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[Doctors and jurists who objected to the separation of drug dispensaries from the medical practice in the Taisho Era].

Doctors were very nervous about the movements of pharmacists toward achievement of the separation of drug dispensaries in the medical practices and drug dispensation in 1914 and 1915. They specifically blamed one person, Professor Tokichiro Niwa of Tokyo Imperial University who strongly advocated the separation of dispensaries in the medical practices. Furthermore, they were also very anxious that the Japan Pharmacists Association had supported legislators who had stood by the separation of dispensaries from medical practice at the twelfth general election held on March 25, 1915. They were concerned that the domain of doctors' activities would be narrowed by such a separation. Professor Kunika Katayama of the Tokyo Imperial University School of Medicine published a thesis at his own cost advocating a modification of the doctor's law to prohibit the separation of dispensaries be legislation and insisting that the right prescribe a drug to a patient must remain with the doctor. Moreover, Professor Mitsue Ichimura of Kyoto Imperial University also insisted that a doctor has the right to give drugs to patients, and that as a jurist he disagreed with the separation of dispensaries from medical practice.

Drug and Narcotic Control↗

[Chiral separation of naproxen and flurbiprofen by capillary electrophoresis].

The acidic chiral drugs naproxen and flurbiprofen were successfully separated into two enantiomers when beta-cyclodextrins (beta-CDs) were used as chiral selectors by capillary zone electrophoresis, under the conditions of 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer with pH 4.92. The comparison of four CDs, namely beta-CD, DM-beta-CD, HP-beta-CD and TM-beta-CD for chiral separation was made. Naproxen can be separated by either beta-CD or its derivatives, while flurbiprofen can only be separated by TM-beta-CD among the CDs. The elution order of enantiomers of naproxen in different CDs was also studied, and the R form always eluted before S form when any of the four CDs was used as chiral selectors. The method of chiral separation for weak acidic compounds was also developed. It was proved that the optimum pH value for their chiral separation was about 5, close to its pKa value.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗

[Study of the adsorption properties in chromatographic separation of the citric acid].

A new method studying the change of thermodynamic properties at different temperatures to screen suitable stationary phases for chromatographic separation of the citric acid (CA) on an analytical column has been developed. The applied method is mainly based on using CA with a series of solute concentrations (0 g/L-250 g/L) as mobile phase to seriously overpass the unloaded stationary phase to find the breakthrough curves of CA. The adsorption isotherms were calculated from the retention times of breakthrough curve. The bed porosity of column was calculated from the elution time of a peak of the blue dextran as non-adsorbed tracer. The stationary phase, which has been selected through this method, for the separation of CA from fermentation broth, showed a very high adsorption capacity for CA, even under very low concentrations, so it can even be used in the separation and purification process of minute amounts of CA. The separation effect of this stationary phase for citric acid can be greatly enhanced through the technique of change of temperature. This new separation process can shorten the old process path, improve the yield of finished products more than 10%, and reduce the cost more than 10%. At the same time, the pollution of the production of citric acid can be reduced. It turned out that this method will play an important role in the synthesis of stationary phase for the separation of citric acid and the study of its structure.

Adsorption↗

Method development of enantiomer separations by affinity capillary electrophoresis, cyclodextrin electrokinetic chromatography and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry.

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has become a powerful tool for enantiomer separations during the last decade. Since 1993, the author has investigated enantiomer separations by affinity capillary electrophoresis (affinity CE) with some proteins and by cyclodextrin electrokinetic chromatography (CDEKC) with some charged cyclodextrins (CDs). Many successful enantiomer separations are demonstrated from our study in this review article. In the enantiomer separations by affinity CE, the deterioration of detection sensitivity was observed under high concentration of the protein in running solutions. The partial filling technique was practically useful to solve the serious problem. It allowed operation at high protein concentrations, such as 500 mumol/L, without the detection problem. Charged CDs had several advantages for the enantiomer separations over neutral ones. Strong electrostatic interactions between a charged CD and oppositely charged analytes should be effective for the formation of the complex. A large difference in electrophoretic mobility between the free analyte and the inclusion complex should also enhance the enantiomeric resolution. In CE-mass spectrometry (CE-MS), the partial filling technique was applied to avoid the introduction of nonvolatile chiral selectors into the CE-MS interface. By replacing the nonvolatile electrolytes in the running buffer by volatile ones, the separation conditions employed in CE with the UV detection method could be transferred to CE-MS.

Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary↗

[Influence of sample dilution on separation and detection of DNA fragments by capillary electrophoresis].

Capillary electrophoresis has become an important and useful method to separate and determine DNA fragments. In molecular biochemistry, the volume of DNA sample is very small (microL level) and DNA sample is liable to be contaminated and degraded. According to theoretical inference and experiments, we propose that dilution of DNA sample solution can increase separation efficiency and resolution without evidently reducing height of peaks. By this method, the usage efficiency of DNA sample can be improved. It is also demonstrated the separation and detection of DNA fragments by capillary electrophoresis with hydroxyethyl cellulose non-gel sieving matrix and with laser-induced fluorescence charge-coupled device as detector. By using lower concentration non-gel matrix (0.4%), all 8 larger size fragments of lambda DNA/Hind III (125 bp-23 130 bp) can be completely separated. Twenty smaller size fragments of pBR322-Hae III DNA (18 bp-587 bp) can be separated by higher concentration (1.6%) non-gel matrix. As ratio of sample dilution is 10, two adjacent fragment (123 bp and 124 bp) of pBR322-Hae III DNA can be separated.

DNA↗

[Application of separating brachial plexus block combined with preoperative analgesia by patient controlled intravenous analgesia in tendon repair].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the separating brachial plexus block combined with preoperative analgesia by patient controlled analgesia (PCA) can be applied in tendon repair and postoperative active or passive functional exercise. METHODS: Two hundred and ten cases with tendon injury were randomly divided into 3 groups and all of the patients were administered Bupivacaine (0.25%), Papaverine (0.0625 mg/ml), and Dexamethasone (0.25 mg/ml) in separating brachial plexus block through axillary approach. Group A was control group, and preoperative analgesia was not applied. Preoperative analgesia was applied in group B and C. Tramadol and Ondansetron were administered in group B, Midazolam was administered besides Tramadol and Ondansetron in group C. The injection volume in the PCIA pump was increased to 100 ml by mixing physiologic saline. The pump was started after separating brachial plexus block in velocity of 2 ml/h, and its maintenance time was 48 h. The effect of separating brachial plexus block at 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 h after finishing brachial plexus block was compared. The VAS, Ramesay assessment scoring were recorded at 0, 12, 24 and 48 h after starting pump. RESULTS: In each group, the effect of motor block became greater in the ascending order from 1, 2 to 3 h after finishing brachial plexus block, and less in the descending order from 3, 6 to 12 h after finishing brachial plexus block. Only at 6 and 12 h after finishing brachial plexus block, the effect of motor block of group B and group C was significantly less than that of group A (P < 0.05, < 0.01), the effect of motor block of group C was less than that of group B (P > 0.05). The effect of sensory block in the patients of all 3 groups was satisfactory. The VAS, Ramesay assessment scoring, effect of analgesia and sedation at 24 and 48 h after starting pump became greater in the ascending order from group A to group C, in which group B and group C were significantly greater than group A (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The separating brachial plexus block combined with preoperative analgesia by 2 kinds of PCIA dispensation can be both applied in tendon repair, but the separating effect of brachial plexus block of group B was superior to the group C.

Adolescent↗

[Separation and determination of plant growth regulators by capillary micellar electrokinetic chromatography].

It is important for separation and determination of plant growth regulators in the research of plant physiology. A study of the separation of five plant growth regulators, such as abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA), indole-butyric acid (IBA), indole acetic acid (IAA) and naphthaleneacetic (NAA) by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) is presented. The effects of pH, SDS concentration, applied voltage and organic additives on migration behavior were investigated. Results showed that satisfactory separation was achieved on optimization of electrophoretic condition: 80 mmol/L SDS, 10 mmol/L borate-phosphate, 5% isopropanol, 18 kV applied voltage, pH 8.0. The SDS concentration and organic additives played an important role in separating plant growth regulators, and the applied voltage and pH gave less effect. The detection limit of ABA, GA, IBA, IAA and NAA were 5.0 x 10(-3), 3.0 x 10(-3), 5.8 x 10(-4), 1.5 x 10(-4) and 1.4 x 10(-4) g/L respectively. Increasing of the SDS concentration or organic additives would change separation factor (alpha) and result an improvement of the resolution of difficult separation pairs ABA-GA and IAA-NAA.

