Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Vision Screening”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,099 records · Page 61Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Sensitivity and specificity of visual acuity screening for refractive errors in school children.

PURPOSE: To examine the optimal cutoff point for the use of the visual acuity test to screen for refractive errors in schoolchildren. METHODS: In a sample of schoolchildren between 7 and 9 years old, visual acuity testing was performed using modified ETDRS charts monocularly without optical aids by trained personnel. Cycloplegic autorefraction was performed in each eye. The screening efficacy of using various cutoff points for referring children for further optometric/ ophthalmic assessment was studied. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent of at least -0.5 D, hyperopia a spherical equivalent of at least +2.0 D, and astigmatism a cylinder of at least -1.0 D in at least one eye. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated using each patient as a case; a receiver operator curve was plotted. RESULTS: A total of 1,028 children were tested. A satisfactory sensitivity/specificity profile was obtained using a referral criterion of visual acuity worse than or equal to 0.28 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution in at least one eye. In this scenario, the sensitivity and specificity of this screening test were 72% (95% confidence interval [CI], 68 to 76) and 97% (95%CI, 95 to 98), respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 96% (95%CI, 93 to 98) and 78% (95%CI, 75 to 82), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The modified ETDRS visual acuity chart can be used to predict refractive errors in schoolchildren in Singapore in a sensitive and specific manner using a referral criterion of worse than or equal to 0.28 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution.

Child↗
PubMed1998

[Model for cost-benefit relations of amblyopia screening].

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In Germany, 750,000 children are born per year who should be screened for developmental visual defects in the age range 24-48 months. However, the established pediatric screening program is not sufficient to prevent amblyopia. The purpose of this study was to examine the cost-effectiveness of alternatives for amblyopia and microtropia screening. METHODS: Three options were compared: (1) an orthoptic screening carried out in the field, for instance in kindergartens, (2) an examiner-independent objective apparatus-based screening, and (3) a complete ophthalmological and strabismological examination carried out in a practice. The costs of screening, follow-up examinations and of the treatment were modelled for prevalences of 1% (microtropia) and 5% (amblyopia). The benefit due to treatment was calculated as the result of an avoided whole-person impairment of 3% and 1%. The income related, increased tax and health care payments were used to cover the costs. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: In options (1) and (2) there were favorable cost-effective ratios. The practice-based option 3 was economically less promising. The higher the prevalence was, the higher the resulting cost-effectiveness.

Amblyopia↗
PubMed1989

Peripheral vision and simple catching: the screen paradigm revisited.

The importance of effector visual feedback has previously been indicated using an opaque screen to prevent sight of the catching hand for the final 150-200 ms of a flight path of 850 ms in total. Attention was drawn to the finding that the ability to position the arm correctly in the line of flight of the ball deteriorated as a consequence of the number of trials without visual feedback. However, the use of only 20 test trials allows a possibility that the proprioceptive system may be able to re-establish predominant control under conditions of prolonged visual decrement. In order to verify this notion, the number of experimental trials was quadrupled for 24 subjects of mixed sex in a replication of the initial paradigm. The results provided preliminary support for the view that the positioning of the catching arm is more seriously affected by visual occlusion than the timing of the grasp phase. However, increments in accuracy of limb orientation were evidenced in all screen conditions, as the number of trials increased. The grasp component of one-handed catching appeared to remain unaffected by the increase in experimental trials. The relative influence of skill level on catching errors was next addressed by comparing the performance of the six best and worst catchers in the group. The results did not support previous research which found a relation between skill level and error type. The number of position, but not grasp, errors decreased as a function of task practice for both subgroups. Future investigations should, perhaps, focus on the developmental nature of movement control in one-handed catching to obtain a clearer picture of this relation.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Ophthalmologic examination of the mentally retarded at a central institution].

