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PubMed1989

[Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic action of aloperine].

Aloperine, an alkaloid isolated from Sophora alopecuroides L, showed a marked suppressive effect on the swelling of the rat's hind paw induced by injecting carrageenin, macostatin, PGE2, histamine, 5-HT, on the rat's scald oedema induced by scalding its hind paw, and on the increased permeability of capillaries caused by histamine and the leukocytic migratory response. The swelling induced by injecting carrageenin into the hind paw of adrenolectomized rats was still significantly inhibited. Noticeably, aloperine reduced the content of PGE and histamine in the exudate formed after injecting carrageenin and dextran into the rat's hind paw, and increased the stability of red cell membranes, the activity of catalase (CAT) in hepatic tissue of mice, and reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in hepatic tissue of intoxicated mice. It had no apparent effect either on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in mice serum or on the phagocytosis of the monocyte-macrophage system, or on Forssman cutaneous vasculitis and the content of immune complex in serum of rats with Arthus reaction. But it had certain inhibitory effect on the PCA reaction and significant inhibitory effect upon such allergic reaction as Arthus reaction, reversible passive Arthus reaction, the delayed hypersensitivity reaction induced by tuberculin in rats, and adjuvant arthritis.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1989

Liquid-crystal thermometer use in pediatric office counseling about tap water burn prevention.

Tap water scald burns are an important topic of injury prevention in pediatricians' offices. Consecutive pediatric clinic clients, randomized to two groups, received an informational pamphlet, a one-minute discussion about tap water safety, and a baseline questionnaire. The first group also received a liquid-crystal thermometer for testing maximum hot tap water temperature. One month later in a follow-up telephone interview (n = 503), the impact of the added thermometer on knowledge regarding scalding, temperature testing, and thermostat lowering was assessed. Approximately 80% of each group read the pamphlet. Reading the pamphlet was associated with greater temperature testing in the thermometer (T) group but not in the pamphlet only (P) group. Temperatures were checked by 46.4% of the T group but by only 23.0% of the P group (P less than .001). In the households in which the reported water temperature exceeded 54.4 degrees C (130 degrees F) and the water heater was accessible, 77.3% reported lowering the setting, independent of receiving the thermometer. The reliability of self-reported water temperature was assessed after 1 year by home visits. The use of relevant facilitating devices, such as a liquid-crystal thermometer, in-office anticipatory guidance efforts may increase behavioral compliance.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1988

[Metabolic and nutritional support in severely burned patients].

UNLABELLED: Proper metabolic and nutritional support is an important treatment modality in severely burned patients. We examined the effect of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) enriched TPN on metabolism of burned rats. A scald injury (30% BSA) was produced in rats. The rats, after resuscitated with saline for 24 hr, were divided into 3 groups. CONTROL GROUP: received saline. Group B: received TPN with BCAA enriched solution (45% BCAA). Group C: received TPN with conventional amino acid solution (21.3% BCAA). Both of these TPN solutions were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Rats of each group were administered TPN solution or saline for further 48 hr. The metabolites in the liver and muscle were measured. Rapid and marked decrease of levels of metabolites such as adenine nucleotides, glycogen, G-6-P, protein and RNA/DNA was observed in the liver and muscle of the rats during fluid resuscitation. The rats of group B showed significant recoveries in all of these parameters after administration of the TPN, as compared with those of group C. On the other hand, progressive metabolic deterioration was recognized in the rats of control group. These results indicate beneficial effects of BCAA enriched TPN on energy and protein metabolism in scald injury.

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain↗
PubMed1987

C-reactive protein in management of children's burns.

Serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in 48 children with scald burns were measured at 24-hour intervals. It was found that CRP levels were proportional to the area and depth of skin involved. In longitudinal studies the CRP levels were normal and admission, reached their peak at 48 hours and by 6 days had begun to fall. The response (CRP production) was increased and prolonged by infection. We conclude that sequential estimation of CRP serum levels is helpful in the management of scald burns in children.

Burns↗
PubMed1987

Occupation-related burns: five-year experience of an urban burn center.

