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PubMedDate not supplied

[Extracellular protease activity in cryosphere components].

The extracellular protease activity was studied in the snow of sea and land ecosystems, core of pack ice, and sea water of Arctic for estimation of dynamic (enzymatic) processes of organic matter transformation in components of the natural ecosystems. Spatial and vertical distributions of extracellular enzymatic activity were established. The ecological situations in the studied regions was estimated using the express azocasein--trypsin test-system.

Arctic Regions↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Content of trace elements in the bottoms of open water reservoirs in the Western part of the Orenburg Region].

The mean concentrations of trace elements were determined in the bottoms of open water reservoirs in the western part of the Orenburg Region. The content of chromium was found to exceed the maximum permissible concentration by about 5 times, that of zinc and nickel complies with the clarke; that of copper was nearly 2 times less than the clarke, that of cobalt and vanadium is nearly 1.5 times less. The concentrations of trace elements in the bottoms were compared with those in soil, portable water, and snow cover in order to elucidate possible sources of origin.

Chromium↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunity status of children under the conditions of heavy metal-polluted city].

This study assessed immunological changes in apparently healthy children under a slight (less than the sanitary standards) urban pollution with heavy metals (Co, Pb, Cr, Cd, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Cu). Their pollution of the urban environment was determined with the contamination of snow cover and ambient air in Kazan. With low levels of ambient air pollution with heavy metals, monitoring the level of environmental pollution is an adequate method for evaluating the urban area, which allows the latter to be ranged by the degree of pollution. Apparently healthy children who live under relatively good environmental conditions are at risk for allergic and autoimmune diseases or secondary immunological somatic pathology.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

The ethic of caring: the moral response to suffering.

An ethic of care can be distinguished from an ethic based on autonomous rights, utilitarian principles, or indeed principles of any kind, since care has less to do with intellect than with emotions and will. Moreover, an ethic of care is consistent with the example of Jesus and the virtues advocated by the apostle Paul. Emily A. Hitchens and Lilyan S. Snow make their case with particular reference to accounts by Civil War nurses, who developed the skills of care without precedent and without the expectation of cure that scientific medicine has aroused.

Christianity↗

PubMed2003

Cold climate BMPs: solving the management puzzle.

Snowmelt runoff and rain-on-snow events present some of the highest pollutant loading and most difficult management challenges in the course of a year in regions with cold climate. Frozen conduits, thick ice layers, low biological activity, altered chemistry, and saturated or frozen ground conditions all work against effective treatment of melt runoff. Understanding the source, evolution and transition that occurs within a melt event, and defining the management objectives for specific receiving waters will help focus the search for effective management techniques. Solving the management puzzle means putting together a strategy for both soluble and solids-associated water pollutants.

Cities↗

PubMed2003

Grassed swales for stormwater pollution control during rain and snowmelt.

The retention of suspended solids, particles and heavy metals in different grassed swales during rain events and snowmelt is discussed. The experimental results derived from investigations performed in existing grassed swales in the Luleå region, Northern Sweden. During high pollutant loading rates, grassed swales retain significant amounts of pollutants, mainly due to sedimentation of particulate matter. Low to moderate removal efficiencies could be expected for heavy metals, especially metals in solution (i.e. the dissolved phase). When grassed swales receive urban runoff with low pollutant concentrations, they may release rather than retain pollutants. Swales are important snow deposit areas in the city and particle bound pollutants do to a large extent remain in the swale after snowmelt. However, dissolved pollutants (i.e. dissolved heavy metals) are likely to escape the swale with the melt water. Grassed swales may be regarded as facilities that even out the peaks in pollutant loads without being capable of producing consistent high removal rates. This suggests that swales should be considered as primary treatment devices. Possible design parameters for grassed swales are mean hydraulic detention time, surface loading rate or specific swale area.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed2003

Response surfaces for climate change impact assessments in urban areas.

Assessment of the impacts of climate change in real-world water systems, such as urban drainage networks, is a research priority for IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change). The usual approach is to force a hydrological transformation model with a changed climate scenario. To tackle uncertainty, the model should be run with at least high, middle and low change scenarios. This paper shows the value of response surfaces for displaying multiple simulated responses to incremental changes in air temperature and precipitation. The example given is inflow, related to sewer infiltration, at the Lycksele waste water treatment plant. The range of plausible changes in inflow is displayed for a series of runs for eight GCMs (Global Circulation Model; ACACIA; Carter, 2002, pers. comm.). These runs are summarised by climate envelopes, one for each prediction time-slice (2020, 2050, 2080). Together, the climate envelopes and response surfaces allow uncertainty to be easily seen. Winter inflows are currently sensitive to temperature, but if average temperature rises to above zero, inflow will be most sensitive to precipitation. Spring inflows are sensitive to changes in winter snow accumulation and melt. Inflow responses are highly dependent on the greenhouse gas emission scenario and GCM chosen.

Cities↗

PubMed2004

Environmental threats, mitigation strategies and high-mountain areas.