In 1985-86 an ophthalmologist screened 221 patients, ranging in age from six to 81, at Naerlandheimen central institution for mentally handicapped. The screening showed an alarming incidence of eye disease in this group, regardless of the etiology of the mental handicap or the patient's age. Only 44 patients had completely normal eye status without errors of refraction. 40 patients had errors of refraction only and eight had presbyopia only, but otherwise normal findings. 129 had one or more eye anomalies or diseases. There was a large incidence of cataract (52 cases), keratoconus (21 cases), strabismus (59 cases) and conjunctivitis or blepharitis (17 cases). The result emphasizes the importance of close and frequent examination of the status of the eyes of mentally retarded people throughout their lifespan.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The current status of visual disability in the elderly population of Taiwan.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to explore the prevalence and the associated factors of visual impairment and blindness among the elderly Taiwanese population. METHODS: A nationwide population-based visual health care screening program of elderly people aged 65 years or older was conducted between 1 July 2002 and 31 December 2002 in Taiwan. Based on the same standardized protocol used by the Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of Health, and a stratified random sampling design, 3160 out of 5000 elderly subjects were selected by a two-stage visual care screening method. The overall response rate was 63.2%. RESULTS: The mean age of the elderly participants was 72.4 +/- 5.1 years. The overall prevalence of glaucoma, corneal diseases, trauma, cataracts, myopic or diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration among the elderly population was 2.1%, 6.3%, 0.9%, 60.2%, 7.5%, and 2.9%, respectively. The overall prevalence of visual disability (visual acuity of the better eye <0.5) was 17.7%, including 17.1% with visual impairment and 0.6% with blindness. Based on logistic regression, the significant independent factors of visual disability (visual impairment plus blindness) were sex (male vs. female, odds ratio (OR) = 0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.51-0.76), age (70-74 years vs. 65-69 years, OR = 1.60, 95% CI, 1.24-2.06; 75-79 years vs. 65-69 years, OR = 2.52, 95% CI, 1.92-3.32, > or =80 yrs vs. 65-69 yrs, OR = 4.86, 95% CI, 3.52-6.70), corneal diseases (OR = 2.26, 95% CI, 1.61-3.16), myopic or diabetic retinopathy (OR = 1.69, 95% CI, 1.20-2.39), age-related macular degeneration (OR = 4.96, 95% CI, 3.16-7.78), and cataract (OR = 3.40, 95% CI, 2.67-4.33). CONCLUSIONS: The geographic difference in the prevalence of vision-related eye disease, visual impairment, and blindness point to the importance of taking actions that suit local circumstances. Our results also revealed that visual impairment and blindness are important visual health problems in the elderly Taiwanese population. Age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, corneal diseases, myopic or diabetic retinopathy, female sex, and aging were the leading causes of visual disability. Further organized preventive strategies for eye care are recommended in this population.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1999

Results of screening low-birth-weight infants for retinopathy of prematurity.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) continues to be an important cause of potentially preventable blindness worldwide. The pattern of visual impairment from ROP in some middle-income countries--high rates affecting larger and more mature infants--resembles that seen in more developed countries two decades ago and has been called a "third epidemic" of the disease. Expert bodies in the United Kingdom and the United States have recently issued new guidelines for screening for ROP that utilize both birth weight and gestational age criteria. Studies in both countries suggest these criteria might be further revised to decrease time spent on screening without missing any significant disease. Population-based follow-up studies of extremely preterm infants suggest that although more preterm infants are surviving, with adequate screening and treatment, rates of blindness from ROP may be declining. Further information on the longer-term impact of ROP comes from a number of studies and particularly the Multicenter Trial of Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity (CRYO-ROP) study. The risk of both myopia and strabismus is increased with any and each higher stage of ROP. Evidence is emerging that laser therapy for threshold disease may be associated with better visual outcome than cryotherapy, although complications following the former remain a concern. The fight against ROP may be enhanced by new information on the pathogenesis, including possible genetic predisposition and the role of vascular endothelial growth factor.

Blindness↗
PubMed2000

Screening for amblyopia in preverbal children with photoscreening photographs. III. improved grading criteria for hyperopia.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the ability of the Medical Technology and Innovations (MTI), Inc., Photoscreener (Cedar Falls, IA) to detect hyperopia and to improve the photograph grading criteria to screen for amblyopiogenic levels of hyperopia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study and reanalysis. PARTICIPANTS AND TESTING: In previous work, 392 participants received a complete ophthalmologic examination and were photographed using the MTI Photoscreener. For this study, all 209 participants with normal examination findings (65 children) or hyperopia without anisometropia (144 children) were selected. The data were reanalyzed using modified photograph grading and ophthalmologic examination failure criteria. Potential reasons for why many children with hyperopia passed photoscreening were explored. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We determined whether a study participant would pass or fail screening with a given photograph grading and ophthalmologic examination failure criteria. RESULTS: Most children with hyperopia of +2.00 to +3.50 diopters (D) passed screening with the MTI instrument, in most cases because their photographs lacked bright crescents. When bright crescents in at least two of the four possible meridians were the grading guideline for screening failure and the pediatric ophthalmologists' consensus hyperopia failure criteria (> +3.50 D) were adopted, the sensitivity for hyperopia detection was 100% and the specificity was 88%. Identical results were obtained using the American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Pattern hyperopia failure criteria (>/= +4.50 D). CONCLUSIONS: The MTI photograph grading guidelines can be simplified, and the ophthalmologic examination failure criteria for hyperopia can be improved. The presence of a bright crescent in the lower or the left pupillary margin indicate hyperopia in an amblyopiogenic range (> +3.50 D).

