Reading comprehension and aging.
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The paper describes certain aspects of the psychoanalysis of a male homosexual patient, in particular the great difficulty he had in using words within the analytic relationship. The clinical material highlights the feeling of confusion and strain for both patient and analyst.
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Descriptive studies of clinical reasoning have been based primarily on an information-processing paradigm that has entailed microscopic analyses of the verbal behavior of small numbers of persons confronted with the task of making a diagnosis of a patient with symptoms of acute illness. From these studies, researchers have generally concluded: that medical problem-solving is an hypothetico-deductive process and that performance is not generalizable across problems. The author of the present paper argues that this narrow approach casts serious doubt on the validity of the conclusions and leaves unilluminated a large portion of the cognitive process involved in decisions about patient care. On the other hand, prescriptive, decision-analysis studies of medical problem-solving have generally been based on sophisticated decision theory that involves calculation and manipulation of complex probability and utility values in order to arrive at optimal decisions that will maximize patient benefits. While these prescriptive studies offer a methodology for improving clinical judgment, that methodology may not be one which decision-makers find attractive or feasible to employ.
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Acute administration of the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) inhibitor, fusaric acid, combined with L-dopa, 500 mg, produced discernible psychological abnormalities in normal subjects. These were not found after L-dopa alone, or after placebo. The changes, lasting a few hours, were manifested by significant increases in "total psychopathology," and in a number of subscales on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Changes were also found in mood ratings on adjective checklists, and inkblot tests. A variety of effects were found on psychiatric interview. Since DBH does not occur in dopamine neurons, it is likely that the psychological effects were due to changes in dopamine or norepinephrine in norepinephrine neurons.
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