Abscisic Acid↗

[Studies on chromatographic properties of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol-modified zirconia-magnesia stationary phase for the separation of fullerenes ].

A stationary phase for the separation of C60 and C70 was prepared by modifying zirconia-magnesia composites with 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. The modified composite was characterized by using elemental analysis, diffused reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and specific surface area. The effects of the toluene content in toluene-cyclohexane mobile phase and the column temperature on the separation of C60 and C70 were examined. Meanwhile, the separation of fullerenes including 3% high fullerenes was investigated at the temperature of 348 K using pure toluene as the mobile phase. The results showed that the stationary phase of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol-modified zirconia-magnesia composite exhibits advantage in the separation of C60 and C70, and strong temperature dependence. The retention times of C60 and C70 and their separation factor on the stationary phase increase with the increase of the column temperature. The stationary phase is a potential packing material for separation of fullerenes in preparative scale.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

Influence of maternal proximity on behavioral and physiological responses to separation in infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

The effects of maternal proximity on the behavioral and physiological responses of infant rhesus macaques during 4 days of total or adjacent separations from the mother were studied. The 6 infants tested showed behavioral responses that differentiated the two separation conditions. Major differences were found in the quantity and quality of vocalizations, the occurrence of cage-biting and cage-shaking behavior, object exploration, and hunched and freezing postures. In particular, the structure of coo vocalizations clearly discriminated between the presence or the absence of the mother during separation. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of dopamine and serotonin metabolites did not discriminate between the two separation conditions but showed a transient elevation at 24 hr after separation and were not different from baseline by 96 hr after separation. In contrast, both the plasma cortisol and the CSF norepinephrine metabolite responses tended to be greater and to persist for a longer period of time when infants were totally isolated. The results are discussed within the context of attachment and coping theories.

Animals↗

[Study on recovery of copper from waste printed wiring boards by electrostatic separation].

Recovery of Cu from waste printed wiring boards (PWBs) was studied by crushers and electrostatic separator. The results of pulverizing experiment show that liberation degree of metal is higher in grain size -0.9 + 0.074 mm, the product of this grain size can be used as raw material in electrostatic separation. The main factors that influence electrostatic separation are found by dynamic analysis of particles in course of electrostatic separation, it conclude electrode voltage, roller rotate speed, electric coronary polar distance and granularity of particles. The -0.9 + 0.074 mm pulverizing product is separated through single stage electrostatic separation after optimizing influence factors. Result shows that the enrichment condition of Cu in fine material is good, Cu could be concentrated from 32.0% to 63.6%, and recovery ratio is 78.7%.

Copper↗

Adolescent separation-individuation and family transitions.

This paper discusses the relationship between family structure and the achievement of the adolescent developmental task of separation-individuation. Adolescent separation-individuation is viewed as a continuum. At the right end of the continuum, adolescents reach successful therapeutic separation-individuation--a sense of self--while remaining connected to the family as a functional member. At the other end of the continuum is nontherapeutic dysfunctional separation-individuation. These adolescents are characterized by disruptive behaviors, rejection of societal and family norms, and potential suicide. Successful accomplishment of separation-individuation appears to be affected by a number of factors (e.g., conflict, parental relationship, accomplishment of previous developmental tasks). Adolescents from nontraditional families may have more barriers to overcome in order to therapeutically complete this task. Interventions to promote therapeutic separation-individuation need to incorporate all members of the family and support from the community. Through anticipatory guidance, dissemination of information, affiliating behaviors, and support groups, practitioners can help equip families with the skills needed for successful accomplishment of this task.

Adolescent↗

High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of subcomponents of antimycin A.