Amblyopia↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of the oculokinetic perimetry glaucoma screener with two types of visual field analyser.

We compared the accuracy and testing time of a new 26-point central visual field glaucoma screening device, the oculokinetic perimetry (OKP) screener, with the results obtained with the Friedmann field analyser standard program (phase 1) and the Humphrey field analyser 40-point screening program (phase 2). Seventy-three eyes of 73 subjects were tested in phase 1, and 142 eyes of 75 subjects in phase 2. The study population comprised patients with eyes that were ocularly normal and patients with eyes showing early cataract, posterior vitreous detachment, established chronic open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. The OKP glaucoma screener demonstrated a sector concordance rate of 95% in phase 1 and 93% in phase 2. The OKP screener was three to four times more rapid in execution than the standard device. We feel that the OKP glaucoma screener is ideally suited for use by physicians in a family practice setting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The follow-up of patients screened for glaucoma with non-mydriatic fundus photography.

In order to evaluate the value of photographic screening in predicting progressive glaucomatous damage, we re-examined 26 subjects 5 years after the initial screening. Of the 26 patients 16 had typical glaucomatous optic disc and visual field abnormalities (n = 7), retinal nerve layer damage (n = 6), or other risk factors of glaucoma (n = 3). In 10 of 26 patients suspected of having glaucoma, no abnormalities were initially confirmed. Of the 16 eyes with initially abnormal findings, 10 (63%) showed progressive changes during the 5-year follow-up period. The 10 initially suspected cases have remained healthy throughout the follow-up, giving a false positive rate of 5.5%. The results of this study indicate that it is possible to identify correctly patients with progressive glaucomatous changes with a non-mydriatic fundus camera.

Female↗
PubMed1996

An improved training procedure as a precursor to testing young children with the Frisby Stereotest.

We describe a modified version of the Frisby Stereopsis Screening Test which enables a light to be flashed behind the stereo target when the child being tested makes an appropriate pointing or reaching response. The light can be flashed to gain the interest of the child during a training phase in which they are familiarised with the test and its requirements. This phase is then followed by a test phase in which the child is encouraged to demonstrate unaided clear pointing responses to the target to gain a light flash while the plate is held in two or three different positions. This device has proved effective in increasing the chances of administering the test successfully to a sample of 30 very young children (age range 7-23 months).

Depth Perception↗
PubMed1993

A screening test for integrative visual dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a screening test to help ophthalmologists detect visually symptomatic patients with as yet undiagnosed Alzheimer's disease. DESIGN: Administration of a battery of tests consisting of items modified from existing psychometric materials to decrease examination time and increase ease of scoring. PARTICIPANTS: Fourteen patients with Alzheimer's disease and prominent visual symptoms; 53 control subjects matched to the patients with Alzheimer's disease for age, sex, and educational level; and 22 patients with subnormal visual acuity or visual fields who did not have Alzheimer's disease. RESULTS: The novel battery of tests distinguished all 14 visually symptomatic patients with Alzheimer's disease from patients without Alzheimer's disease and control subjects. CONCLUSION: This battery of tests should enhance the ophthalmologic detection of Alzheimer's disease.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Amblyopia.

Results from recent randomised clinical trials in amblyopia should change our approach to screening for and treatment of amblyopia. Based on the current evidence, if one screening session is used, screening at school entry could be the most reasonable time. Clinicians should preferably use age-appropriate LogMAR acuity tests, and treatment should only be considered for children who are clearly not in the typical range for their age. Any substantial refractive error should be corrected before further treatment is considered and the child should be followed in spectacles until no further improvement is recorded, which can take up to 6 months. Parents and carers should then be offered an informed choice between patching and atropine drops. Successful patching regimens can last as little as 1 h or 2 h a day, and successful atropine regimens as little as one drop twice a week. Intense and extended regimens might not be needed in initial therapy.

Amblyopia↗
PubMed1999

Diabetic retinal photographic screening: a model for introducing audit and improving general practitioner care of diabetic patients in a rural setting.

This paper describes the addition of diabetic retinal screening using retinal photography to an existing immunisation audit by a General Practitioner (GP) Network in a semi-rural area 60-min drive from central Wellington, New Zealand. The employment of a nurse-facilitator who visited practices to assist the setting up of diabetic registers and the subsequent auditing of patterns of referral for retinal photography was seen as a first step in a process that would lead to audit of the care of diabetic patients by GPs in the Network. This should lead to a measurable improvement in health-care delivery to diabetic patients in this area and is a model that could be adapted by any group of rural or semirural GPs within a defined geographical area.

