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At least 1,099 records · Page 61Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Seroepidemiology study on Helicobacter pylori (cagA, vacA) infection of elderly people in Beijing].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence rate of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in blood serum, its affecting factors and isoforms (CagA,VacA )infection in the elderly people in Beijing. METHODS: 2006 residents were investigated through household questionnaire in different areas of Beijing (urban, suburban and mountainous district), who were older than 60 years old. Serum H. pylori CagA, VacA and Ureas antibody was detected by immunoblotting. RESULTS: The total H. pylori infection rate was 83.4% and the infectious rate of I form pathogenic H. pylori was 56.0%. The incidence rate in urban or suburban district was higher than that of in mountainous district (P < 0.001). I form H. pylori infection rate in people with heavy labor or young elderly were higher than that of intelegent work or older elderly (P < 0.05 ). I form H. pylori infection rate in people of low diet was higher than that of high protein diet (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The rate of H. pylori infection in blood serum was high among the elderly people in Beijing with most of it belonged to type I . However, significant differences were noticed on the distribution of isoforms in different age groups, areas, professions and diet habit.

Age Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Spatial pattern and consequences of demographic aging processes for regional planning].

The spatial dimension of man-environment interactions in old age is analyzed within urban, suburban, and rural residential environments of the German Rhine-Main-Agglomeration. By comparing the three levels of organization, utilization, and interpretation, housing conditions as well as geographical distribution and redistribution (migrations) our outside-home-activities and environmental perception show a fundamental influence on the everyday lives of the 750 elderly who were interviewed. The majority of the target population and, especially, the rural elderly is characterized by traditional patterns of spatial organization and distribution, mobility, regional attachment, and a concern about preserving the stability of their current residential environment from changes. The suburban and urban seniors, however, exhibit a greater amount of locational flexibility and utility-oriented behavior patterns. These spatial variations are induced by specific regional values and intensity of local and regional identification. They might be interpreted as different stages in the process of modernization within postindustrial societies. Reflecting, however, the paradigms of planning for the elderly, these different patterns are not systematically considered to the necessary and sufficient extent. Instead of promoting regional or local networks that are favored by senior citizens, agencies usually prefer comprehensive approaches on a macrolevel. First steps to improve this situation and to combine life- and system-world demands have been taken by the federal government, which implemented a neighborhood-related research program on housing for the elderly. As a result of this, further research on environmental aspects on aging should pay more methodological attention to the hitherto neglected regional and local level, and also for the transfer of its findings into planning policy.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Correlations of substance abuse and self-image among socially diverse groups of adolescents and clinical implications.

Two culturally diverse groups of male youths, ages 16-18, were compared with respect to self-image correlates of alcohol and drug use. Self-image was measured through use of the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire (OSIQ), a reliable, well-validated measure of adolescent self-image covering eleven separate areas of functioning. Alcohol and drug use were measured by means of the Delinquency Checklist (DCL), a self-report measure of delinquent behavior first developed by Short and Nye. The adolescents studied were culturally diverse: one group consisted of the entire junior class of an all-male, all-black Roman Catholic Parochial School located in an economically deprived urban neighborhood; the other group comprised a random sample of all the junior and senior boys in an almost all-white, upper-middle-class, suburban public high school. Results showed that in both groups drug use is associated with poor family relationships and impaired self-image. Selling drugs was more prevalent by self-report among the black, inner-city youths than it was among the white, suburban youths. Selling drugs was associated with poor impulse control, relatively low vocational and educational goals and poor coping skills. The research data is discussed in regards to its relevance to therapy of two culturally diverse groups of adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Computer simulation of management strategies for Psorophora columbiae in the rice agroecosystem.

Various control strategies were evaluated using a previously-described and validated (Focks et al. 1988a, 1988b) simulation model (PcSim) of the population dynamics of Psorophora columbiae breeding in the rice agroecosystem. As expected from field experience, focally-applied ground or aerial ULV aerosols of insecticides were seen to provide local control of peak populations. Similar control was predicted for larvicides when also used in and around urban and suburban areas. Both of these measures were predicted by simulation to provide only short term control of adults as a result of immigration of adults from surrounding, untreated provide only short term control of adults as a result of immigration of adults from surrounding, untreated areas. Evaluations of the effectiveness of diapause egg control or the elimination of early spring broods to provide lasting, season-long suppression were not encouraging if only conventional methods such as insecticides or tillage were used. This was primarily because the ability of Ps. columbiae to recolonize treated areas during the course of a breeding season would require the treatment of prohibitively large, parish- (i.e., county-) sized areas. Evaluations of host management (either removal or residual insecticide treatment of cattle) in and around urban and suburban areas were more encouraging. This technique, by providing continuing pressure on populations, has the potential to offset the impact of immigration and thereby afford long-term suppression in local areas. Finally, evaluations of the impact of modifications to irrigation practices indicated that this approach warrants consideration as a supplemental control technique. These results suggest that field evaluations of model predictions would be useful. They emphasize the need to better understand the movement and spatial distribution of Ps. columbiae. These factors would bear directly on the cost and therefore, the practicality of several of the long-term suppression strategies evaluated as they determine the size of the treatment area surrounding population centers needed to offset the impact of immigration from surrounding, untreated areas.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1988

