From Von Ostertag to total quality care'].

Von Ostertag developed the scientific basis for the system of meat inspection which is still applied over practically the whole world. The decision as to whether meat is fit for human consumption is based on observations made by the veterinarian or his/her assistant before and after slaughter. This system has worked well for years, particularly in the time when various infectious zoonoses were important. Recently, however, the system has been found more and more lacking. For example protection of the consumer from residues and enteropathogenic microorganisms is insufficient. A new analysis of the risks, which are, in fact what meat inspection is about, must be carried out. The costs of inspection are no longer considered to be in the right proportion to the actual level of public health protection. It is useful and necessary to provide the consumer with adequate guarantees, not only with respect to safety, but also with respect to the quality of the products and even the way in which they are produced (environmental aspects, well-being of animals, responsible use of feedstuffs and animal handling systems, etc.). The situation in the animal production sector (health status of the herd, animal health care, consumer/market orientated production, etc.) also makes a different set-up necessary. The traditional meat inspection as the last step in animal production must make way for a system whereby the whole of production can be taken into account and the consumer can be given a total package of all relevant desired guarantees, paired with all relevant information on production methods and products.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Nocturnal questing by adult blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae).

Quantitative tick drag samples were taken at various times during the day and night from February through April 1994 on St. Catherines Island or on Sapelo Island, Georgia. For each month, there was no statistical difference between the numbers of adult blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, collected during any hour of daylight or darkness on St. Catherines Island, Adult I. scapularis also quested during both day and night on Sapelo Island, but on this island significantly more ticks were collected in 1 nocturnal sample during March. Nocturnal questing may partially explain why hosts that are principally nocturnal or that are active during both day and night are often heavily parasitized by adult I. scapularis. This observation could be epidemiologically important with respect to tickborne zoonoses such as Lyme disease and babesiosis.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Intestinal geohelminthosis in man and domestic animals in the riverside sections of the Valdivia River Basin, Chile].

In March-October 1987 were analyzed 1295 coprological specimens in a sample of the human population who lives in riverside localities in the Valdivia River Basin, Chile. A 23.6% of examined persons presented infection by one or more helminth species. The prevalence of infection by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Trichostrongylidae gen. sp. were 15.5, 12.7 and 0.2%, respectively. The prevalence of human ascariosis and trichuriosis were greater in pre-school and school children. The sex of the host and prevalence of geohelminthosis did not show any relationship. Prevalences of ascariosis and trichuriosis were higher in persons from houses with no sanitary fecal and water disposal. Over 35% and 20.7% of family groups showed infection by A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura, respectively in over 40% of the members of each group. Fecal samples from domestic mammals revealed the following prevalences rates for helminth infections: in dogs 19.0 and 15.2% for Toxocara canis and Uncinaria stenocephala respectively, in cats 65.1% for Toxocara cati, and in pigs 25.4 and 3.2% for Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis respectively. Some of these species are clearly demonstrated agents of zoonoses.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

[Social function of pets (author's transl)].

The present paper is an abridged version of one written in 1974. Only one of several functions of small pets, viz. their social function, is discussed, both the positive and the negative aspects being considered. A test developed in Great Britain serves to show how important a pet may be. The reasons for which man regards his animals as important are more within the scope of the psychologist bus are also referred to in the paper. An entirely new social function, especially of dogs, is the role of therapeutic aids in the psychotherapy of children. This method is used specifically by the American psychiatrist B. M. Levinson. Drawbacks to pets are inadequate hygiene, agressiveness and zoonoses, though veterinarians may play an important role in overcoming these disadvantages.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Ascaris suum: a revision of its early migratory path and implications for human ascariasis.

During the course of carrying out studies on the role of intestinal immunity in blocking the migration of larval Ascaris suum in the pig, it was discovered that the prevailing understanding of larval penetration sites was at variance with our observations. Therefore, a detailed investigation of the migration of A. suum 1.2 larvae through the intestine was initiated. The results demonstrate that the 1.2 larvae invade almost exclusively the wall of the pig cecum and colon and not the small intestine as is generally believed. The larvae were recovered from the mucosa of the cecum and colon as early as 3 hr postinoculation (PI) with infective eggs and were recovered from the liver by 6 hr PI. The maximal recovery of larvae (total larvae and larval/g of mucosa) from the intestinal mucosa occurred between 6 and 12 hr PI; by 24 hr PI, virtually all of the larvae had disappeared from the mucosa. These observations correct a common misunderstanding of this aspect of the life cycle of A. suum in the pig, and they raise 2 issues related to the biology and pathogenesis of Ascaris in humans. What is the actual migratory and development behavior of Ascaris lumbricoides and A. suum in humans and the potential risk for liver lesions? Most authors, in describing the life cycle of A. lumbricoides, either ignore or discount a possible obligatory liver stage of development, and, consequently, the potential for lesion formation similar to that which occurs in pigs infected with A. suum. This issue takes on added importance with the growing evidence that A. suum is an important zoonoses.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

[Frequency and etiology of calf losses and calf diseases before weaning in cow-calf farms. II. Microbiological and parasitological diagnoses in diarrheic calves].

Diarrhea is the most frequently diagnosed disease in Swiss cow-calf farms. During an longitudinal study conducted in 105 cow-calf farms in Switzerland in 1993-95, blood and fecal samples were collected from diarrheic calves and from calves that died because of diarrhea. Campylobacter spp. were detected in 42%, E. coli (VTEC) in 32%, rotavirus in 33%, coronavirus in 13%, coccidia in 43% and helminths in 8% of the cases. In some samples Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were isolated. The BVD-virus antigen was not detected in any of the calves examined. In most cases concurrent infection with several enteropathogens was diagnosed. Specific causes of diarrhea were therefore difficult to establish. The bacteriological findings of this study have implication for food safety: VTEC, Campylobacter spp. Yersinia spp. and cryptosporidia are considered as potential causes on zoonoses.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

[Management of hydatid disease of the lung].