High-mountain areas suffer from increasing environmental threats. The causes are often global in dimension but lead to specific impacts under conditions of steep and/or high-altitude terrain with strong effects from snow and ice. This paper presents a global perspective, focussing primarily on observed and projected changes in climate and then goes on to discuss key messages of greatest relevance to the highest belts of mountain regions. The paper finishes with a brief discussion of mitigation strategies.

Altitude↗

PubMed2004

Mountain biodiversity patterns at low and high latitudes.

This paper presents an overview of mountain biodiversity at a multitude of scales in space, time, and function. Even though species richness is usually the focal component in nature conservation, genetic diversity within species is equally important. The small-scale distribution of species in the tropical Andes, as exemplified by the plant genera Calceolaria and Bartsia, contrasts against the situation in high-latitude mountains, e.g., the Scandes, where species have wide ranges and many are circumpolar. Recent studies on alpine plants based on molecular methods show that the intraspecific genetic diversity tends to increase with latitude, a situation brought about by the glaciation history with repeated contraction-expansion episodes of species' distributions. In tropical mountains, species distributions are geographically much narrower, often as a result of relatively recent, local speciation. Thus, whereas species richness in mountains decreases from the Equator towards the poles, genetic diversity shows the opposite trend. Finally, a comparison of ecosystem diversity in low- and high-latitude mountain ranges (tropical Andes vs. Scandes) shows that the landscapes differ profoundly with regard to timberline ecotones, snow distribution, and climate variables, and are subject to widely different impacts of global change

Altitude↗

PubMed2006

Does a pre-exercise carbohydrate feeding improve a 20-km cross-country ski performance?

AIM: Carbohydrates are known to improve exercise performance, but their effects on actual competitions are not studied in detail. Aim of the present work was to evaluate the effects of maltodextrins ingestion on a simulated cross-country ski competition. METHODS: Ten athletes (15-24 years) repeated twice, in random order, a 20-km time-trial; 45 min prior to the start, they consumed 508+/-64 mL of a beverage containing either 0.7 g x kg(-1) body mass of maltodextrins or carbohydrate free placebo. RESULTS: Blood glucose, lactate and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured periodically; heart rate was acquired continuously. Maltodextrins ingestion did not affect the increase in lactate and RPE at the end of the trial (5.2+/-3.7 mmol x L(-1) and 17.5+/-2.2), nor heart rate, which was constant throughout the exercises (177.1+/-4.3 bpm). The environmental conditions changed statistically in the second experimental session (-10.2+/-1.8 degrees C vs -0.8+/-0.5 degrees C for snow temperature, P<0.05), giving rise to shorter performance times of all the athletes (67.9+/-5.9 min vs 63.5+/-5.8 min, P<0.005). Within each session, the average performance time of the athletes receiving maltodextrins was shorter, even if not significantly. However, the difference in performance time of the group fed with the maltodextrins the 2nd day, was statistically higher (6.1+/-1.7 min vs 3.4+/-1.5 min, P<0.03). The effects of maltodextrins ingestion were disentangled mathematically, leading to an estimated gain in performance time of 2%. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of the different environmental conditions during the 2 experimental sessions, the illustrated results suggest an improvement of total performance time following the maltodextrins feeding.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Snowboarding injuries: an analysis and comparison with alpine skiing injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the types and causes of injuries associated with recreational snowboarding and to compare these with the injuries seen in alpine skiing. DESIGN: Prospective case series. SETTING: Rural hospital near three large ski resorts. PATIENTS: All people presenting to the Emergency Department with an injury caused by snowboarding during two ski seasons (1988-90). Of the 115 injured snowboarders identified, 73 (63%) completed the questionnaire. Information on the other patients was obtained from the hospital emergency records. Information was also obtained on seven alpine skiers who collided with snowboarders. RESULTS: Of the snowboarders 87 (76%) were male, and the mean age was 20.3 years. A total of 132 injuries were documented. Of the respondents to the questionnaire 83% reported that their fitness level was excellent or above average, 36% had never been on a snowboard previously, 25% were in their first year of snowboarding, 39% reported excellent snow conditions, 59% reported light traffic on the hill, and 7% had consumed alcohol before their accident. Injuries were equally divided between the upper body and the legs, 75% of the lower-limb injuries involving the left (lead) leg. Significant differences were noted between the patterns of injuries in snowboarding and alpine skiing: snowboarders were less likely to have lacerations (0% v. 8% respectively), boot-top contusions (0% v. 4%), thumb injuries (1% v. 10%) and knee sprains (14% v. 27%) and more likely to have spinal injuries (12% v. 4%), foot or ankle injuries (28% v. 5%) and distal radius fractures (10% v. 1%). CONCLUSIONS: Snowboarding is associated with a unique pattern of injuries, the knowledge of which could influence snowboarder education, accident prevention and equipment design. Additional research is needed to understand better the types, causes and rates of injury associated with snowboarding.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

[Death in an avalanche].