Mutagenicity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons analysis of airborne particulate matters from Taipei City.

The mutagenic activity of dichloromethane extracts of 147 air particulate samples collected from 8 stations during December 1986-June 1987 in Taipei city was consistently higher in S. typhimurium strain TA 98 than in strain TA 100 in the presence of S9 mixture. Among the 8 stations, Nan Kang Police Station, Fu Hsing Elementary School, and Chung Hsing University which were located in the industrial district, downtown area, and heavy traffic zone, respectively, had significantly higher levels of PAHs than the other stations. In contrast, the levels of PAHs were much lower in the suburban station, near Pei Tou Elementary School. However, PAH contents of the air particulate samples collected from these stations did not show good correlation with their mutagenicity. The air particulates collected at some stations on Sunday when the traffic changed from heavy to light showed lower mutagenicity and PAH contents as compared with the other weekdays at the same stations. On the contrary, the samples collected at Pei Tou station in a suburban area where the traffic changed from light to heavy on Sunday showed higher mutagenicity and PAH contents. The monthly average of PAHs of air particulate samples collected over a 7-month period from 8 stations in Taipei city was lower than the average in 1980. Moreover, when compared with other countries, such as U.S.A., the Netherlands, West Germany, Italy, Norway, and Japan, the levels of PAHs and mutagenicity of air particulate matters in Taipei city were similar or slightly lower. The mutagenicity and contents of PAHs of air particulates collected from burnt ABS were significantly higher than those of burnt PVC. One sample PT-6-3 was collected while a nearby garbage collection area was on fire. The mutagenicity of that sample increased 3 to 16 fold and contained an 11 to 33 times higher content of the six PAHs (BaP, BeP, BbF, BaA, Chr, and DbA) as compared with the other samples collected at the same location at a different time. The higher mutagenicity and PAH contents of that sample might be due to the pollution of the air from combustion of the garbage containing products made of ABS.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1979

University center and community hospital: problems in integration.

This study of health care in Chicago and its suburbs deals with a dilemma faced by many university hospitals located in our nation's metropolitan areas. Because of a massive displacement of population from the city to its suburban ring, some of the major medical centers in Chicago's inner zone have experienced a leveling-off of inpatient admissions. In contrast, outer zone and suburban community hospitals are in need of referral sources with specialized personnel and equipment to accommodate growing admissions. This imbalance would be corrected in a regional network based on an exchange of clients and services. A case study of the University of Chicago Medical Center highlights the tensions, strains, and resistances which inhibit the development of such a system and thus raises questions about the role of the research and teaching hospital in regional health care planning.

Chicago↗
PubMed1984

Extradural haematoma. An analysis of two 8-year series at Groote Schuur Hospital.

Between 1954 and 1961 85 patients were operated on at Groote Schuur Hospital (GSH) for extradural haematomas and between 1968 and 1975 84 operations for this condition were performed. The 169 patients included 22 children; they had a mortality rate of 4,5% (1 death) compared with the 18,9% mortality for the combined total. There were 19 males to each female. The ratio of White to Coloured to Black patients was 3:8:5. Forty-eight per cent of extradural haematomas resulted from assaults, 24% from road traffic accidents and 28% from other injuries; these figures did not differ significantly in the two series. Among the 72 patients operated on within 24 hours of injury the mortality rate was 26,4%, whereas among the 97 operated on later the rate was significantly better--13,4%. The most significant feature was the difference in outcome for the 97 patients admitted direct to the neurosurgical unit at GSH, of whom 12,4% died, compared with 21 transferred from suburban hospitals, where the mortality rate was 33,3%, and the 51 patients sent from rural hospitals, of whom 25,5% died. Although neuroradiological methods are the most reliable means of localizing intracranial haematomas, the advantages gained may be outweighed by the urgency with which decompression is required. This means that the staff of rural and suburban hospitals must be trained to carry out diagnostic burr-holes followed by craniotomy if it should be necessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Acute rheumatic fever. A vanishing disease in suburbia.

