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PubMed1992

Conditional stimulus control of childrens' sequence production.

Normally capable children were first taught to touch in sequence each of a set of five physically dissimilar stimuli (Sequence A). Another set of stimuli was then used to train sequence B. Next, direct training established conditional control of the production of the A sequence and its reversal: in the presence of one printed word, touching the stimuli in the order A1----A2----A3----A4----A5 was reinforced; in the presence of another word, touching the stimuli in the order A5----A4----A3----A2----A1 was reinforced. During probe sessions, the printed words also exercised conditional control over production of the B sequence and its reversal for five of six subjects, suggesting the formation of stimulus classes. Four of these five subjects also performed mixed sequences under conditional control of the words (e.g., A1----B2----A3----B4----A5 and its reversal), verifying that the stimuli which occupied the same position in each sequence were members of the same class.

Attention↗
PubMed1996

Technical note: porcine non-surgical embryo transfer.

The cervix is a barrier for transferring porcine embryos non-surgically. A non-surgical embryo transfer instrument composed of four parts has been developed that allows the delivery of embryos into the lumen of one uterine horn. Part 1, a modified artificial insemination spirette, is used to produce a cervical lock and to assist in manipulating Part 2 through the cervix. Part 2 is made of stainless steel tubing with a unique curved tip that can be manipulated through the folds of the cervix. Part 3 is a testing bar to ensure that the tip of Part 2 reaches the bifurcation of the uterus. Part 4, a disposable tubing complex for embryo delivery, is composed of a soft plastic leader tubing, a double opened connector for embryo loading and unloading, a semi-hard plastic tubing, and a hard tubing with a water-sealable plunger. Embryos (4-cell to blastocyst stages) were surgically collected and maintained in vitro up to 5 h before the non-surgical embryo transfer. Five of 16 recipients became pregnant (31%) and farrowed an average of 6.2 +/- 3.1 pigs per litter. This easily learned non-surgical embryo transfer technique will simplify embryo transfer in the swine industry and may lead to improvements in swine breeding and scientific research.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Judgment of conceptual identity in monkeys.

Baboons (Papio anubis) were tested on categorization tasks at two different conceptual levels. The monkeys showed their ability (1) to judge as identical or different the objects belonging to two categories, on a perceptual basis, and (2) to perform a judgment of conceptual identity-that is, to use the same/different relation between two previously learned categories. This latter experiment represents the first demonstration of judgment of conceptual identity in a monkey species.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Importance of health education research to health education.

OBJECTIVE: To focus on the benefits and importance of research to the practice of health education. METHODS: The paper discussed the potential of quality research as well as the barriers that keep health educators from using, applying, and sharing their work. RESULTS: The basic challenges health educators face in translating their research into practice relate to: becoming well-versed in the science base and previous lessons learned; collaborating effectively; and passing on knowledge by mentoring. CONCLUSIONS: To move forward, health educators need to organize their knowledge and make it accessible. This includes explicit and tacit knowledge, work in progress, and a coordinated research agenda. Finally, health educators need to be flexible so they can enable future research needs.

Health Education↗
PubMed1999

[Developmentally encouraging relations--transfer of psychotherapeutic concepts and methods to pedagogic healing of learning disabled and mentally handicapped children].

The authors how the possibility of integrating psychotherapeutic methods into the therapeutic pedagogical work day by describing the therapy progress of a slightly mentally handicapped boy who suffered under a narcissistic disorder with depressive parts. In this process the authors oriented themselves primarily on depth psychology and client-centered play therapy but also included therapeutic elements. The counselling accompanying the therapy ensures integration into everyday life. On this basis it is possible to reduce the boy's overdimensional self and to build up object constancy. In conclusion, it is shown how individual therapeutic interventions can be integrated additionally into the pedagogical day-to-day life.

Child↗
PubMed1988

A case study approach to health care facility construction projects.