Mortality from burns in the United States has not improved appreciably since 1955 among men, and the rate of decline among women appears to be slowing. Although one-quarter of all serious burns result from occupational accidents, few systematic epidemiologic studies of occupational burns have been conducted. We reviewed 232 cases of occupational burns among the 1,076 civilians seen as outpatients or admitted to the Regional Burn Treatment Center of the University of California Medical Center in San Diego from 1977 to 1982. Scalds were the most common type of burn overall and in women, but flame-related burns resulted in the highest average percent body surface area burned and were more common in men; tar-related, flame-related, chemical, and electrical burns affected men almost exclusively. Electrical burns were disproportionately severe, as measured by time lost from work, fatalities, and permanent disability, in relation to their frequency and amount of body surface area involved. Contact burns were more frequent in younger persons. Hispanics were overrepresented compared with their representation in the general population. Occupational associations included scalds due to hot grease among restaurant workers, tar burns among roofing workers, electrical burns among farm workers, and injuries reflecting hazards to firefighters and electricians. The number of days off work after hospitalization correlated closely with the number of days hospitalized, which in turn correlated significantly with percentage of body surface area burned.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1979

[Problems concerning bone union influenced by heat generated in osteotomy (author's transl)].

The author experimentally investigated in rabbits how the heat generated by bone saws affected bone union in osteotomy. Radiographic and soft X-ray findings revealed that recovery of the lesion in every bone shaft after osteotomy was marked in all. However, the time required to obtain complete recovery of the lesion differed depending on the instruments used. That is to say, it required 3 weeks after surgery by means of Gigli's saw, 4 weeks by means of Stryker bone saw and lower speed bur (2,000 rpm) and 6 weeks by means of higher speed bur (18,000 rpm). Recovery of lesion by bone cut with each bone saw on the unscalded side was one or two weeks earlier than that in the scalded side. This was also proved on histopathological findings. With regard to the disappearance of osteocytes in the bone cortex at the cut surfaces of bones, micrometric findings revealed that there was a great difference between the scalded and the unscalded side in every group except in the group where a Gigli's saw was used. However, almost no difference was observed on the unscalded side among every bone saw. According to scanning electron microscopic findings at every surface cut with various bone saws, collagen fiber was preserved on the unscalded side where physiological saline solution was sprayed. Particularly, the collagen fiber appeared to be torn off in the case of lower speed bur (2,000 rpm), the cut surface was well uniform in the case of higher speed bur (18,000 rpm). Thus, I have learnt that we do not need to give much attention to the kind of instrument, if effort using physiological saline solution, are made to avoid the heat generated by bone saws when osteotomy is done.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Regional blood flow redistribution during early burn shock in the guinea pig.

The distribution of blood flow was determined with radioactive microspheres following scald injury in guinea pigs. Burn was induced in halothane-anesthetized guinea pigs by a 3-sec immersion to the xiphoid process in 100 degree C water. Cardiac output and fractional blood flow measurements were made at preburn, 15-min postburn, and 75-min post-burn. In the scalded animals cardiac output decreased 58% by 75 min postburn. Three different blood flow responses to burn were noted: a) Brain, heart, hepatic artery, and adrenals received an increased fraction of the cardiac output; b) the fractional distribution of the diaphragm, liver (portal), spleen, gastrointestinal tract, muscle (from burned portion of the body), and bone remained constant; while c) the pancreas, burned skin, nonburned skin, and adipose tissue received a reduced fraction of the cardiac output. Although some regions of the body (i.e., brain and heart) received a greater percentage of the total cardiac output after burn injury, the cardiac output decrease was sufficient to cause a depression in absolute blood flow to all but two sites (adrenals and hepatic artery).

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Local blood flow changes in the renal cortex during tourniquet and burn shock in rats.