Diabetic Retinopathy↗
PubMed1990

Kuopio eye survey (KEYS).

Mass health screenings for the elderly have been undertaken in Kuopio since 1983. Three different age groups, 65, 70 and 75 years old are called for examination so that each group is examined at 5-year intervals. In 1989 an ophthalmologic examination was included in the protocol for those born in 1914 and 1924. A total number of 1133 persons were recruited, 833 (73.5%) of which actually participated in the study. Cataract was found to be the most frequent visual handicapper. Of participants with visual acuity less than 0.3 at least in one eye, cataract was observed in 41.7% of the younger and in 91.1% of the older group. Age-dependent macular degeneration and glaucoma were less frequent than cataract. Visual acuity of less than 0.3 in the better eye was observed in 5.5% of the older group.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Is reading disability likely to interfere with glaucoma screening of adults using frequency-doubling technology perimetry?

PURPOSE: The present study is a preliminary investigation of whether frequency doubling technology perimetry (FDT) performance deficits exist in adults with reading disability (RD) and could thereby interfere with screening assessments for glaucoma. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. METHOD: The study population was composed of 46 college students. Twenty-four of the participants were identified as having a RD, and 22 served as controls. All participants underwent assessments of reading, IQ, FDT, Humphrey Visual Fields (HVF), and an ophthalmologic examination. RESULTS: No differences between the RD and control groups were found in age, education, IQ, far visual acuity, HVF, or FDT performance, regardless of how FDT was evaluated (P's >.05). CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary results indicate that FDT performance deficits, which have previously been demonstrated in children with RD, are either small in magnitude or do not exist in adults. Thus, it is unlikely that RD will interfere with assessment for glaucoma using FDT perimetry.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The time required for U.S. Navy fighter pilots to shift gaze and identify near and far targets.

The speed with which 163 U.S. Navy fighter pilots can shift their line of sight and discriminate high contrast acuity targets was measured. The targets were simultaneously projected onto two screen; one at 18 ft and one at 18 inches in front of the subject's eyes. Subjects were required to fixate first one screen and then as rapidly as possible, shift gaze to the other screen. The minimum exposure duration required to correctly resolve both targets was measured. For 65 subjects, the test target was 1.0 min of visual angle (mva); for 98 subjects the target was 2.0 mva. The major findings are: 1) both Far-to-Near and Near-to-Far mean times significantly slowed with age; 2) there was no significant difference between the Far-to-Near and the Near-to-Far mean times with the oldest subject (44 years of age) excluded; 3) the within-subject standard deviation Far-to-Near increased with age and was significantly greater than the Near-to-Far standard deviation, which did not increase with age; 4) there was a significant correlation between the mean Near-to-Far speeds and the night carrier landing performance of the aviators.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1991

The middle-Norway eye-screening study. II. Prevalence of simple and capsular glaucoma.

In this population-based screening study, dealing with 1941 persons above 64 years of age from three different municipalities, the overall open-angle glaucoma prevalence was found to be 8.3%. The prevalence in the separate areas (7.0%, 8.6%, and 9.5%) were not statistically different. Roughly 30% of the population with pseudo-exfoliation syndrome had glaucoma, and 4.2% had ocular hypertension, whereas the corresponding figures for those without pseudo-exfoliation were 4% and 0.8%, respectively. The high glaucoma rates are partly due to the high pseudo-exfoliation prevalence in the area. The prevalence of the capsular glaucoma increased towards a maximum between 75 and 79 years of age, whereafter the curve declined. This may indicate reduced survival time of glaucomatous patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

A comparison of photoscreening techniques for amblyogenic factors in children.

We screened 236 consecutive patients aged 6 years or less using an Off-Axis photoscreener and an Otago-type photoscreener. With a masked standardized clinical assessment as the standard, an overall comparison of the results obtained with the two techniques revealed a sensitivity and specificity in the neighbourhood of 0.85 and 0.87 respectively for the Off-Axis photoscreener and 0.94 and 0.94 respectively for the Otago photoscreener. Both techniques, but especially the Off-Axis technique, were less sensitive and specific in younger children (24 months or less). Fundus colour (light or dark) did not greatly affect sensitivity or specificity. Photoscreening with the pupil dilated led to an increase in false-positive results with both techniques. Our results showed the Otago photoscreener to be superior in this clinical trial.

Amblyopia↗