In this paper, the authors present a useful overview of the planning, design, and construction process, emphasizing the importance of the practical application of management skills to that process. They suggest that health administration students develop "real life" skills by participating in case studies and role playing, led by planning and health care professionals. Educators frequently look for ways to assist the student in transferring the didactic skills learned in the classroom to their practical application. Case studies and role playing have been used in the management curriculum for this purpose. In this article, the authors use the construction project management process as a model for exploring the many interactions which take place during this process and relate those interactions to specific management skills needed by the health care executive. The use of the construction project as a case study allows the student an opportunity to experience a multidisciplinary team effort and to relate the principles of such academic disciplines as economics, organizational behavior, financial management, and labor relations to a real life setting.

Facility Design and Construction↗
PubMed2004

Supporting undergraduate biomedical entrepreneurship.

As biomedical innovations become more sophisticated and expensive to bring to market, an approach is needed to ensure the survival of the best ideas. The tactic used by Iowa State University to provide entrepreneurship opportunities for undergraduate students in biomedical areas is a model that has proven to be both distinctive and effective. Iowa State supports and fosters undergraduate student entrepreneurship efforts through the Pappajohn Center for Entrepreneurship. This unique partnership encourages ISU faculty, researchers, and students to become involved in the world of entrepreneurship, while allowing Iowa's business communities to gain access to a wide array of available resources, skills, and information from Iowa State University.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed2003

Validation of medical modeling & simulation training devices and systems.

For almost a decade, research has been conducted in many areas of science to develop medical simulation training devices and even comprehensive training systems. To propel the field, the Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center (TATRC), an agency of the United States Army Medical Research Materiel Command (USAMRMC), has been managing a portfolio of research projects in the area of Medical Modeling and Simulation (MM&S) since 1999. Significant progress has made to identify and harness enabling technologies. Generally, these developments can be categorized in four areas: (1) PC-based interactive multimedia, (2) Digitally Enhanced Mannequins, (3) Virtual Workbench, or "part-task", simulators, and (4) Total Immersion Virtual Reality (TIVR). Many medical simulation-training systems have shown great potential to improve medical training, but the potential shown has been based largely on anecdotal feedback from informal user studies. Formal assessment is needed to determine the degree to which simulator(s) train medical skills and the degree to which skills learned on a simulator transfer to the practice of care. A robust methodology is required as a basis for these assessments. Several scientific workshops sponsored in 2001 focused on algorithm and metrics development in support of surgical simulation. Also in 2001, TATRC chartered a Simulation Working Group (SWG) to develop a robust methodology upon which to base an assessment of the effectiveness of simulation training devices and systems. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, attention was redirected for a period, and progress was delayed. In the summer of 2002, TATRC chartered a follow-on group called the Validation, Metrics and Simulation (VMAS) Committee. The poster will highlight and summarize the development of the methodology and identify validation studies to be conducted (supported by various funding sources and research programs). The interaction between TATRC and the National Capital Area Medical Simulation Center (NCAMSC) will be noted.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2005

Interdisciplinary conflict analysis and conflict mitigation in local resource management.

Within the Swedish research program SUCOZOMA (Sustainable Coastal Zone Management) several conflict studies have been carried out. Whereas the detailed results of these studies are published separately, this paper reviews important results from conflict research in combination with a summarizing and generalizing discussion of approaches and main results of SUCOZOMA's resource and conflicts studies. After an analysis of interdisciplinary and theoretical research about environmental and resource use conflicts, the methodology used in SUCOZOMA is presented, a combined stakeholder and conflict analysis. It can be summarized in four main points: i) to map the stakeholders and their interests; i) to analyse the conflicts; iii) to develop methods for conflict mitigation and cooperation with stakeholders; iv) to integrate these components in a system for the management of natural resources. Exemplary case studies of resource use conflicts have been carried out at the Swedish west and east coast including coastal fishery, mussel culture, coastal planning and specific conflicts such as between species protection (seals) and coastal fishery. Researchers are involved as experts and as conflicting parties, and the role of scientists as stakeholders deserves special attention in conflict research. Conflict management is not only for the solution of present conflicts, but part of integrated resource management systems where knowledge transfer, institutional development, collective learning of scientific, political and administrative actors, and cooperation between scientists and resource users can occur.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Core competency in laparoendoscopic surgery.