Intermittent patchy ischemia in the renal cortex has been observed in dogs during traumatic shock. In search of a model for further studies of this phenomenon in anesthetized rats, we induced tourniquet shock by bilateral hindlimb occlusion for 3 1/2 h, and burn shock by scalding the hind 50% of body surface for 30 sec in 90 degrees C water. Local cortical blood flow (RCF) was repeatedly measured by the H2-washout technique. After releasing the tourniquets, mean arterial pressure (AP) and RCF decreased by 44 and 68% whereas hematocrit (Hct) rose to 66 vol%. Only two episodes of local ischemia were observed. After scalding, Hct first fell to 49 vol%, probably due to hemolysis, but rose toward 54 vol% in the next 2 h. Following an initial drop to 99 mmHg, AP was relatively well maintained throughout the experiment. The RCF fell to 53% of control within 15 min with a further decrease to 40% during the next 2 h. The cortical vascular resistance was increased by 89%. Increased local flow heterogeneity and episodes of patchy intermittent ischemia were observed in six out of eight rats. During the second hour postburn, 21% of the washout curves showed abrupt shifts of washout rates, indicating local cortical ischemia. The burn shock model seems well suited for studies of the mechanisms causing intermittent local ischemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Thermally induced bone necrosis in rabbits. Relation to implant failure in humans.

The exposure of bone to high temperatures has become quite common, especially with the increasing use of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement. With particular regard to total hip arthroplasty, many authors have commented on the temperature problem induced by the curing PMMA cement mass. Polymerization temperatures at the bone-cement interface have been measured and range between 40 degrees and 110 degrees, depending on the thickness of the cement line. Thermal bone damage is implicated as a significant cause of early loosening of implanted joint prostheses. The authors designed a fluid probe to deliver heated isotonic fluid directly over exposed cortical bone on a rabbit's proximal tibia. Scald temperatures ranged from 45 degrees-90 degrees for a standard exposure time of one minute. Bone tissue samples taken at intervals of one, two, and three weeks postoperatively were used to establish the thermal-damage threshold for living bone and assess regeneration potential. Controls were included to observe the reaction of bone to the surgical procedure. Bone necrosis was consistently seen in histologic sections at scald temperatures greater than or equal to 70 degrees. Although an inflammatory reaction replaced by a fibrous tissue scar was seen at the site of surgically damaged periosteum, no control animals showed evidence of either bone or marrow necrosis. These results led the authors to suggest that joint replacement systems in human bone, using PMMA bone cement, be designed to limit intraoperative temperature maximums to a level less than 70 degrees. By preventing excessive bone necrosis at the bone-cement interface, early loosening and subsequent implant failure may be significantly reduced.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Local effect of thermal injury on skeletal muscle blood flow and nucleotide levels.

We have previously shown that 3 days following a 3-sec scald of one hind limb, in vitro glucose utilization was markedly increased in soleus muscle from the burned limb but not in soleus from the contralateral unburned limb. The aim of the present study was to evaluate factors that might contribute to this local metabolic alteration. Three days following a 3-sec scald of one hind limb of the rat, blood flow through soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of the burned limb as measured with labeled microspheres was increased 167% (P less than 0.01) and 58% (P less than 0.04), respectively. Calf muscles of the burned limb, frozen in situ, showed a 48% decrease in ATP (P less than 0.001), 37% decrease in ADP (P less than 0.001), 192% increase in AMP (P less than 0.01), 45% decrease in total adenine nucleotides (P less than 0.001), 132% increase in pyruvate (P less than 0.001), and 377% increase in lactate (P less than 0.001). Blood flow and ATP, ADP, total nucleotides, and pyruvate levels of calf muscles of unburned limb of burned rats did not differ from controls, but AMP and lactate were increased 115% (P less than 0.05) and 144% (P less than 0.001), respectively. The decrease in ATP and increase in AMP and lactate in muscles of the burned limb suggest an increased rate of glycolysis in vivo which may be due, in part, to the stimulation of phosphofructokinase. Furthermore, the increased AMP and lactate may contribute to the increase in blood flow in muscles of the burned limb. It is proposed that thermal injury alters local adenine nucleotide levels, which results in elevated glucose utilization and blood flow in muscles of the burned region.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1980

Burn injury in infants and young children.

Scalding, most often self-precipitated, is the most common cause of burn injuries in children. Flame burns are much less common but are more severe and have a higher mortality than do scalds. Most burns in this age group are small, but affect areas functionally and cosmetically sensitive to burn injury. Abused infants and toddlers have a much higher mortality than do unabused children. Younger children have a higher mortality after serious burns than do older children. Common infections include otitis media, viral gastroenteritis and viral infections of the upper part of the respiratory tract, many of which are established prior to injury. Hyperthermia and leukocytosis are common and may be misleading as indicators of infection. Fluid needs are greater than predicted by the Parkland formula. Hypertension is uncommon and resolves spontaneously.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Delayed fluid resuscitation induced bacterial translocation after lethal thermal injury: role of oxygen free radical injury of intestinal mucosa].