Cystic echinococcosis is a worldwide zoonose which is not infectious from man to man occurring seldom in our country. The diagnosis and the treatment of a case of a 4-year-old girl with large left-sided lung cyst were presented. Diagnosis was based on history, clinical findings, imaging techniques (conventional X-ray examination, ultrasonography, computer tomography), eosinophilia (7-50%) in blood smear, leucocytosis (28,000), increased sedimentation of blood (85 mm/hour), significantly elevated antibody against of Echinococcus in immunodiagnostic test (passive haemagglutination) with high sensitivity and specificity, light microscopic radiological and scanning electronmicroscopic analysis of cyst content. Continuous thoracic drainage, twice percutan drainage under CT guidance and a new technique for treatment as Puncture-Aspiration-Injection-Respiration and lavage with hypertonic sodium chlorate, long-term chemotherapy with benzimidazole-carbamates (Vermox: 20 mg/kg/day, Zentel: 30-50 mg/kg/day) were reported. The cyst was grown down into a solid mass as large as 4 cm. The body-weight of this child has grown 6 kilograms and laboratory parameters were normalized.

Albendazole↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The evaluation of epidemiological services related to brucellosis in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country].

BACKGROUND: Spain's Epidemiologic Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (ENDSS) was evaluated by reference to Brucellosis, the zoonoses with greatest incidence countrywide and a disease that is notifiable on a case by case basis in the Basque Autonomous Region (BAR). METHODS: ENDSS information and the use to which it was put, were analysed. Active case searching was carried out via the Microbiologic Information System (MIS), public hospitals and the Occupational Disease Registry (ODR). A comparison was run between reported and search data. The capture-recapture method was used to compare ENDSS against hospital cases. RESULTS: Risks and outbreaks wee detected. Suspect cases were not reported. There was a 40% post-search increase in cases, i.e., 40 versus a previous figure of 24. Sensitivity was estimated at 60%. Predictive Value Positive could not be computed however. No case definition was in force. As estimated by the capture-recapture method, overall sensitivity for both ENDSS and hospital-based surveillance was 84% (95% IC: 70-100). The number of cases estimated by this method was 38 +/- 8. CONCLUSIONS: Underreporting is in evidence and, as a consequence, sensitivity is low. A case definition is called for. Response time is slowed by awaiting confirmation before reporting. The number of cases detected through active searching is compatible with that calculated by the capture-recapture method using only two sources.

Brucellosis↗

PubMed1998

[A case of pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia caused by Ascaris suum].

A 46-year old man was admitted to our hospital with dry cough and diarrhea. His chest CT showed diffuse subpleural small nodular shadows. Eosinophilia and an increase of serum IgE were detected. Eosinophils were also increased in BALF. An antibody against Ascaris suum was positive in serum while other causes of eosinophilia (e. g., drugs, fungus, collagen disease) were absent. Ivermectin was administered and the diarrhea improved within 3 days. The abnormal chest shadows and dry cough disappeared 3 months later. Pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia (PIE) syndrome caused by Ascaris suum was diagnosed because of the clinical course and serum examination results. Recently, zoonoses are increasing with the boom of oversea travel and "natural" foods. We report a case of PIE syndrome caused by Ascaris suum and describe the clinical features and the social significance including the origin of this disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

[Spotted fever imported into Norway in 1997].

Tick-borne rickettsioses are important zoonoses in many tropical and subtropical areas. There has recently been an increase in the number of reported cases among tourists returning to Scandinavia. In this article we present all five serologically confirmed cases of tick-borne rickettsioses imported into Norway in 1997. The patients were Norwegian tourists who had visited South Africa (three cases), Zimbabwe, and Italy. Four cases had typical eschar and three had maculopapular exanthema. The patients were treated with either doxycycline or ciprofloxacin. No complications were reported. The diagnosis of tick-borne rickettsiosis was confirmed by the detection of specific IgM antibodies to Rickettsia conorii using micro-immunofluorescence in serum samples.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[Viral contamination of food products: a poorly understood public health problem].

Throughout the world there have been several epidemics of food-borne diseases (FBD) about which there is lack of sufficient information for public health institutions to take appropriate measures. This study was conducted for the purpose of contributing to the dissemination of information on these diseases and their etiologic agents, epidemiology, and control. The study was based on data from 61 sources, including review articles, reports of outbreaks, and databases. Results reveal considerable underregistration and lack of data on FBD throughout the various countries, with viruses being the second most important cause of FBD in the United States of America. Two agents, Norwalk virus and hepatitis A virus, were the fifth and sixth most frequent causes, respectively, although the former was the single most frequent cause of FBD in 1982 and the second most frequent cause of water-borne diseases during the period from 1986 to 1988. Despite the scarcity of information on the problem, rotavirus, poliovirus, hepatitis E virus, astrovirus, and small gastroenteric viruses are also important causes of FBD. We also discuss the importance of viral zoonoses, especially hemorrhagic fevers transmitted by contact with rodent feces and tick-borne viral encephalitides (Lassa fever). There is discussion of the controversial mad cow disease and its potential transmission through food products, as well as of dietary aspects of the management of AIDS and other viral infections. Finally, measures for the prevention and control of FBD are described.

Brazil↗

PubMed1965