We undertook a retrospective analysis of the incidence of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in Memphis-Shelby County during the five-year period from 1977 through 1981. Cases were identified by review of local hospital records and by mail and telephone communication with 327 primary care physicians and neurologists. Forty-one patients met the modified Jones criteria, of whom 16 had conditions that were diagnosed in Memphis but who resided elsewhere. The overall ARF incidence among Memphis-Shelby County residents was 0.64 cases per 100,000 population each year. The highest rate, 3.74, was found among blacks aged 5 to 17 years residing in the inner city, while white children in the suburban and rural areas had a rate of only 0.49. Current strategies for prevention and diagnosis of ARF must take into account the extraordinarily low level to which the incidence of the disease has fallen in certain suburban US populations.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1980

Heavy metal concentrations in soils of five United States cities, 1972 urban soils monitoring program.

Lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic levels were determined in soil samples from Des Moines, Iowa, Fitchburg, Massachusetts, Lake Charles, Louisiana, and Reading and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, as part of the 1972 Urban Soils Monitoring Program. Sampling sites within each Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) were defined as urban or suburban based on their position either within or outside the official city limits, respectively. In addition, each site was classified lawn or waste according to the maintenance it received. Except in Fitchburg, urban soils of each SMSA contained significantly higher mean concentrations of cadmium, lead, and mercury than did suburban soils. Mean urban soil concentrations in each SMSA except Des Moines and Reading, where urban levels were significantly higher. Generally, the metal concentrations in lawn and waste areas did not differ significantly. The results indicate a general contamination of these areas, probably as a result of fallout of airborne metal aerosols from industrial processes and/or fossil-fuel combustion.

Arsenic↗
PubMed1993

[Pediculosis capitis: a questionnaire survey in 4 schools of the Bordeaux Academy 1990-1991].

A questionnaire survey of head lice treatment was conducted in four schools--each including a nursery and an elementary school--in the Bordeaux area. Two schools were situated in the centre of the city, one in a suburban area and one in a rural area (50 km from the city). Four-page questionnaires were filled in anonymously by the parents in April 1991; 840 answers were obtained (80 p. 100 response rate). Between January 1990 and March 1991, 48.7 p. 100 of children had at least one episode of head lice infestation (infestation rates varied from 38.8 to 62.6 p. 100 depending on the schools); 30.5 p. 100 of children were contaminated for the first time during that period. Lice were detected by the parents in 95 p. 100 of the cases. The prevalence of lice was higher in females (60 p. 100) than in males (40 p. 100). The highest prevalence was noted in the suburban school where 17 p. 100 of the parents were unemployed at the time of the survey. The peak age for head lice was 7, but 19.4 p. 100 of nursery school children aged 2-4 years had been contaminated at least once. Impetigo was rare (1.2 p. 100), and pruritus was noted in only 14.2 p. 100 of the cases. Most children had been contaminated at school. Curative treatment was counselled by a chemist in 87 p. 100 of the cases. Pyrethrins were used in 81 p. 100, and the shampoo (Hegor) plus spray (Paraspecial Poux) association was the most frequent, totalling two-thirds of prescriptions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Child↗
PubMed1995

Psychosocial variables associated with teenage pregnancy.

This study investigated whether psychosocial factors differentiate sexually active teenagers who become pregnant from those who do not. Data were collected from 64 unmarried adolescents who attended a suburban health clinic for a pregnancy test or for contraceptive care. Thirty-nine percent of the sample had been or were now pregnant, and 61% had never been pregnant. Each teenager completed a questionnaire and three self-report measures (Life Events Checklist, Self-Worth, Health Locus of Control) prior to her medical visit. Information about family, medical, and psychosocial history was obtained from chart review. When girls who had positive pregnancy tests, and sexually active girls who had never been pregnant were compared, no significant differences emerged on socioeconomic status, race, religion, age or psychological variables. However, when adolescents with a previous or current history of pregnancy (N = 25) were compared with girls who had never been pregnant (N = 39), using the Mann Whitney test, two significant differences were found: adolescents with a history of pregnancy had first intercourse at the mean age of 15 rather than 16 (p < .02) and scored higher than never-pregnant teenagers on the "Powerful Other" Health Locus of Control subscale, a measure of strong belief in external control by others (p < .01). No significant differences were detected between the groups for self-worth or life events perceived as stressful during the past year. These data indicate that in a middle-class suburban population of sexually active teenagers, earlier age at first intercourse and the influence of powerful others are important variables associated with pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Prevalence of smoking by area of residence--Missouri, 1989-1991.