The Present investigation was undertaken to examine the effect of delayed fluid resuscitation (DFR), after lethal thermal injury on oxygen free radical (OFR) injury of intestinal mucosa and its relationship to bacterial translocation. Four groups of gnotobiotic rats with 5 strains of bacteria were studied: sham injury group (control) (n = 6): early fluid resuscitation (EFR) group (n = 24) receiving resuscitation (Parkland) immediately after scald (40% TBSA, third degree); DFR group (n = 24) receiving resuscitation 6 hours after scald; treatment group (n = 12), rats with DFR receiving VitE and VitC treatment before resuscitation 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after injury, animals (n = 6, at each point) were sacrificed. Plasma endotoxin level, mucosal SOD, GSHPx, MDA and diamine oxidase (DAO) of ileum were determined, and cultures of the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), liver, spleen, heart, lung, kidney and blood were done. The level of mucosal MDA and plasma endotoxin and the incidence of bacteria translocation (IBT) to tissues were significantly higher and mucosal SOD, GSHPx, DAO activity significantly lower in DFR group as compared with that in EFR group at most of the time points. In DFR group, mucosal MDA content was negatively correlated with mucosal DAO activity, which correlated positively with plasma endotoxin level and IBT. After treatment with VitE and VitC, mucosal MDA content was decreased, plasma endotoxin level and IBT were significantly decreased, and mucosal DAO activity was significantly increased. Our data indicated that DFR in cases of burn shock can result in OFR injury of intestinal mucosa, disrupting mucosal barrier and promoting translocation of intestinal bacteria and endotoxin.

Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)↗
PubMed1994

[The roles of macrophage in immune dysfunction following severe thermal injury].

This experimental study in serious scald mice showed that the cytosolic free calcium ion concentration and the capacity of secreting TNF-alpha of macrophage (M phi) were obviously increased while the secretion of IL-1 was significantly decreased, and accompanied with simultaneous apparent rising of serum TNF-alpha in early postburn period. These indicate that M phi have been highly or even over activated after burn. But the ability of antigen presentation of M phi during this period was deeply suppressed rendering the obvious declination of activity and proliferation response of antigen pulsed lymphocytes. It might be concluded that the defective antigen presentation of M phi played a critical role in early immune dysfunction of severe scald mice, and the highly activated or even overactivated M phi by excessive secretion of TNF-alpha were the molecular basis of the alterations of M phi function.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Burn injuries in Zaria: a one year prospective study.

Fifty three patients admitted for burn care during a 12 month period from September 1987 to August 1988 were prospectively studied. There were 36 males (60%) and 21 females (40%) with ages ranging from 3 months to 60 years. Children aged 0-4 constituted 40% but 32 (60%) were younger than 16 years. Flame burns affected 26 (49%) patients, scalds in 22 (12%), electrical burns affected four patients and chemical burn was in one. Scald was the commonest injury among children aged 0-4 (70%). Flame, affected 33% of those aged 16 and above. Clothing fire was the commonest flame injury and it was a cause of very extensive injury (mean % BSA 45). Kerosene burn, gas and clothing burns caused the most extensive injury with a mean % BSA 46, 41 and 45 respectively. The commonest complication was burn wound sepsis most frequently by a gram-negative bacilli (65.63%) of which Pseudomonas aeruginosa were that commonest organisms. Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus aureus were about same frequency. Duration of hospital stay ranged from 6 days to 300 days with a mean of 46.52 days. 8 patients absconded, two were transferred to a hospital near their home and 9 died, giving a mortality rate of 17%. Since burn injuries are largely preventable, it is important to define clearly the social, cultural and economic factors which contribute to burn causation in order to combat them effectively.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of risk factors for residential fire and burn injuries in an American Indian community.