BACKGROUND: Concern about patient safety and physician competence was highlighted by the Institute of Medicine report, revealing the prevalence of fatal medical errors. There is also awareness that technical difficulties specific to laparoendoscopic surgery can cause medical errors. Reported herein is a review of the evidence pertaining to objective assessment of core competency components in laparoendoscopic surgery: cognitive skills, technical skills, surgical performance, and judgment. METHODS: PubMed and MedLine searches were performed to identify articles with combinations of the following key words: core competency, competency, laparoscopy, training, assessment, and curriculum. Further articles were obtained by searching reference lists of identified papers and through personal communication. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence suggests that it is currently possible to objectively assess core competency components in laparoendoscopic surgery: knowledge and clinical judgment with well-established tests and innate technical abilities with computer-based simulators with embedded metrics. Simulation training is conducted to a proficiency criterion regardless of the number of repetitions or practice hours. Reports indicate that skills learned on a simulator transfer to the operating room. However, to date, objective assessment of surgical performance can be obtained only through review of unedited video tapes of surgical procedures by disinterested experts as recently demonstrated by our Japanese colleagues in urology.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1988

The effectiveness of training intellectual functions in adults with acquired brain damage. An evaluation of occupational therapy methods.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and maintenance of occupational therapy training of intellectual functions. Gain in generalization, by which is meant the transfer of newly-learned skills to novel but appropriate tasks, was also studied. Sixty-seven patients with acquired brain damage underwent 14 weeks of training in one of the following four groups, to which selection was randomized: Intellectual Function Training (IFT) plus a regular rehabilitation programme (R) (n = 15), Intellectual Housework Training (IHT) plus R (n = 19), and IFT + IHT + R (n = 15). The fourth group, which received regular rehabilitation only (R) (n = 18) was the control. A four-group, pretest-posttest, follow-up, controlled experimental test design was adopted. The training result was assessed with the Intellectual Function Assessment (IFA), the Intellectual Housework Assessment (IHA) and 15 psychometric tests. Comparison between the IFT, the IHT and the IFT + IHT groups respectively and the R group indicated some areas of function where individualized intellectual training was more effective than a regular rehabilitation programme of occupational therapy. The development of intellectual functions within each group was obvious in most areas, but less so within the R group than in the others. The maintenance of training effects could not be demonstrated satisfactorily. Generalization gains were demonstrated in 4/5 "theoretical" intellectual functional areas assessed with IFA, and in 3/7 "practical" intellectual functional areas assessed with IHA.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cognition and technology in health education research.

There is an explicit relationship between knowledge generation, transmission (dissemination and diffusion), knowledge acquisition, and utilization. In order to disseminate and diffuse information for health promotion and disease prevention, there is an assumption that we just need to change the behaviours of people. This paper challenges this notion and suggests that the thinking behind the behaviours (cognition) also needs to be addressed for successful acquisition and utilization of information. Studies focusing on cognition or thought processes and how sociocultural factors influence or interact with cognitive factors is a high priority area of research. This area of research becomes more important if we include technology in the health care delivery system.

Cognition↗
PubMed2003

Limitations in interlimb transfer of visuomotor rotations.