Variation in smoking prevalence by area of residence may be an important consideration in the development, implementation, and management of programs that promote nonsmoking. In general, the prevalence of cigarette smoking is highest among persons at economic, educational, and social disadvantage (1,2), and the proportion of persons who are disadvantaged is greater in urban and nonmetropolitan areas. Because smoking prevalence varies by area of residence and characterization of these differences can assist in directing efforts to promote nonsmoking, the Missouri Department of Health compared urban, suburban, and nonmetropolitan areas using data from two sources: the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) for Missouri from 1989 through 1991 (suburban and nonmetropolitan areas) and a survey specially commissioned in 1990 (Smoking Cessation in Black Americans [SCBA]) of persons living in low-income census tracts in north St. Louis and central Kansas City (urban areas). This report summarizes the results of this analysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Results of cancer information assessment of high school students in West Virginia.

The "Just Say KNOW To Cancer" education program was implemented in public high schools in Kanawha County, W.Va., to assess students' knowledge of cancer risk factors and to provide an educational program about cancer prevention. An anonymous questionnaire was completed in two urban and six suburban schools by 1,235 students in their classrooms. The responses revealed that only 35% and 10% of students were able to identify two or more risk factors and one American Cancer Society warning sign, respectively. Tobacco was the most commonly identified risk factor, being listed by 64% of urban students, compared to 50% of suburban respondents (p < .001). Although 84% of all students correctly answered the question regarding the medical complications of smokeless tobacco, only 39% correctly answered the question relating second-hand smoke as a cancer risk factor. The results of this study indicate the need for cancer education in the high school health curriculum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Psychosocial risk factors during pregnancy. What do family physicians ask about?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether physician characteristics affect attitudes or practices regarding assessment of psychosocial risk factors during pregnancy, and to evaluate whether an antenatal psychosocial risk factor assessment form would help family physicians. DESIGN AND SETTING: A questionnaire asking physicians to rate the importance of information on a scale of one to five was mailed to all active members of the University of Toronto Department of Family and Community Medicine's Survey Network of Attitudes and Practice (SNAP). PARTICIPANTS: A volunteer sample of physicians doing prenatal and intrapartum obstetrics who are active members of SNAP. The network is made up of full-time faculty in the University of Toronto's family practice units and teaching practice physicians (rural, suburban, and urban) who are interested in participating in research projects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Response rate was 78%. Responses of the 45 SNAP members who did not practise obstetrics were excluded; 125 of 218 questionnaires mailed were analyzed. RESULTS: Women family physicians rated the form potentially helpful more frequently than their male colleagues. Urban and suburban physicians' concerns differed from those of rural physicians. Alcohol and drug abuse, abuse in the relationship, and acceptance of the pregnancy were rated highly important by physicians. Of the physicians surveyed, 77% thought that an antenatal psychosocial risk assessment form would be of some benefit or very helpful. Only 15% indicated it would be useless or not helpful. CONCLUSION: The importance respondents accorded to risk factors showed little correspondence to the frequency of inquiry about them. The survey confirmed our plan to design an antenatal psychosocial risk factor assessment form.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Environmental pollution with tobacco smoke--a threat to human health. Principles for prevention of tobacco smoking].