Fatality rates from residential fires are high among American Indians. Contact burns and scalds are also among the leading types of thermal injuries. Information about the prevalence of risk factors for burn injuries is required to design interventions aimed at reducing residential fire and burn injuries. The authors conducted a survey in July and August 1992 of 68 households located in a small American Indian community in Washington State to ascertain the prevalence of selected risk factors for residential fire and burn injuries. Nearly all households (96 percent) in the study had a smoke detector, and 95 percent of those tested were functioning. However, a high prevalence of other household characteristics associated with excess risk of residential fire and burn injuries was identified: 59 percent of households had at least one member who smoked, 25 percent had a member who smoked in bed, 38 percent had a member who drank alcohol and smoked at the same time, 46 percent used wood stoves as a heat source, and 15 percent of households were mobile homes. Thirteen percent of households had at least one fire during the previous 3 years, and the incidence of burns due to all causes and requiring medical treatment was 1.5 per 100 persons per year. Hot water temperature was measured to determine the potential risk for scald burns, and 48 percent of households had a maximum hot water temperature of 130 degrees or more Fahrenheit. Such surveys can guide intervention strategies to reduce residential fire and burn injuries in American Indian communities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Kinetic changes of thymocyte responsiveness in vitro after thermal injury].

A kinetic observation of responsiveness of thymocytes stimulated by ConA in vitro was made in severe scalded mice. The N-beta-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) activity and DNA synthesis of thymocyte decreased significantly within 24 hours after burn and NAG activity increased obviously at 48 hours after burn. The alteration of IL-2 produced by thymocytes was in the reverse direction. The early depression of NAG activity and DNA synthesis may be the direct action of scald, and the subsequent increase may be resulted from the compensation of thymocytes. The significant suppression of IL-2 production at 72 hours after burn indicated that the decompensation of thymocytes had occurred. Therefore, the changes of responsiveness of thymocytes in vitro might affect the development and maturation of T cells and the cell-mediated immunity of the body.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of childhood burns associated with use of microwave ovens and conventional stoves.

To identify the incidence, type, and severity of burns associated with microwave oven (MW) use and to compare MW-associated burns with those associated with use of conventional stoves, we conducted a review of a national data base. Data were obtained from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission Injury Information Clearinghouse for 1986 through 1990 concerning burn injuries to children (0 to 19 years). There were an estimated 5160 burns associated with MW use. The mean age was 7.6 years (median, 6 years); 25% of burns were to children younger than 36 months old. Fifty-eight percent involved females. Most MW burns were scalds (95%); 16% of these scalds were from exploding eggs or other food. No MW burn involved a body surface area greater than 25% and no patient required hospital admission. Microwave oven burns were compared with stove burns. There were an estimated 41198 stove-associated burns to children. The mean age was 5.8 years; the median was 3 years. Forty-five percent of burns were to children younger than 36 months old; 55% were to males. Most stove burns (74%) were thermal; 7% involved a body surface area greater than 25%. Five percent of children with stove burns required hospital admission. We conclude that (1) burns to children associated with MW use are less frequent and less severe than stove burns; (2) MW burns predominantly affect females; and (3) burn prevention efforts should emphasize the hazards of stoves, which vastly exceed those of MWs.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1996

Female breast burns: conservative treatment with a reconstructive aim.

We retrospectively reviewed 421 burn patients treated in our burn unit in the past 3 years, focusing on breast burns in female patients. The aim of our study was to review the epidemiology, establish the mechanism of breast burn occurrence, and review the treatment plan. We evaluated 138 female burn patients, 38 (9%) of whom had non-isolated breast burns. In this group 25 burns (66%) were caused by scalds and 13 (34%) by fire. Scalds were responsible for first- to second-degree burns (50%), and cooking oil and fire for second- to third-degree burns (50%). A statistically significant difference was noted in the incidence of breast burns, which occurred mainly in late summer and fall (P = 0.03). There was a direct correlation between burn depth and duration of hospitalization, with average hospitalization time of 1.45 days for each percent of burn. Most breast burns were domestic, with children constituting the majority of the victims. Most breast burn patients were treated conservatively. Breast deformity on recovery varied in severity from minor deformity correctable with simple breast reduction surgery in older patients to severe deformity requiring further reconstructive surgery in infants.

Adolescent↗