It has been shown that learning visuomotor rotations with multiple target directions, compared with a single target direction, leads to greater generalization to untrained targets within the same limb. This implies that multiple direction learning results in a more complete internal model of the visuomotor transform. It has also been documented that the extent of transfer of movement information regarding visuomotor adaptations between the limbs is limited, relative to that between different configurations of the same limb. The present study thus investigated the origin of this restriction in interlimb transfer, by comparing the effects of eight-direction and one-direction training conditions with one arm on the subsequent performance with the other arm. It was hypothesized that if multiple direction learning leads to a more complete model of the novel visuomotor transform, interlimb transfer should be enhanced relative to that following single direction training. However, if no differences are observed between single and multiple direction training conditions, this would suggest that such learning is effector dependent. We also tested the hypothesis that interlimb transfer of visuomotor adaptation is not obligatory, by examining the effects of visual rotation direction (same or oppositely directed visuomotor rotations for the two arms). All subjects first adapted to a 30 degrees rotation, either clockwise or counterclockwise, in the visual display during reaching movements. Following this, they adapted to a 30 degrees rotation in either the same or opposing direction with the other arm. Results showed that initial training with the non-dominant arm facilitated subsequent performance with the dominant arm in terms of initial direction control, but only under the same rotation condition. Both single and eight direction training conditions led to substantial transfer in subsequent performance with the other arm, but multiple direction training was no more beneficial than single direction training. This finding suggests that the previously reported intralimb advantages of multiple direction learning are effector specific. Our findings are discussed in the context of hierarchical models of motor control to explain the intralimb advantages of multiple direction training.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1973

Mechanisms of interhemispheric transfer of visual information in rats.

Pattern discrimination learning in functionally hemidecorticate rats leads to formation of memory traces in the intact hemisphere. The interhemispheric transfer (IHT) of such lateralized engrams is more efficient when the untrained eye rather than the trained eye is used during interdepression training (10 trials) preceding the retention test with the contralateral hemisphere, probably because the untrained hemisphere is indispensable for readout in the first case (imperative IHT) but can be completely bypassed in the second case (facultative IHT). Monocular acquisition of a pattern discrimination habit induces a strong primary engram in the contralateral and a weak secondary engram in the ipsilateral hemicortex. The primary trace is further improved with overtraining while the secondary engram is abolished. During interocular transfer, the primary trace is at first read out through commissural fibers while a secondary trace is rapidly transferred to the untrained hemisphere. Pretraining administration of 2-pyrrolidone acetamide (Piracetam, 100 mg/kg) improves the secondary trace acquired during monocular pattern discrimination learning almost to the level of the primary trace, and facilitates the imperative IHT. Uncrossed optic projections and subcortical storage may contribute to IHT of brightness but not of pattern discrimination. It is concluded that IHT of visual engrams is mainly due to transcommissural encoding activated during learning or by transcommissural readout of lateralized traces.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A prospective randomized study to test the transfer of basic psychomotor skills from virtual reality to physical reality in a comparable training setting.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether basic skills acquired on a virtual endoscopic surgery simulator are transferable from virtual reality to physical reality in a comparable training setting. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: For surgical training in laparoscopic surgery, new training methods have to be developed that allow surgeons to first practice in a simulated setting before operating on real patients. A virtual endoscopic surgery trainer (VEST) has been developed within the framework of a joint project. Because of principal limitations of simulation techniques, it is essential to know whether training with this simulator is comparable to conventional training. METHODS: Devices used were the VEST system and a conventional video trainer (CVT). Two basic training tasks were constructed identically (a) as virtual tasks and (b) as mechanical models for the CVT. Test persons were divided into 2 groups each consisting of 12 novices and 4 experts. Each group carried out a defined training program over the course of 4 consecutive days on the VEST or the CVT, respectively. To test the transfer of skills, the groups switched devices on the 5th day. The main parameter was task completion time. RESULTS: The novices in both groups showed similar learning curves. The mean task completion times decreased significantly over the 4 training days of the study. The task completion times for the control task on Day 5 were significantly lower than on Days 1 and 2. The experts' task completion times were much lower than those of the novices. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that training with a computer simulator, just as with the CVT, resulted in a reproducible training effect. The control task showed that skills learned in virtual reality are transferable to the physical reality of a CVT. The fact that the experts showed little improvement demonstrates that the simulation trains surgeons in basic laparoscopic skills learned in years of practice.

Clinical Competence↗