Tobacco smoking is an important pathogenetic factor for man, but it is underestimated in our country. The great spread of this factor justifies the term "tobacco epidemic". Three epidemiological surveys made in Cracow and in the country near Lańcut indicated that 37% of the people smoked tobacco: 42% in the city of Cracow and 29% in the country. In 9.7% of adult inhabitants of Cracow, 15.6% of the males and 5.0% of the females had symptoms of chronic bronchitis. In currently smoking men chronic bronchitis was found in 20%, five times more frequent than in nonsmokers, and in 12% of the smoking women, four times more frequent than in non-smokers. In rural inhabitants chronic bronchitis existed in 6.7% of dwellers of suburban villages and in 4.4% of residents of distant villages. In currently smoking men chronic bronchitis was found in 11.7% in suburban villages and in 6.3% in distant ones. This proves the synergistic influence of industrial and transport-related air pollution and cigarette smoke. The consequences of cigarette smoking were discussed: chronic bronchitis and emphysema, heart diseases, cancer of the lung, passive smoking. In antismoking action the most important aim is to protect the young people from initiation to smoking. In adults the decision to abandon smoking is very dependent on the intellectual level of the smoker. Antismoking propaganda must be conducted with great tact, and the advantages of quitting smoking should be emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in New York City. The Pre-Hospital Arrest Survival Evaluation (PHASE) Study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in New York City and to compare this with other urban, suburban, and rural areas. DESIGN: Observational cohort study. SETTING: New York City. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive out-of-hospital cardiac arrests occurring between October 1, 1990, and April 1, 1991. INTERVENTION: Trained paramedics performed immediate postarrest interviews with care providers, using a standardized questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Entry criteria, elapsed time intervals, and nodal events conformed to Utstein recommendations. The single target end point was death or discharge home. RESULTS: Of 3243 consecutive cardiac arrests on which resuscitation was attempted, 2329 (72%) met entry criteria as primary cardiac events. Overall survival was 1.4% (99% confidence interval [CI], 0.9% to 2.3%). No patients were lost to follow-up. Survival from witnessed ventricular fibrillation was 5.3% (99% CI, 2.9% to 8.8%). Using survival from witnessed ventricular fibrillation for intersystem comparison, our survival rate was similar to that of Chicago, Ill (4.0%; 99% CI, 1.9% to 7.5%; P = .41), the only other large city on which data were available. However, it was significantly lower than that reported from midsized urban/suburban areas (33.0%; 99% CI, 30.4% to 35.6%; P < .0001) and suburban/rural areas (12.6%; 99% CI, 8.9% to 16.3%; P < .0001). Survival rate among arrests occurring after arrival of emergency medical services personnel (8.5%; 99% CI, 4.7% to 14.0%) was comparable with Chicago (6.6%; 99% CI, 3.3% to 11.5%; P = .41) but markedly lower than King County, Washington (36%; 99% CI, 28.6% to 43.8%; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in New York City was poor. This was partly attributable to lengthy elapsed time intervals at every step in the chain of survival. However, examination of survival among arrests occurring after emergency medical services arrival suggests that other features may predispose residents of large cities to higher cardiac arrest mortality than individuals living in more suburban or rural settings. Since half the US population resides in large metropolitan areas, this represents a public health problem of considerable magnitude.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

[Analysis of participation rates of atomic bomb survivors in health examinations].

Participation rates of atomic bomb survivors in health examinations were analyzed with a multiple logistic regression model. Rates were obtained for each stratum by sex, age group and residential ward. The effect of residential wards was considered in relation to the social indices of the wards. The effects of sex, age group and residential ward on participation rates were as follows: (1) Females had higher participation rates than males in the working age group (40-64). No sex differences were seen after age 65. (2) The participation rates had a peak around age 70 and were exceptionally high also in the youngest age group (40-44). (3) Participation rates were higher in suburban wards than in central wards. The participation rates had a negative correlation with urban characteristics while they had a positive correlation with suburban characteristics. In particular they had significant negative correlation to the number of clinics and positive correlation with voter participation rates in elections. These results suggest the need for a new type of urban health examination and reflection of the general attitude of the residents to the government.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Exposure to volatile organic compounds in the passenger compartment of automobiles during periods of normal and malfunctioning operation.

In-vehicle exposures to selected gasoline-derived volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde were examined on 113 commutes through suburban New Jersey and on 33 New Jersey/New York commutes using measurements taken in two vehicles driven in tandem during 1991-1992. Overall median exposures to VOCs were lowest on the suburban commute, slightly higher on the New Jersey Turnpike, and highest in transit through the Lincoln Tunnel. Median in-vehicle concentrations of benzene, ethylbenzene, m- and p-xylene, and o-xylene were 14 microg/m3, 6.8 microg/m3, 36 microg/m3, and 15 microg/m3, respectively. For a motorist who commutes 93.2 min daily (6.5% of the day), this corresponds to 12.1%, 10.8%, 14.9%, and 14.7% of the total daily exposures to these compounds. One vehicle, with a carbureted engine, developed malfunctions which caused gasoline emissions within the engine compartment during driving. Resultant gasoline-derived VOC concentrations in this vehicle measured much higher than in the properly maintained, fuel-injected vehicle, particularly for the low ventilation extreme. The highest in-vehicle benzene concentration measured during these malfunctions was 45.2 microg/m3. The air concentration in the vehicle driven in tandem was a factor of 25 less (1.8 microg/m3). A motorist who drives for the average daily period of 93.2 min/day in this malfunctioning automobile will have a benzene exposure of 2.8 (microg/m3)day, compared to 0.1 (microg/m3)day in the properly functioning vehicle.

Adult↗