Report about two accidents with avalanches. In the first the author himself was a victim and already unconscious. In the second he was a witness and engaged in the rescue procedures, however both of our friends lost their lives while 2-2.5 meters under the snow.

Accidents↗

PubMed1990

[Rabies prognosis in western Siberia and the regulatory factors of the epizootic process].

In this article the regulatory factors of the epizootic process are considered and the spatial-temporal prognostication of rabies infection in the region is proposed on the basis of data on rabies morbidity among animals, the purchase of skins of carnivorous animals for 20-25 years, virological experiments on wild animals, calculation of the number of carnivores and small mammals, as meteorological observations. The study has shown that a variety of animal species serving as hosts for the virus and its population differences contribute to the stable existence of the infection. Rabies morbidity has been found to be positively linked with its preceding level, the number of wild animals, the height and hardness of the snow cover and negatively with the number of small mammals.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Hygienic characterization of atmospheric contamination with benzo(a)pyrene in a big city.

It was demonstrated in the present study that the atmospheric air, soil and snow within a city are contaminated with benzo(a)pyrene (BP). The highest BP concentration was found in District Seven where a number of petro-chemical and chemical plants are situated. BP content in the air sampled between operational premises was in all cases below MPC (30% of the MPC values for working environment air). A major source of environmental contamination with BP is motor traffic. Atmospheric BP concentration was found to be directly proportional to traffic density. The obtained results may serve as a basis for health-improving measures.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed1978

Survival medicine in North Devon.

Last winter, heavy snow and gale force winds isolated a small North Devon village from the outside world for seven days. This paper describes one general practitioner's experience in helping to maintain community morale and health.

Community Medicine↗

PubMed1984

[Erythropsia in a patient with lens implant. Physiologic and electrophysiologic study].

A case of snow erythropsia is described in a patient with pseudophakia (Binkhorst four loop len). Symptoms of the condition lasted a week and allowed us to define psychophysic and electrophysiological findings. Morphoscopic night threshold was raised (0,28 b/hm 2). Resistance to glare was very low. In the study of colour vision, answers for Beyne's lantern lights were: pink orange for white; grey for blue; purple for red; red for orange; white for green. Ishihara and Farnsworth tests showed a defect of the red-green type. With the Nagel anomaloscope the matching of colours was normal (Rayleigh match). Electrophysiological study showed a low value of the standing potential of the eye and a normal electroretinogram. It seems that the colour defect in erythropsia is a glare phenomenon due to high luminance.

Adaptation, Ocular↗

PubMed1978

Gastrulation in the mouse: assessment of cell populations in the epiblast of tw18/tw18 embryos.

Homozygous tW18 embryos die prior to organogenesis. They develop gross abnormalities shortly after primitive streak formation. Anatomically, the lesion appears to be confined to the mesoderm with that tissue showing ultrastructural deficiencies and abnormal migration (Spiegelman & Bennett, 1974), and failing to develop in teratomas produced from mutant embryos (Artzt & Bennett, 1972). Analysis of growth rate by determining cell number increase, and by mapping mitotic activity and planes of cleavage in the epiblast shows that the mutant embryos are small but paradoxically show overall a very high mitotic activity, approximately double that of their normal litter mates. They also show a marked disorientation of the planes of cleavage in most of the epiblast. In pre-primitive streak embryos, before gross abnormality is detectable, two types of embryo can be found. One group constitutes the small embryos which also show the mitotic disturbances characteristic of the later stage mutants. The second group, larger embryos, do not show mitotic abnormalities. The tW18 allele thus seems to act several hours before primitive streak formation. Since there is no difference in the amount of cell between mutant and normal embryos until 6.75 days p.c. it seems that arrest in division is the cause of the elevated mitotic index in mutants. Significantly a small region of the epiblast in mutant embryos is free of the mitotic abnormalities characteristic of the tissue as a whole. This region is the so-called proliferative zone (Snow, 1977) and the data suggest that it may be from this region that some of the ectoderm of the later embryos is produced.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

["The patient slipped on the ice...". Non-traffic related fractures among pedestrians, occurrence and seasonal variations].

The epidemiology of non-traffic-related fractures among pedestrians in three Norwegian towns (Drammen, Harstad and Stavanger, 515,602 person years) during the period 1 January 1988 to 31 December 1990 was studied on the basis of data form The Norwegian Injury Register. 1,104 such fractures occurred during the study period (21 per 10,000). The incidence increased with age from 12 per 10,000 in the age group < or = 14 years, to 47 per 10,000 in the group > or = 65 years. 57% of all patients with fractures were under the age of 65. Higher incidence during the winter months was observed in all three towns during the whole period. The increase occurred in the age groups 25-64 and > or = 65 years, both in males and females, but not in the age groups < or = 14 or 15-24 years. In 1990 we obtained more accurate information on the injury incident. 39% of all the fractures were caused by slipping on ice or snow. 45% of these were fractures of the elbow or lower arm. There seems to be a substantial potential for targeted preventive measures.

Accidental Falls↗