Using a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique, a mixture of antimycins A was separated into eight hitherto unreported subcomponents, A1a, A1b, A2a, A2b, A3a, A3b, A4a, and A4b. Although a base-line resolution of the known four major antimycins A1, A2, A3, and A4 was readily achieved with mobile phases containing acetate buffers, the separation of the new antibiotic subcomponents was highly sensitive to variation in mobile phase conditions. The type and composition of organic modifers, the nature of buffer salts, and the concentration of added electrolytes had profound effects on capacity factors, separation factors, and peak resolution values. Of the numerous chromatographic systems examined, a mobile phase consisting of methanol-water (70:30) and 0.005 M tetrabutylammonium phosphate at pH 3.0 yielded the most satisfactory results for the separation of the subcomponents. Reversed-phase gradient HPLC separation of the dansylated or methylated antibiotic compounds produced superior chromatographic characteristics and the presence of added electrolytes was not a critical factor for achieving separation. Differences in the chromatographic outcome between homologous and structural isomers were interpreted based on a differential solvophobic interaction rationale. Preparative reversed-phase HPLC under optimal conditions enabled isolation of pure samples of the methylated antimycin subcomponents for use in structural studies.

Acetates↗

[Methods for the separation of lymphocytes].

The paper reviews the currently available methods for lymphocyte separation, with particular reference to their effectiveness. Procedures based on density and size, such as density gradient centrifugation and sedimentation and size filtration on columns, allow accumulation of lymphocytes of different degree of differentiation, but do not permit any quantitative separation of distinct lymphocyte populations, because density and size of cells are properties strongly varying with the degree of development and physiological state of the cells. Differences of the cells' net potential cause differential adhesion of lymphoid cells to glass or other materials, and lead to varying migration speeds in the electric field. Adherence columns afford only partial separation of T and B cells, whereas favourable results have been obtained by preparative cell electrophoresis. Special membrane structures, such as differentiation antigens including membrane-bound immunoglobulins, cell receptors and transplantation antigens make possible a specific separation of lymphocytes. Essentially, the following 5 methods are being used: 1. Cytolytic treatment of the cells with antisera against differentiation antigens in the presence of complement. 2. Rosette separation 2.1 Rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes (SE) or with antigen-coaded SE for the isolation of antigen-binding lymphocytes. 2.2 Rosette formation by antigen-antibody-complement complexes (B rosettes) 2.3 Rosette formation with SE by human T lymphocytes (T rosettes) 2.1--2.3. Separation of the rosettes from the free lymphocytes by centrifugation or sedimentation.

Animals↗

[A survey of placental separation by real-time B-mode scanning].

Using real-time B-mode Scanning, uteri were observed in 200 cases of delivery focusing on the mechanism of separation and expulsation of the placenta. The following are the main results reported: Ultrasonographically, modes of placental separation and expulsion could be classified into three types, I, II and III. In Type I, soon after the delivery of the fetus, the placenta separated from its bed very smoothly and slid out usually with the first or the second after pains. Blood loss in this type was usually the least, and the duration of the third stage of delivery was the shortest. In Type II, separation of the placenta from its bed began at the marginal site, progressed with each recurring contraction of the uterus. Bleeding was continuous, blood loss tended to be great and expulsation of the placenta was apt to be delayed. In Type III, separation of the placenta started not in the margin but in the central part, and separation progressed as retroplacental hematoma was formed resulting in an increase in the size of the placenta. Blood loss and duration of the third stage of delivery were generally moderate. Among these three types, Type I was the most common, 53 per cent of the cases, and was considered to be the most desirable from the obstetrician's point of view because of the smaller blood loss and the shortening of the third stage of delivery.

Female↗

Separation and identification of equine leukocyte populations and subpopulations.

Various methods of separation and identification of major equine leukocyte populations and subpopulations were used. The purity of T and B lymphocytes separated in Sephadex anti-equine F(ab')2 columns was 87% to 99% and 83% of 97%, respectively. The purity of T lymphocytes separated in nylon-wool columns was 89% to 98%. Preparations of B lymphocytes separated in glass-bead columns were 68% to 79% pure. The presence (or absence) of surface immunoglobulin by immunofluorescence was the most consistent and reliable method for the identification of B or T lymphocytes, respectively. However, the erythrocyte-antibody-complement-rosette method for the identification of B cells and the erythrocyte-rosette method for the identification of T cells were not suitable. Monocytes were separated by the adherence method, and the purity, as identified by the latex particle ingestion procedure, was 70% to 78%. Electron microscopy of monocytes stained by peroxidase activity did not identify these cells. The purity of neutrophils obtained by the Ficoll-Hypaque separation method was 95% to 97%. The merits and usefulness of these methods were discussed.

Animals↗

Separation of thoracopagus conjoined twins. A case report.

A pair of thoracopagus conjoined twins with a connection at the atrioventricular groove of both hearts and a huge conjoined liver were surgically separated. An aortopulmonary shunt was created for Twin B, a victim of complex congenital heart disease with hypoplastic right heart syndrome, who died 5 hours later. However, Twin A survived after prolonged endotracheal intubation and parenteral nutrition. He survived for 7 months, and went home, but finally died of sepsis. In reviewing 47 pairs of surgically separated thoracopagus conjoined twins, in 30 pairs of type A (Leachman's classification, completely separate hearts), 42 patients survived (70%); in 5 pairs of type B (atrial connection only), one patient survived (10%); in 9 pairs of type C (both atrial and ventricular interconnections), none survived; in 3 pairs of unknown type, 2 survived. Total survival rate of surgically separated thoracopagus conjoined twins was 47.9%. The survival rate was 38.2% in those operated in the neonatal period (n = 34) and 63.6% in those operated over 1 month of age (n = 44) (p = 0.016). In conclusion, thoracopagus conjoined twins are rare. Although its separation carries a high risk, especially in those with cardiac connection, this report confirmed that separation is still feasible under proper preparation and planning.

Electrocardiography↗

Specific and quantitative immunoprecipitation of tropomyosin and other cytoskeletal proteins by magnetic separation.

Immunoprecipitation is a powerful technique for purifying many proteins for which specific antibodies exist. Magnetic separation has recently been demonstrated to be effective in the immunoprecipitation of cell-surface proteins. We have used magnetic separation with anti-immunoglobulin or protein A bound to magnetic particles to immunoprecipitate labeled muscle tropomyosin and several other cytoskeletal proteins for which specific antibodies exist. We have not found it necessary to bind antigen-specific antibody to the magnetic particles, increasing the versatility of the technique. The quantitative recovery of tropomyosin from muscle cultures using magnetic separation is superior to Staph A (protein A-positive Staphylococcus aureus cells). The specificity of magnetic separation also compares favorably with Staph A for immunoprecipitation of muscle tropomyosin. Fibroblast tropomyosin, vimentin (from muscle and osteoblast) and myosin heavy chain are other cytoskeletal proteins that are easily recovered with magnetic separation. Magnetic separation, therefore, appears to be a valuable technique for the immunoprecipitation of cytoskeletal proteins from various cell types.

Animals↗

Separation of phosphorylated sugars using capillary electrophoresis with indirect photometric detection.

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and naphthalene disulfonate (NDS) have been characterized as electrolytes for the indirect photometric detection of phosphorylated sugars and other organophosphorus compounds of biochemical interest. This work has resulted in the CE separation on an uncoated capillary using 5 mM AMP and 100 mM boric acid at pH 7.2 of six metabolites (glucose-6-phosphate [G6P], fructose-6-phosphate [F6P]), fructose-1,6-bisphosphate [F-1,6-P], dihydroxyacetone phosphate [DHAP], glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate [G3P], and 2-phosphoglycerate [2-PG] or 3-phosphoglycerate [3-PG]) found in the glycolytic pathway. The detection limits using a 5-sec injection time were between 0.5 and 1 mg/L for these compounds, with the exception of G3P. Resolution between 3-PG and 2-PG is possible by the addition of magnesium ion, although the separation time is longer. A successful separation of five monophosphorylated sugars (G6P, F6P, ribose-5-phosphate [R5P], sucrose-6-phosphate [S6P], and 2-PG) has been performed using the same conditions as for the glycolytic pathway separation. A separation of bisphosphorylated sugars (glucose-1,6-bisphosphate [G-1,6-P],F-1,6-P, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate [Ru-1, 5P], and sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate [S-1, 7P]) could not be performed with AMP unless magnesium chloride was added. With NDS, a separation of these bisphosphorylated sugars can be obtained without the addition of magnesium chloride.

Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate↗